Kuyini Ukuba Yisishaya - mthetho Kwezombangazwe?

Umthetho ungenye yemiqondo eyisisekelo kakhulu kwezezombangazwe, ibhekisele ekwamukeleni nasekuqapheleni igunya, amandla, noma ukubuswa yilabo ababuswayo. Kuwukungalingani okuhlukanisa ukubusa ngempoqo nokuphoqelelwa ngemvume. Ngaphandle kokugunyaza, uhulumeni ungakwazi ukulawula ngamandla, kodwa awukwazi ukusekela ukuhleleka okude noma ukukhuthaza ukuthobela ngokuzithandela. Ukuqonda umthetho kubalulekile ekuhloleni indlela imibuso ethola ngayo inzuzo, igcine, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ilahlekelwe ukusekela kwezakhamuzi zabo.

Izazi sekuyisikhathi eside ziphikisana ngencazelo eqondile yobufaneleki. Isazi sezenhlalo saseJalimane uMax Weber sanikeza esinye sezici ezinethonya elikhulu, siveza izinhlobo ezintathu ezimsulwa zegunya elingokomthetho: isiko, isishosho, nesomthetho. Ngazinye zisekelwe ezisekelweni ezihlukene zokuthi kungani abantu bekholelwa ukuthi kufanele balalele. Nokho, ukuqamba umthetho akuyona nje incazelo ecatshangelwayo; kunemiphumela esebenzayo kukho konke kusukela ekuqoqweni kwentela kuya ekujoyisweni kwezempi. Umbuso obhekwa njengowasemthethweni ungabusa ngokuphumelelayo futhi uphikisene kakhulu kunaleyo.

Imithombo Eyisigaba Ethathu Yokufaneleka Kwabantu

Nakuba ukufaneleka kungavela emithonjeni eminingi, i - tepyology yaseWeberia iseyisiqalo esiwusizo. Isiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani izimiso zezombangazwe ezihlukahlukene − kusukela emibusoni yasendulo kuya emibusoni yanamuhla ebusa ngentando yeningi — ukuyala amazinga okulalela ngokuzithandela ahlukahlukene.

Umthetho Ongokwesiko

Umthetho wesiko usekelwe emasikweni, emikhubeni emidala, nasemikhubeni eqhubekayo engokomlando. Abantu bamukela igunya ngoba “lokhu kulokhu kunje.” Ombusi, izinduna zesizwe, kanye nezikhundla ezifuzo eziwufuzo ziveza lolu hlobo. Igunya lenkosi yaseBrithani, ngokwesibonelo, lisagunyazwa ngamakhulu amaningi eminyaka angokwesiko, ngisho noma isimiso sezombangazwe saqala ukuba umthetho ngokomthetho. Umthetho wamasiko ungaqina ngokuphawulekayo ngoba usekelwe ezimisweni zomphakathi zansuku zonke, kodwa futhi ungawohloka lapho ushintsho lwezenhlalo lwenza lawomasiko abonakale ephelelwe yisikhathi noma ecindezela.

Ukushaya Indiva Okuwubuthakazelelayo

Umthetho osemthethweni usekelwe ezimfanelweni zomuntu siqu ezingavamile zomholi. Abalandeli bakholelwa ukuthi umholi unokuhlakanipha okungavamile, ubuqhawe, noma ngisho nomusa waphezulu. Loluhlobo luvame ukuvela phakathi nezinkinga lapho izinhlangano ezikhona seziphelelwe ukwethenjwa. Izihloko ezinjengoNelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, noMartin Luther King Jr. zazithola igunya labo elikhulu ngokuthatha amahhovisi noma izinqubo. Nokho, ukuqamba umthetho okungavamile kulula ngoba kuxhomeke ekuphumeleleni komholi okuqhubekayo nokukhanga komuntu siqu. Ngemva kokuba umholi esehambile, igunya kumelwe “liyekelelwe emweni oluqinile”, ngokuvamile ngokulidlulisela amahhovisi noma izinqubo.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ongokomthetho

Ukubekwa ngokomthetho kuyisici esiyisisekelo semibuso yanamuhla yentando yeningi. Kulesimiso, kusekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi igunya lisetshenziswa ngokwesimiso semithetho, imithetho, nezinqubo ezisebenza ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Abantu abalalelanga ngenxa yesiko noma ubuntu bomholi, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi bamukela uhlelo olungokomthetho njengolungabolekiyo futhi olubophayo. Kulesi simiso, igunya lihlanganiswa namahhovisi, hhayi abantu ngabanye. Imithetho-mthetho, nezimiso ezizimele zonke eziyizimiso ezisekela ukufaneleka okungokomthetho. Lesimo siqinile ngoba singashintsha ukushintsha phakathi kwemiyalulo engokomthetho, kodwa singaqeda uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela umthetho njengongalungile noma uma izinhlangano zikhohlakele.

Okwenza Ukuba Oqotho Kubaluleke Ngokuvumelana Kwezombangazwe

Uhulumeni obhekwa njengofanelekile ungathembela ekubambisanani kokuzithandela kwezakhamuzi zakhe, unciphise isidingo sokuqapha nokuphoqelela okubizayo.

Ukulandela UMthetho Nomthetho Wokuzithandela

Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni unelungelo lokubusa, zithambekele kakhulu ekulandeleni imithetho ngisho nalapho zingavumelani nayo. Lokhu kuthobela ngokuzithandela kuphumelela kakhulu kunokuphoqelela. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ukukhokha intela kuphakeme emazweni anomqondo oqinile wokugunya kukahulumeni, futhi izakhamuzi zizimisele ngokwengeziwe ukukhonza empini noma ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yezembubhiso lapho zithemba umbuso. Enclopedia Britannica[ ziphawula ukuthi “ukukhomba kwemithetho kugunya ngokuzenza isibopho sokuziphatha kunokuba zenze isibopho sokulalela kunokuba nje isilinganiso sengozi.

Ukubambisana Kwezenhlalo Nobunye Besizwe

Ohulumeni abasemthethweni bangathuthukisa futhi umuzwa wokuzichaza kanye nenjongo efanayo. Uma amaqembu ahlukene emphakathini wonke amukela igunya elifanayo lezombangazwe, maningi amathuba okuxazulula izingxabano ngengxoxo kunokuba kube ubudlova. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuhlukanisa iQiniso laseNingizimu Afrika ne-Conconciliation Commission ehloselwe ukwakha ukufaneleka ngokuvuma ukungalungi komlando nokudala uhlelo olusha lomthetho. Lenqubo yasiza ekuvimbeleni izwe ukuba liyehlela empini yangaphakathi. Ngaphandle komthetho, ukuhlukana kwezenhlalo kungajula, njengoba kubonakala emazweni lapho amaqembu ezinhlanga noma angokwenkolo elahla khona igunya likahulumeni ngokuphelele.

Ukuma Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nokuma Okungalawuleki

Ukuqapha umthetho kubaluleke futhi enkundleni yomhlaba wonke. Izizwe eziqashelwa njengezisemthethweni kwamanye amazwe zingakha kalula izivumelwano, zivikele usizo lwakwamanye amazwe, futhi zihlanganyele ekubuseni kwembulunga yonke. Ukuqashelwa komhlaba wonke ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekutheni uhulumeni uthathe isikhundla ngezindlela ezingokomthetho, uhlonipha amalungelo abantu, futhi unamathele emithethweni yomhlaba wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, iZizwe ezihlangene zihlala kuphela ezibhekwa njengomthetho osemthethweni. Ngokuphambene, imibuso ebhekwa njengengekho emthethweni, njengaleyo eye yathatha amandla ngezindlela zobuthale obusambuqaphule noma ngokhetho, ingabhekana nokujeziswa, ukuhlukaniswa kwezizwe, ukuxhumana, noma ngisho nokungenela kwezempi.

Izici Ezakha Noma Ezingagunyazi

Ukuba owezwisa umthetho akuyona into ekhona; kungaqiniswa noma kuncishiswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izenzo zohulumeni nemibono yezakhamuzi.

Ikhono Likahulumeni Nokuthwala Inkonzo

Abantu bathambekele kakhulu ekubhekeni uhulumeni njengofanelekile uma uhlangabezana nezidingo zabo eziyisisekelo namathemba. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunikeza ukulondeka, izakhiwo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, namathuba ezomnotho. Uhulumeni ohluleka ukunikeza lemisebenzi eyisisekelo − ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinhlekelele ezinjengezinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo noma izifo eziwumqedazwe, uphelelwa ukuthemba umphakathi ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusabela okuthatha kancane kukahulumeni wase-Venezuela ekuweni kwezomnotho futhi ukuswela kokudla kwehlisa kakhulu ubuqotho bawo, okunezela ekuvukeleni okusakazelelweni kwempi kanye nokuzisho kukamongameli okuncintisanayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe Nokuzihlanganisa

Uma izakhamuzi zinomuzwa wokuthi zinezwi elinengqondo ezinqumweni zezombangazwe, ukuqashelwa kuthambekele ekunyukeni. Izinqubo ezihlanganisayo − njengokhetho olukhululekile nolungakho, ukuhlola umphakathi, nokuthembisana komphakathi (ukusayina ukuthi uhulumeni uhlonipha intando yabantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imikhuba ehlukanisayo enjengokucinezela umvoti, i-gerryder, noma ukuvala amaqembu aphikisayo angasusa umbuso. SSford Encyclopedia of Philosophy igcizelela ukuthi “ukubekwa ngokomthetho” kuxhomeke ekutheni imithetho yokwenza izinqumo ngokwayo ilungile futhi iyamukeleka kulabo abathintekile.

Ukubona Okuqondile, Ukulandisa, NoMthetho

Ukuvuleka kwemisebenzi kahulumeni kanye nemikhakha ecacile yokulandisa kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukwethembeka. Izakhamuzi zidinga ukukwazi ukubona ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani, ukuthi izikhulu zinecala lokuziphatha okubi, futhi zithemba ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke, kuhlanganise nonamandla. Ukonakala kungenye yezindlela ezisheshayo zokubhubhisa ngokomthetho ngoba kubonisa ukuthi isimiso siphakanyiswa ngabambalwa. Izinhlangano ezizimele ezimelene nokonakala, kanye nezindaba ezikhululekile zingasiza ekuvikeleni ukufaneleka ngokudalula nokuvumela abahlukume.

Inhlonipho Ngamalungelo Abantu Namankululeko Angombango

Ohulumeni abavikela inkululeko eyisisekelo ($speech, ingqungquthela, inkolo, kanye nokungeniswa kwayo) ngokuvamile babhekwa njengabasemthethweni kakhulu kunalabo abawacindezelayo. Ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, njengokuboshwa kwezombangazwe, ukuhlushwa, noma ukubulawa kwesizwe, abagcini ngokubangela ukulimala okuqondile kodwa futhi banikeza uphawu lokuthi uhulumeni awulihloniphi isithunzi sezakhamuzi zakhe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kubangela ukucasuka nokumelana. Ngokuphambene, amazwe anjengeCanada nemibuso yaseNordic, aphakeme ngokungaguquki kokubili izinga lokubusa nelungelo lomuntu, ajabulela ukufaneleka okuqinile.

Izinselele Nosongo Lokwephula Icala

Ngisho nasebuthweni lentando yeningi elimiswe kahle, ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo kungabhekana nezinselele ezingathi sína. Ukuqonda lezinsongo kubalulekile ekulindeleni ukungantengantengi kwezombangazwe nasekuklameni izinhlangano eziqinile.

Ukonakala Nokubanjwa Uhulumeni

Uma izikhulu zomphakathi zisebenzisa izikhundla zazo ukuze zizuze, kuqeda inkolelo yokuthi isimiso sobulungisa. Ukonakala kungaba yisimiso, kuthinta yonke into kusukela ekukhokheleni izivumelwano kuya ekuqini umthetho. Izakhamuzi ezibona ukuthi ukonakala okusakazekile akunakwenzeka ukukhokha izintela noma ukulalela imithetho, ukwenza kube nokuwohloka okukhulu. IBhange le World beka ifaka uphawu ngendlela ukonakala okuye kwenze ngayo ukuba kube buthaka ngokomthetho, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka lapho ukuthemba izinhlangano sekunciphile khona. Ukulwa nokonakala akudingi ukuguqula okungokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi nokushintsha kwempucuko ekubekeni icala elikhulu.

Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho Nokungalingani

Izinkinga zezomnotho ezithatha isikhathi eside, ukuswelakala kwemisebenzi, nokungalingani okukhulayo kungalulaza konke. Uma izakhamuzi zinomuzwa wokuthi isimiso sezomnotho sibekwe ngokumelene nazo, zingangabaza ukulunga kwazo zonke izinqubo zezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlekelele yembulunga yonke yembulunga yonke ka 2008, yabangela ukubhikisha okukhulu emazweni amaningi futhi yathuthukisa ukusekela kwezinhlangano ezikhuthaza ukumiswa kwezinhlangano. Ngokufanayo, ukuvukela kwe-Arabia Springle kwabangelwa ngokwengxenye izikhalo zezomnotho kanye nezici zokungalawuleki kwezombangazwe. Ohulumeni abahluleka ukulawula ukushayisa izinhlekelele zezomnotho bangase bazithole ziwile.

Ukubhala Nokucindezelwa

Ngokuhlekisayo, imibuso ethembele kakhulu ekuphoqeleleni ivame ukubhekana nokungabi nagunyaza. Ngokucindezela ukungavumelani, ukulawula imithombo yezindaba, nokususa ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe, ingathola ukuzinza okufushane kodwa ilahlekelwe imvume yokuzithandela yababuswayo. Imibuso enegunya ngezinye izikhathi ingagcina isemthethweni ngokwenza okunye, ngokunikeza ukukhula okusheshayo kwezomnotho, njengoba iChina yenza amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Nokho, lapho umsebenzi untengantenga, njengoba kwenza eSoviet Union phakathi nawoma 1980, ukungabikho kwegunya lentando yeningi yentando yeningi kushiya umbuso usengozini. Ngisho naseNyakatho Korea, uhulumeni uhlale ugcwele ngenxa yenkulumo ephakasweni nangenxa yobuntu, kodwa uhlala uwohloka ngaphansi kwe-mkhambi.

Ukuhlukana Kwezenhlalo Nokuhlaziywa Kwelanga

Emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu ngenxa yobuhlanga, inkolo, noma imibono, kungaba nzima nganoma yiliphi igunya elikhulu ukubhekwa njengelifanele wonke amaqembu. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe, okushintshwa yimithombo yezindaba zezenhlalo nezokuvukela, kungaholela esimweni lapho uhlangothi ngalunye lubheka olunye njengolungekho emthethweni. I-United States iye yabhekana nokuhlukana okukhulayo emashumini eminyaka amuva, kanti ezinye izakhamuzi ziyangabaza ukufaneleka kwemiphumela yokukhetha. Uma izingxenye ezinkulu zomphakathi zenqaba ukufaneleka kwesimiso, izinqubo zentando yentando yeningi zingaba yizimonyoleka noma ngisho nokudiliza. Ukufaneleka komongokwayo emongweni onjalo ngokuvamile kudinga ingxoxo, ukulungisa izinhlangano, nemizamo yokuhlanganisa ukulandisa.

Ukuhlola Icala Ngokungagunyazi: Ukuphumelela Nokuhluleka

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela amandla okulunga asebenza ngayo ezimisweni zezombangazwe ezihlukene. Lamacala abonisa ukuthi ukufaneleka akuyona okuhlala njalo; kumelwe kulondolozwe noma kulahlekele engozini.

IUnited States: Umthetho - sisekelo Omisiwe Ngaphansi Kokuphazamiseka

I-United States ngokomlando iye yathola ukufaneleka kwayo ngokoMthetho-sisekelo nezinqubo zayo zentando yeningi. Ingxenye enkulu yomlando wayo, amaMelika amukela kakhulu imiphumela yokhetho negunya leNkantolo Ephakeme. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaba nezinselele. Ukhetho lwamapresidenti lwa 2020 lwalandelwa ukukhomba okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili nokuhlasela kwe-Capitol. Ukuhlolwa kombono kubonisa ukuthi inani elikhulu lamaMelika manje alikukholelwa ukuthembeka kwesimiso sokhetho. Lokhu kuwohloka okungokomthetho kusongela ukuqina kwenye yemibuso emikhulu yomhlaba. Imizamo yokubuyisela ukuqiniseka ingahlanganisa nokulungisa umbango wokhetho lwezemali, umkhankaso wezezimali, ukuveza izimali nemfundo yezemfundo emisha yezenhlalakahle.

ENyakatho Korea: I - Charmatic Ne - Ideological Legitacy

I-North Korea inikeza icala elinzima lokugunyazwa okugcinwa ngezindlela zokuthi amanye amazwe angabheka ukucindezelwa. Umthetho wombuso uncike enhlanganiseleni yegunya elinamandla (ihlelo lomkhaya kaKim), izici ezingokwesiko (ukuhlonipha okhokho kanye nemibono ye- “juche” yokuzithemba), nokulawula ukwaziswa. Ngokuhlukanisa inani labantu bawo futhi ubonise ukusongela kwangaphandle, ukuhola kuqhubekisela phambili ukulandisa okuthi noma yiziphi ezinye izindlela kungaba zimbi kakhulu. Nakuba izingqapheli eziningi zangaphandle zibheka umbuso njengoyinqaba, ingxenye yabantu baseNyakathoweni yenkolo ibonakala isekela ngempela isimiso, ikakhulukazi labo abazuzayo kuso. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukulinganisa ngokuvamile kusesweni sombukwangaphandle, kulolo lwezindaba nolwazi olulo.

ENingizimu Afrika: Ukwakha Imithetho Ngemva Kokwahlukana

Ukushintsha kwe-South Africa ukusuka kubandlululo kuya kuhulumeni wentando yeningi kuyisibonelo esinamandla sokwakha umthetho osemthethweni kusukela ekususweni. Umbuso wobandlululo, nakuba wawuqinile ngokomthetho, wawubhekwa njengongekho emthethweni kokubili ekhaya nasemhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokuthi wawuwaphika amalungelo abantu abaningi ayisisekelo. Ukhetho luka 1994, lapho uNelson Mandela awina khona amalungelo ombuso, wasungula uhlelo olusha olungokomthetho olusekelwe ekuhleleni umthetho-sisekelo oqhubekayo kanye namalungelo abantu aqinile. IQiniso neKhomisha yaseNingizimu Afrika isiza ekusingatheni ubugebengu badlulele futhi yathuthukisa umuzwa wobunye besizwe. Nokho, ukungalingani kwezomnotho okuqhubekayo nokonakala kusukela ekuncipheni ilungelo likahulumeni. I-African Congresssion (ANC) iye yabhekana nokunganeliseki okukhulayo obala, iqokomisa ukuthi ngisho nesivikelo esiqinile esikhona uma ukusebenza nokuwohloka.

IVenezuela: Isivumelwano Sokuba Umfundisi

IVenezuela iyisibonelo sendlela u-Chávez angaphikiswa ngayo ngokunamandla. UHugo Chávez ekuqaleni wathola amandla ngokhetho lwentando yeningi futhi wasekelwa kakhulu ngesakhono esingokwegazi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabampofu. Uhulumeni wakhe wathola igunya ngezimiso zokuguqula inqubo nomthetho omusha. Nokho, ngemva kokufa kukaChávez nokuqala kwenhlekelele enkulu yezomnotho, ukugunyaza komlandeli wakhe, uNicolás Maduro, waqala ukuphikisana. Abaholi bempisho ukuthi okhetho babekhohlisa, futhi amazwe amaningi ayenqaba ukuqaphela igunya likaMaduro. Umphumela waba ukuma okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe, nabaholi ababili abaphikisanayo abathi bangaba inhloko engokomthetho kazwelo. Isimo saseVenezuela sibonisa ukuthi lapho ukuphuka kwakhe, ukubusa kungaholela cishe ekuhluphekeni kwabantu, ukubusa okuholela ekuhluphekeni kwabantu.

Imibono Engokwesayensi Ngokungagunyazi

Ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezivelele zikaWeber, inkolelo - mbono yezombangazwe yangaleso sikhathi inikeza imibono eningana ebalulekile mayelana nokufaneleka.

Inkolelo - mbono Ephambene Nesivumelwano Sezenhlalo

Kusiko elikhululekile, ngokuvamile ukuqanjwa kuhlobene nokuvunyelwa kwabalawulwa. Abacabangi abanjengoJohn Locke baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uvela esivumelwaneni somphakathi lapho abantu bedela ngokuzithandela inkululeko ethile ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo. Uma uhulumeni ephula isivumelwano esingokomthetho (ngokwesibonelo, ngokusebenzisa kabi amandla noma ukuhluleka ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo) unelungelo lokumelana noma ukuthatha isikhundla saso. Lomqondo uthonya ukuguqukela kwezenhlalo yaseMelika neyaseFrance futhi uhlale usemqoka emfundisweni yanamuhla yentando yentando yeningi. Inkolelo ye-Convsend igcizelela ukuthi umthetho awulona nje iqiniso elichazayo kodwa isahlulelo esivamile: uhulumeni ongawamukeli ngempela amalungelo abantu bawo.

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Nokungagunyazi

Imibono yamuva kakhulu igcizelela indima yokucubungula umphakathi ekubangeleni ukufaneleka. Isazi sefilosofi uJürgen Habermas sathi imithetho nezimiso kungokomthetho kuphela uma zingavunyelwana ngezakhamuzi ezikhululekile nezilinganayo enqubweni elungile. Lokhu kudlulela ngalé kokwenza kuphela ukhetho; kudinga ukuba ukwenza isinqumo kuvuleke, kucaciswe, futhi kungabi nalutho. Inhloso yokuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kwesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi ngezinga lenkulumo yomphakathi kunokuba kube umthetho ovamile. Izinhlelo eziwusizo zihlanganisa izakhiwo zezakhamuzi, ukuhlelwa kwemali, ukuhlelwa kwemali, nokuhlolelwa umphakathi. Lezi zimiso zingathuthukisa ukufaneleka ngokunikeza abantu izwi langempela, nokuzwa ngomqondo wokuthi imibandela yabo, ngisho noma ingekhona enkulu.

Ukubusa Ngemithetho Emibusweni

Akubona ukuqapha okungokomthetho okungokobudendeli. Imibuso ye-Autocratic ingajabulela futhi ukufaneleka uma inikeza ukuzinza, ukulondeka, noma ukukhula kwezomnotho okuhlangabezana namathemba ezakhamuzi. Ngokwesibonelo, iQembu lamaKhomanisi laseChina, ligcina ngokomthetho kakhulu ngokwenza oku-"ukususa amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zobumpofu nokuletha intuthuko yanamuhla. Futhi lisebenzisa ukukhulumela kwesizwe nokulawula umlando ukuze libangele umuzwa wokufaneleka ngokwesiko. Nakuba ukungabekho kokhetho olukhululekile kungase kunciphise inqubo yentando yentando yeningi, alikwenzi njalo emongweni lapho izakhamuzi zithanda khona ukuhleleka nokuthuthuka kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngenxa yokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza ukuba kuchaze ukuthi kungani eminye imibuso yemibuso ebusayo iqinile.

Ukulinganisa Umthetho

Ngenxa yokuthi ukufaneleka kuwumqondo, kungaba nzima ukulinganisela ngokuqondile. Nokho, ososayensi bezombangazwe basebenzisa izikhombo eziningana ukuze bahlole ukuthi uhulumeni noma isimiso sezombangazwe sifaneleka yini.

  • Ukuthemba ezinhlanganweni: Uphengululo olunjengenhlolo yeMidlalo yeZwe ne-baromethis zibuza izakhamuzi ukuthi zithembele kangakanani ezinhlanganweni ezinjengepalemente, ijaji, namaphoyisa. Ukuthembana kuvame ukuveza ukushiyeka okungokomthetho.
  • I-Flectoral Turnout: Nakuba kungesona isilinganiso esiphelele, umvoti omkhulu angabonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ziyazikholelwa izindaba zazo zokuvota nokuthi isimiso singokomthetho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvota okuphansi kakhulu noma ukubhikisha kungasikisela ukuhlukana.
  • Ukuvumelana nemithetho: Izinga lokubalekela intela, ukufumbathisa, nezinye izinhlobo zokungahambisani nemithetho kungabonisa izibonakaliso zokufaneleka. Uma abantu bephula imithetho njalo ngaphandle kokwenza icala, igunya likahulumeni cishe libuthakathaka.
  • Ukuqina okungaguquguquki: njalo, ukuvukela, noma izinxushunxushu zomphakathi ziyizimpawu ezibonakalayo zokuthi izingxenye eziphawulekayo zomphakathi azilamukeli ilungelo likahulumeni lokubusa. IFragile States Index ihlanganisa izilinganiso zomthetho ezisemthethweni ekuhloleni kwazo.
  • Ukuqashelwa kwezizwe zonke: Inani lamazwe alondoloza ubudlelwane obuhlangene kanye nokufaneleka okunikezwa izindikimba zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene kuyizimpawu zangaphandle.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokuba Owelutha

Umthetho uhlala ungumqondo onamandla futhi obalulekile ekuqondeni igunya lezombangazwe. Akusona isici esimisiwe sokuthi uhulumeni unaso noma akanaso; kunalokho, uyaqhubeka wakhiwa futhi uphikiswa ngezenzo zabaholi, ukusabela kwezakhamuzi, kanye nomongo obanzi wezomlando. Ohulumeni abafaka imali ekuboneni, ukusebenza, nokuhlanganyela ngokuphelele bathambekele ekujabuleleni ukufaneleka okunamandla, kuyilapho labo abathembele ekuphoqelweni, ukonakala, futhi ekugcineni babhekene nokukhucunuleka kwemvume. Njengoba izinhlangano ziqhubeka zikhona futhi izakhamuzi zithola ulwazi oluthe xandisa, izicelo zomthetho ziyodwa kuphela. Ukuqaphela izici ezakhayo nokwephula ngokusemthethweni kusiza izakhamuzi, abakhiqinisé izimiso ezikwenza kube nokuphumelela okunokwenzeka. Ngokuqhubekayo, ukufunda isayensi yezesayensi yezezombangazwe, [F.1]