Ukuqonda umqondo ongokomthetho wokuvikela ubukhosi kudingekile ekuqondeni indlela isimiso somthetho se-U.S. esivikela ngayo izinhlangano zikahulumeni emacaleni. Izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko zikhona: ukuvikela kombuso wezobuso bezwe nombuso wokuvikela izikhali. Nakuba zombili lezi zindikimba zikahulumeni zisemzimbeni ezihlukene, zisuka ezisekelweni ezihlukene zomthetho-sisekelo, zisebenza ngaphansi kwezikhundla ezihlukene, futhi zisebenza ngaphansi kobuningi obuhlukile. Lomehluko unezici ezijulile kubantu abafuna ukuba abadlali bahulumeni bahlulele futhi balinganise amandla phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso. Kulesi sihloko, sihlola imvelaphi, izici, nokuncishiswa kwemithetho yesifunda, ukunikeza iziqondiso ezibanzi ezingochwepheshe bezomthetho, abafundi, nanoma ubani onesithakazelo kuhulumeni abaphethe umthwalo wemfanelo eUnited States.

Buyini Ubunye ObunguMbusi?

Isimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni siyimfundiso engokomthetho evimbela ohulumeni ukuba bagwetshwe ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Ilandela umsuka waso umthetho wesiNgisi ovamile, lapho isaga "INkosi ingenza khona okubi" isambatho esivinjelwe eMbusweni. Ngemva kweNguquko yaseMelika, i-United States yamukela lesi simiso, kodwa yasiguqula ukuze ifake isimiso sikahulumeni lapho uhulumeni wamazwe ahlukene khona ngaphandle kwemvume yawo. Lemfundiso iveza umqondo wokuthi uhulumeni, njengomthombo womthetho, akumelwe uthotyelwe inqubo evamile yokwahlulela ngaphandle kokuba izinikele ngokuzithandela kuso. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkantolo neziphakamiso ziye zaqopha ngaphandle kokwenza ukuphathwa ngokungenabulungisa, kodwa isimiso esiyisisekelo silokhu: ukuzivikela kombuso kuyisithiyo engekho ngokomthetho ekumelaneni nohulumeni.

E-United States, isimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni nesombuso sisebenza kokubili emazingeni ombuso, kodwa ngokuhlukanisa okukhulu. Umthetho wokuzivikela kombuso uvikela uhulumeni wase-United States, izinhlangano zawo, nezikhulu zawo ezisebenza emandleni angokomthetho. Ukuvikela uhulumeni uvikela imibuso ngayinye, izinhlangano, nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Ukudlala phakathi kwalezi zikhungo zokugoma kuphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuthi nini futhi kuphi lapho i-litigant ingashela khona indikimba kahulumeni. Ukuqonda ukuthi ukuhlukana kuyabucayi ngenxa yokutholakala kwemithi − kanye nama-yum angayilandela khona, izinhlangano zazo. I-imfijolo efuna njalo ukuthi ummangalelwa ungowawumbuso noma uhulumeni.

Ukuhlangana Kombuso

Isimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni ngokuyinhloko sisekelwe eSichibiyelweni seshumi nanye soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esagunyazwa ngo-1795. Ukulungisa kwakuyimpendulo eqondile esinqumweni seNkantolo Ephakeme Chajolm v. Georgia [1793] [iNkantolo], lapho iNkantolo yakhona yasekela ukuthi isakhamuzi saseNingizimu Carolina singase sinyuse isifundazwe enkantolo engokomthetho. ISivumelwa ngokushesha isikhulu se-Genese-geomet [irvement:] ukubuyisela ukuqonda okungokwesiko okungenakususwa ngaphandle kwemvume yayo. ISishaya iSiphetho se-Agalelo se-A1 se-A1 se-United States asiyisayikuthathwa ukuba idluliselwe noma isiphi isimo somthetho noma isikhulu somthetho, noma ukuqulwa esinye se-United States, noma esinye i-Protivements, noma esinye se-S.

Nakuba umbhalo weSichibiyelo seshumi nanye seSichibiyelo sezwe kuphela owenzelwe izakhamuzi ezingekho ngokomthetho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yawuchaza njengomphakathi wesimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni. Ngaphansi kwalencazelo, imibuso ngokuvamile ayivikelekile kumasudi elethwa yizakhamuzi zayo enkantolo kahulumeni, futhi ngisho nasemasutu enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni uvume. Imfundiso iye yanwetshwa ukuvikela izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezisetshenziswa ezithathwa ngokuthi "amabutho kazwelonke awesizwe.""

Abahlukanisiwe Kuhulumeni OnguMbusi

Naphezu kobubanzi bayo, ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sombuso akuphelele.

  • Izwe lingazihlupha ngokuzithandela izikhali zalo zokuzivikela ngokuvuma ukuhambisana. AmaWaiver angachazwa `ngolimi lwe-statory' noma umthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke] oshiwo, nakuba izinkantolo zingathandi ukuthola abachaphazeli abashiwoyo. Izigodlo eziningi ziye zamisa iziphakamiso ezivumela izinhlobo ezithile zokumangalelwa ngokumelene nombuso, ngokuvamile zithambekele ezimfunekweni ze-statory noma ezithiwensini ze-pritution.
  • Impoqo yeSishaya-mthetho: Izimo ezithile, ukuvinjelwa kombuso ngokumiswa kwemithetho egunyaza isuti ngokusobala. Nokho, leligunya lilinganiselwe emithethweni ebekwe ngaphansi kweSigabeni 5 seSigqi seSigqi seMiphetho seshumi nane, lapho uKhongolo luphoqelela amalungelo omthetho. USonominole Tribe of Florida v. Florida [1966], iNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi iSishayamthetho asinakho ukumelana nemithetho evimbela ukuvinjwa kwemithetho esebenzisa iSiphakamiso sayo (uml. Claus).
  • Izinqumo ezimelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni (Enye imfundiso engathi yintsha): Inkantolo Ephakeme ex ex ecece Young [08]) (i-08) yasungula ukuthi isuti emelene nesikhulu sikahulumeni ngenkululeko elindelekile yokunqanda ukwephulwa komthetho kahulumeni akubhekwa njengelungelo elifanele nombuso ngokwawo. Lendala ivumela abachazi ukuba bakhononde izenzo zokungahambisani nempoqo yeSigqibo seSigqi seSigqi. Isikhulu siphathwa njengomuntu owedwa owedlula igunya lakhe noma igunya lakhe elingokomthetho.
  • Iziphakamiso Ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhethekile ye-Foderal: Imithetho ethile kahulumeni igunyaza amasutu ngokuqondile emelene nezifundazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amaMelika anoMthetho (ADA) noMthetho weFamily and Medical Let Act (FMLA) uchazwe ekuvimbeleni umbuso owenziwe nge-frotection ngokwezimo ezithile, nakuba ubukhulu benziwe ngokwezinqumo zeNkanto zamuva.

Isimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni siyaqhubeka siyindawo yomthetho ebanzi. Ukuze ungene juqu emacaleni eSichibiyelo seshumi nanye samuva, bheka Cornell Legal Information Institute ka-Aleminth Isichibiyeli [.

Ukuhlangana KoMbusi Ophakeme Kahulumeni

Ngokungafani nomthetho okhethekile weSichibiyelo se - 11 seSiphendulo sezwe, ukuvikela uhulumeni kuyimfundiso yomthetho ejwayelekile esekelwe esikweni laseNgilandi. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yaqaphela kwasekuqaleni ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ngeke umangalelwe ngaphandle kwemvume yawo, isimiso esihlala siqinile ngaphandle kokuba iNgqungquthela inqandelwe. Lesimiso sinwebeka kuhulumeni ngokwawo kodwa nakuhulumeni kanye nezisebenzi ezisebenza ezimeleni zemisebenzi yabo.

Imfundiso yokugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuzimela uhulumeni ayiphelele. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uMkhandlu uye wamisa imithetho eminingi evimbela ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlobo ezithile zezinkulumo, ngaleyondlela ivumela abantu ukuba bamangalele uhulumeni. Abanye abavikeli ababaluleke kakhulu bahlanganisa:

  • Umthetho we Tucker (1887): Lomthetho uvimbela ukuvinjelwa kobukhosi ngokumelene ne-United States ngokusekelwe kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, izimiso zikahulumeni, iziqondiso zezikhulu, noma izivumelwano zikahulumeni. UMthetho weTucker unikeza igunya eU.S. iNkantolo yezemali edlula amaR3 000, kanye nezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni zokuzibopha ukuthi zingaba ngu-10 000. Nokho, i-Tuckerle Act ayiwakhi amalungelo angaphansi kwe-stative; imane nje inikeza ikha ikhambi lapho umuntu esekhona kakade.
  • IFederal Tort Actions Act (FTCA) (1946): I-FTCA inqanda ukuzivikela kombuso wetort ezishoyo zezeqisa noma ezingalungile zezenzo zikahulumeni zezisebenzi ezisebenza phakathi komsebenzi wazo. Ivumela abasebenzi abachaphazelekayo ukuba bafake amashende e-United States ngenxa yokulimala komuntu siqu, umonakalo wempahla, noma ukufa okungalungile ngaphansi kwezimo lapho umuntu ozimele efanelwe yicala ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. IFCA ihlanganisa ukushiya okuningi, njengokusho kokuvela emsebenzini wokulwa, ezinye izimo ze-domstus, nemisebenzi yekhono.
  • Amanye ama-pistol Waivers:[ useke wawa ekwazini kwemisebenzi eminingi ekhethekile, kuhlanganise nokuzisholo ngaphansi koMthetho Wamanzi Ohlanzekile, i-Fair Labor Standard Act, kanye ne-Act yangasese. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [FLT] BEV][ imfundiso ivumela izikhulu zezezehlulele umthetho womthetho womthetho, nakuba iNkantolo ilinganisela ukwanda kwayo.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zokuhlangana KoMbusi Ophakeme

Isimiso sokuzivikela sombuso sokuzivikela esizimele sisebenza ngendlela ehlukile kumasosha kahulumeni ezicini eziningi. Okokuqala, umthombo wokuzivikela akukona ukuqedwa komthetho-mthetho kodwa kunalokho isimiso somthetho esivamile sokuthi umbusi akanakuqulwa ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. Okwesibili, abalweli besimiso sokuvikela ukunqanda ukulwa nomthetho basuke beyizo zonke izikhathi futhi kumelwe babe "abangahloniphi ngokunganaki" embhalweni womthetho. Izinkantolo zikhomba izivumelwano eziqinile ezimelene ngokuqondile nezingamelaphi imfuno kahulumeni. Okwesithathu, izinhlangano zikahulumeni azinazo isivikelo esingokwemvelo; zingokuzivikela kuphela ngokwezinga lokuthi uhulumeni u-U.S. Uma i-Hulumelo iso lungavikelekile ngokohlobo oluthile lwento ethile, inhlangano ingakhohliswa ngokuqondile ngaphansi komthetho.

Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuthi uhulumeni ongakhuliswa noma kusiphi isigaba sokuqashwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela kombuso, ngisho nanganoma yisiphi isikhathi sokudluliswa kwesicelo. Uhulumeni futhi angacela ukuzivikela ekumelaneni nomthetho ophikisayo kanye nokusho kwesithathu. Nokho, lapho uhulumeni eqala icala, ngokuvamile uvimbela ukuvinjelwa okuphoqelelweyo kokuncintisana kwemali ephuma ekuthengisweni noma esimweni esifanayo.

Ukungafani Okukhulu Phakathi KoMbuso NoMbusi Ophakeme

Nakuba kokubili uhulumeni nohulumeni ozimele bevikela uhulumeni ekumangalelweni, izisekelo zawo ezingokomthetho, izinga, kanye nokuhluka kwazo kuhlukile ngokuphawulekayo.

Umthombo Wokuphazamiseka Kwemvelo

Isimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni esisekelwe eSichibiyelweni seshumi nanye nezimiso zokwakha ze-guastism. INkantolo Ephakeme igomele ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nenye sihlanganisa isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esijabulela amasudi enkantolo kahulumeni, futhi sisebenza nasenkantolo kahulumeni njengendaba yobukhosi obuyifa. Ukuvikela kobukhosi obuzimele, ngokuphambene, kuyimfundiso yomthetho evamile engasekelwe ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo. Sikhona ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni wase-U.S. uhulumeni uyisici esizimele, futhi ungathathwa noma uphathwe yiSishaya - mthetho kunoma iyiphi indawo lapho unegunya lokulawula.

Indawo Yokuvikelwa

Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezizimele zivikela amazwe, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezisebenza ezikhundleni zazo ezingokomthetho. Aziwavikeli omasipala, amabala, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ezibhekwa njengezigaba zezombangazwe kunokuba zithathwe izikhali zikahulumeni. Ulwelwelo oluzimele luvikela uhulumeni wase-United States, izinhlangano zawo, nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngokwezingalo zemisebenzi yazo engokomthetho. Nokho, izikhulu zikahulumeni zingafakwa emandleni azo ngamanye eqenjini omthetho wemithetho ngaphansi [FLT][FLT]], nakuba ukuvikela kokuzivikela kokuzivikela okufanelekayo ngokuvamile kubavikela ebubini.

Ukuphucwa Iwaiver Nokunqunywa Kwezitho

Ama-aiver okuzivikela kombuso kumelwe aphume kuhulumeni ngokwawo, kungaba ngokushaya umthetho noma ngokuvuma izimo zesimiso sikahulumeni. Ingqungquthela ingavikela uhulumeni ngokungenwa yizimo kuphela uma isebenza ngaphansi kweSigaxa 5 seSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Isimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni singaphazanyiswa yiSishaya-Mnyango somthetho ngolimi olucacile oluhlelwa nganoma yimiphi imibuso yayo ehlukaniswa. I-waiververs of theseasecutity ichazwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba isekele uhulumeni, okusho ukuthi noma imuphi uhulumeni uhulumeni ugobe unqume ngokumelene nokuthola i-parever.

Izinqanda Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Imfundiso ephawuleka kakhulu enqabela ukugonyelwa kombuso ukuvikela izikhali i- Ex yeyeYoung, evumela isuti yokukhululeka okulindelekile kubaphathi bezwe. Lemfundiso ayivumeli ukulimala kwemali embonini kahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwe-FTCA ne Tucker Act, izilwi eziphethe eziphethe ngokusemthethweni zivumela ukulimala kwemali, kodwa zingaphansi kwesidingo sokuvimbela ukunqanda ukusebenza okungalawuleki okungalawulekiyo nesidingo sokukhipha inqubo yokulawula. [[FLT:] [FLT] [2] [FLT] Izenzo zomthetho-mthethwe we-mthetho-sisekelo] zinikeza ikhambiza lokulungisa umonakalo ezikhulwini, kodwa iNkakhulu yenze yancusakaziwe [FFFF:] [FFFF]

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo

Kumbono we-litaglator, umehluko ubaluleke kakhulu. Umkhangisi ofuna ukubekela umthetho kazwelonke inselele uzakumangalela isikhulu sikahulumeni ngaphansi ex ex ex Young enkantolo kahulumeni ukuze athole imvume, kunokuba afake umbuso ngokuqondile. Uhulumeni ungathola i-rapiter eqondile, enjengezwe elithatha isinyathelo. Ngokumelene nohulumeni wezwe, i-FTTCAFoff ingakhosha ngaphansi kwe-FTCeae yesivumelwano noma ngaphansi kwe-Tucker Act ngenxa yesivumelwano noma umthetho-mthethwe. Nokho, uhulumeni ungathola ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo, futhi i-ethonsi kumelwe uqinisekise ukuthi i-off i-rade.

Ukuze kuhlolwe ngokuqhathaniswa ukuvikeleka kwesimiso somthetho waseMelika, U.S. uMnyango wobulungisa wokufingqa ukuvikela kobuso bezokuzivikela unikeza isiqondiso esinegunya kubalweli be-paliti ka-hulumeni.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokuvikela uhulumeni ezizimele nezokuvikela uhulumeni ziyizimfundiso ezihlukene ezifeza izinjongo ezihambelanayo: ukuvikela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ekuxazululweni kwemvume. Ukugonyelwa kombuso kusekelwe eSichibiyelweni seshumi nanye nasemqoka ehlangene, kanti ukuvikeleka kukahulumeni kuyisimiso esivamile sokuthi uKhongolo lungaphazamisana. Zombili izimfundiso ziqoshwe kakhulu, njengathi i-Ex e Young imfundiso yezifundazwe kanye ne-FCA kahulumeni ophethe. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ohambayo afuna ukulwa nabenzi bakahulumeni. [uhulumeni] Ukutholakala kwemvume yokuthola inseleleko kunakho inselele. [[3] futhi uhulumeni uyakwazi ukukhombisa izikhali ezimweni ezingcono.[3]