Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwemibuso yombuso nohulumeni kuyisici esiyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho-sisekelo se-United States. Lesi simiso esibili sokubusa sichaza uhlelo lwesizwe olungokomthetho nolwezombangazwe, simisa igunya phakathi kukahulumeni oyinhloko nohulumeni besifundazwe. Ukuqonda ukuthi la mazinga amabili anamandla asebenza kanjani kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukunkimbinkimbinkimbi kwemiphakathi yaseMelika, umthetho, nenkambiso yomphakathi. UMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. usebenza njengecebo lalesigaba, kodwa amakhulu eminyaka encazelo yokwahlulela, umkhuba wezombangazwe, kanye noshintsho lwezenhlalo kuye kwabuguqula ngokuqhubekayo ubuhlobo.

Izisekelo ZobuFederal BaseMelika

I-Federalism, eyisisekelo sayo, iyisimiso sokubusa lapho umbuso uhlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezinhlangano zesizwe. E-United States, lengxenye ihlanganiswe kumthetho-sisekelo, onika uhulumeni imibuso ethile eqondile kuyilapho igcina wonke amanye amagunya ezwe noma abantu. Lesi sakhiwo sazalwa ngokuyekethisa phakathi kwalabo ababefuna igunya elinamandla nalabo ababesaba ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla. Isimiso esiwumphumela sakha ukucindezeleka okunamandla okuye kwaqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uhlela isakhiwo sikahulumeni kumalungiselelo ambalwa ayinhloko. ISiphakamiso Ngibala amandla omthetho weSishaya-mthetho, kuhlanganise namandla okulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe, imali, ukumemezela impi, nokumisa amahhovisi eposi. la mandla abekwe phansi [ ahlelwe ngokucacile. ISichibiyelo seshumi seSivumelwano sicacisa ngokwengeziwe ilungiselelo: "Imibuso engaphathiswa i-United States nguMthetho-mthetho, noma enqatshelwe yi-United States, igcinelwe eUnited States, noma abantu ngokulandelana, noma abantu." Lokhu kusekelwe ngokomthetho wezwe ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, amandla embusweni, nakubusa kwendawo.

i-dictionae efunekayo nefanele (Ingxenye I, i-Classiane 18) inikeza uMkhandlu igunya lokwenza yonke imithetho "edingekile nefanele" yokukhipha amandla ayo ahlelwayo. Lombhalo ubengumthombo onamandla wegunya likahulumeni eliqondisweyo, ovumela ukwanda kwamandla esizwe ngesikhathi. Ukuze uthole imininingwane yala malungiselelo, bheka i-Annotitution ebekwe emtatsheni we-Congress []

Isihluthulelo Izincazelo zokuqala: McCulloch v. Maryland noGibbons v. Ogden

INkantolo yakuqala yafeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni ukulinganisela phakathi kwesifundazwe namandla kahulumeni. [Ku- Mcloch v. Maryland (1819), iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi uMkhandlu wawunawo amandla ngaphansi kwemithetho edingekile nefanele yokunikeza umthetho wezwe. Umthetho uJohn Marshall wabhala ngokudume ukuthi "amandla entela ahilela amandla okubhubhisa," ukushaya intela kahulumeni ebhange likahulumeni. Lendaba yamisa ngokuqinile ubukhulu bomthetho kahulumeni futhi yandisa izinga lemibuso eqondiswe kuhulumeni. Ukucazulula kwecala kuvela ku-[FLT] [FLT] [FLT]]

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), iNkantolo yachaza iChomarks Claus ngokwendawo, ibusa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni wokulawula intengiselwano yezwe athathelwe indawo imithetho kahulumeni ephikisanayo. Lesi sinqumo sabeka isisekelo sesimiso sesikhathi esizayo sezezimali futhi sihlala siyitshe lesisekelo legunya elikhulu likahulumeni. Ndawo yonke, lamacala asungula igebethi eliyisihluthulelo sokulawula kwe-gedicadiary ye-sommentism futhi aqinisa i-Supremacy Claus yeSiphakatho VI.

Umehluko Phakathi KoMbuso Namazwe Asempini

Ukuqondwa okucacile kwezigaba zamandla kubalulekile ekuhlaziyeni ubuzwe banamuhla. Amandla ahlukaniswa ngokuthi ahlelwe, ashiwo, ahambisanayo, noma agcinwe.

Ethonywe, Esetshenziswa, Futhi Engasawatholi Amandla Agciniwe

[[FLT: 0] Amandla adwetshwayo yilawo ahlelwe ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo. Lawa ahlanganisa ukukhokha imali, ukuqondisa ezohwebo zesifunda, ukuphatha ubudlelwane bangaphandle, nokugcina ibutho lezempi. Amandla asetshenziswayo [ awashiwo ngokuqondile kodwa athathwa kusuka ku-regidi edingekayo nefanele, ukuvumela i-Constanation ukuba idlulise imithetho enengqondo yemisebenzi yayo ekhahliweyo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudalwa kwe-Federal Reserves kuyindlela yamandla ahlobene namandla achazwayo emali emali ekholetwayo.

Imibuso egciniwe [ ingeyombuso kuphela, izindawo ezimboza izifundazwe ezingaphathiwe uhulumeni kahulumeni noma ezenqatshelwe emazweni. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuqondiswa kwezentengiselwano zezwe, ukuqhuba okhetho, ukumisa ohulumeni bendawo, nokuqondisa impilo yomphakathi nokuphepha. ISichibiyelo seshumi singumthombo womthetho-mthetho wala mandla agciniwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe agcina igunya elibalulekile ezindabeni zendawo.

Amandla Amanje No - Claus Oweqisayo

Amagunya amaningi ahlanganyelwa yiyo yomibili imikhakha kahulumeni, eyaziwa ngokuthi 'enziwa kanye kanye. Izibonelo zihlanganisa amandla entela, ukuboleka imali, ukumisa izinkantolo, nokuphoqelela imithetho. Uma imithetho kahulumeni nombuso iphikisana nezindaba zamandla akhona, [[FLT:] i-Legictacy Claus [ yeSiphakamiso VI] inikeza incazelo ebanzi yemithetho kahulumeni i "Umthetho weZwe]. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imithetho yemithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni evimbelayo ephikisana nayo. [[FLT] [FLT:] Isikhungo solwazi eSikoleni soMthetho [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]

Nokho, ubukhulu besihlengo ngokuvamile buyaphikiswa. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula izimfundiso ezinjengo "ukuhlengwa kwensimu" (lapho umthetho kahulumeni usakazeke kakhulu kangangokuba uphethe yonke insimu) kanye "ukuhlenga" (lapho ukuvumelana nayo yomibili imithetho kungenakwenzeka noma umthetho wezwe ukhona njengesithiyo ezinjongweni zombuso). Lezimfundiso zibumba imingcele yegunya elihlangeneyo.

Ukuziphendukela Kobuhlobo Bezinhlangano Zasebuthweni

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bezwe nohulumeni buye bathatha izigaba eziningana ezihlukene, ngasinye sibonakala ngokushintsha kwezinga lokubusa.

I - Dual Federalism (I - Layer Cake Federalism)

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, isibonelo esandile sasiyi-socialism uhulumeni. Lombono wawubheka amandla ombuso nombuso njengahlukene kakhulu, njengezingqimba zekhekhe. Uhulumeni wamazwe wawulinganiselwe emandleni awo adwetshiwe, kuyilapho imibuso yayisebenzisa igunya elibanzi phakathi kwemingcele yayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yayivame ukushaya imithetho kahulumeni edlula lemingcele, ikakhulukazi phambi kwe-New Deal. Isibonelo, United States v. C. Coc. [185], iNkantolo yeNkantolo elinganiselwe yokulwa nomthetho (engxenye).

Ukubambisana Kwezenhlalo (I - Cake Federationism Engalawuleki)

I-Great Depression and the New Decreate yaphawula ukushintshwa okukhulu kobuzwe obuhlangeneyo. Ngaphansi kwalesi sibonelo, ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni basebenza ndawonye ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuvamile ngokunikeza imvume futhi bahlanganyele ekuqondiseni izinhlelo. Amandla nemithwalo yemfanelo yaqala ukuhlanganiswa njengemabula ekhekhejini. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-Social Security, Médicaid, kanye nemali enikezwa yimfutho yemigwaqo ekhankani. Uhulumeni wezwe usebenzisa amandla awo okusebenzisa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso ukuze usebenzise izinqubo zesizwe, ngokuvamile zihambisana nezimo.

I - Féderalism Entsha Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Kusukela kuma 1970 nangaphansi koMongameli uNixon noReagan, inhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi i-New Federalism [[FLT: 1] ifuna ukubuyisela amandla ezifundazweni. Umgomo kwakuwukunciphisa ukulawula kukahulumeni nokunikeza ukuvumelana okwengeziwe ekusebenziseni izimali zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme ngaphansi kweJaji eliPhakeme William Rehnquist (1986-2005) futhi ibekelwe imikhawulo evuselelwe emandleni kahulumeni, ishaya izingxenye zeSidlobe Alwa Nabesifazane neSikole seSikhulu seSikole seSibhamu ezindaweni zomthetho ezimele ezicaleni ezingokomthetho njenge [[FLT:]. [FLT][5] i-FLT] i-FLT].[9][9][9]

Noma kunjalo, uhulumeni kahulumeni uyaqhubeka unamandla. IAffordal Care Act (ACA) yasinda enseleleni enkulu yezentengiselwano ku-NFIB v. Sebelius (202), nakuba iNkantolo yalinganisela amandla okusebenzisa i-athomo ukuze kwandiswe iMedicaid. Umbangazwe phakathi kwegunya lezwe nombuso uyaqhubeka ukuchaza ukubusa kwaseMelika.

Izingxabano Zezinqubo Nokubambisana

Eminyakeni yamuva, izindawo eziningana ezingokomthetho ziye zaba izindawo zokudayisa ukucindezeleka okubangelwa uhulumeni, okuqokomisa isimo esinamandla sesimiso sawo.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nomthetho Wokunakekela Ongadunyiswa

I-ACA imelela isibonelo esiyinhloko sokubambisana kwe-construction ehlangene nengxabano. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni wamisa uhlelo lokulawula nokuxhasana, kwanikezwa indlela yokwandisa iMedicaid ngaphansi komthetho. Izifundazwe eziningi zakhetha ukwandisa, kodwa ezinye zamelana, kuholele ekuhlolweni okuncane. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme NFIB v. Sebelius yenza uMdicaid wandisa ngokuzithandela, ukulondoloza ukuzikhethela kukahulumeni. Izwe liphinde lazama ngemilingo yokusebenzisa ezinye izimo zezempilo, njengezimfuneko zeMididis. Lokhu kuveza kokubili imikhawulo yamandla ombuso nezokuzivumelanisa.

Umthetho Wokufuduka

Ukufakwa kwezwe kuyindawo engokwesiko kahulumeni, kodwa imibuso iye yazama ngokuqhubekayo ukungenela. Imithetho enjenge-SB ye-Arizona's 1070 (2070) yadinga ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni ukuze kuqikelelwe imithetho yesizwe yokufuduka, okuholela ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho. Arizora v. IUnited States [202], iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya amalungiselelo amaningana omthetho njengathi adedelwa yigunya likahulumeni, kodwa yasekela ilungiselelo lokuvumela amaphoyisa ukuba ahlole ukuvaleka kwezindawo phakathi kokuma okungokomthetho. Lokhu kubonisa ukushukuma kwezifiso zikahulumeni zokuxhumana nokudlondlobala kwemithetho. Futhi, amazwe asanda kugunyaza "uctuary" ukubambisana kwemithetho yokuthutha ukufuduka kwe-overtment, ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukuthutha.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esivelele kakhulu semiyalo yempimpi kahulumeni impova. Naphezu kokuhlelwa kukahulumeni ukuba insangu ibe yigeometry Ilawula izinto ngaphansi komthetho we-Substances Act Elawulayo, amazwe amaningi aye agunyaza insangu ukuze ayisebenzise kwezokwelapha noma ukuzilibazisa. IJaji Department inqabe kakhulu ukuqungatha ukuqapha umbuso ngemisebenzi yokuqondisa (umzk., i-Cole Menyandrandum) kodwa lenkambiso ibalulekile ukushintshwa nge-gudrust. Ingxabano iye yathatha iminyaka eyishumi, ingekho iNkanto engokomthetho kahulumeni wokuvimbela umthetho kahulumeni ngokumelene nomthetho kahulumeni wezomthetho kahulumeni. Lesimo siveza ukungezwani phakathi komthetho womthetho womthetho wezomthetho wesigeqethiwe namaphoyisa.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Izwe liye laba yizikhungo zokucwaninga ngezimiso zendawo ezungezile, ikakhulukazi uma isenzo sikahulumeni sesiyekile. ICalifornia ime ngendlela ekhethekile ngaphansi kwe-Celean Air Act ukuba ibeke izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha imoto, ezinye izifundazwe ezingazithatha. Phakathi nokuphathwa kweTrump, iCalifornia yabekela inselele i-oural backbytein yezindinganiso zikaphethiloria, futhi i-Biden ibuye yabuyisela imithetho kahulumeni futhi yaqinisa. Amazwe futhi ayakwazi ukuzilawula ngokusebenzisa umhlaba, ukuvuselela amandla anamandla avusemgangathweni, kanye nekhabhonithi le carbon crimp, okuholela ekushintsheni izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokushintsha isimo sezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Regiotivery House Gatitive (RGI) iyi-oces compatement ehlangene phakathi kwezifunda zomhlaba ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga nonyaka. Izingalo ezibonisa ukuthi zingasebenzelana ne-osemingceleni eziphethe ze-osi.

Ubuhlobo Besifunda Nemithetho Yomthetho - sisekelo

ISiphakamiso IV soMthetho - sisekelo sibusa ubuhlobo phakathi kwezifundazwe, sikhuthaza ubunye nenhlonipho phakathi kwazo.

Ukholo Olugcwele Nodumo LukaClaus

I-Fish Faith and Clause ifuna ukuba isifundazwe ngasinye siqaphele izenzo zomphakathi, amarekhodi, kanye namacawa okwahlulela aso sonke esinye isifundazwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ilayisense yomshado, ilayisense yokushayela, noma isahlulelo senkantolo esikhishwa kwesinye isifundazwe. Nokho, isigijimi asifuni ukugunyaza imithetho ephula imithetho yaso siqu eqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, izimpikiswano ngokuqaphela imishado efanayo phakathi kwezifundazwe zaba yisimo sesinqumo seNkanto ePhakathi e . Hodge w v. Hodges[FL:1] [20], esemthethweni osemthethweni ofanayo womshado owezenteko yomthetho. Umthetho uyaqhubeka ugxeka ukuvumelana kwezenteko yezomthetho nezenteko yezenteko yezenteko.

Izindikimba Nezinye Izindawo Ezihlangene Nezinye

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 10, u-Claus 3 ufuna izifundazwe ukuthola imvume yokuvumelana kwesivumelwano noma ukuhlangana kwezwe. Amaqoqo amaningi akhona ukuze akwazi ukulawula imithombo ehlanganyelweyo, ezokuthutha, nezokugcinwa komthetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iPort Authority of New York ne New Jersey neColorado River Compact. UMthetho-sisekelo ugunyaza uku-anikwa imvume eSigqebhekini IV, i-Procrates 2, ifuna ukuba amazwe abuyele esifundazweni lapho enza khona ubugebengu. Nakuba ukuqashwa ngokuvamile kuyinqubo, izingxabano zingaphakama emacaleni aphikisana, njengalawo ahilela ukumangalelwa kwezeleleko kwezezo zezombangazwe.

Ukulinganisela Kwamandla Esikhathini Esizayo

Njengoba izinguquko zezombangazwe, zezenhlalo nezezobuchwepheshe ziqhubeka zikhula, ukusebenzelana kwemibuso yombuso nohulumeni kuyoqhubeka kushintsha.

Izinselele Ezingase Zibe Khona: Ukucwazimula Nokuqagela

Ukwanda kokuhlahlelana kwezombangazwe ngokuvamile kuholela ezimpikiswaneni eziningi phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, ikakhulukazi lapho ukulawulwa kweWhite House nama-omschester kuhlehlela emuva. Amazwe angase azame ukuqeda imithetho kahulumeni noma enqabe ukuyiphoqelela ezindaweni ezinjengokulawula izibhamu, ukukhipha isisu, nokuqondisa indawo ezungezile. INkantolo Ephakeme ingabizwa kaningi kakhulu ukuze ixazulule lezimpikiswano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kobuchwepheshe kanye nokulawula kwemiyalulo yegunya lombuso ekulawuleni imibandela ye-intanethi ye-intanethi, imininingwane yezindaba, nokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela. Njengoba umnotho kuba nokulinganisa okungokwezimiso, ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla ezwe nabaphathi bezentengo yezentengiselwano kudinga ukubuyiselwa.

Amathuba: Izisebenzi Zombuso Wentando Yeningi

Naphezu kwezingxabano, uhulumeni unikeza isisekelo esiwusizo sokuhlola ukusungulwa kwezimiso. Izwe lingazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokunakekela impilo (umz., ukukhetha komphakathi okusekelwe kuhulumeni), ukukhokha ikhefu lomkhaya, ukwahlulela ngokungemthetho, nokuxhasa imfundo. Izimiso zikahulumeni eziphumelelayo zingakhuthaza isenzo sikahulumeni, kuyilapho ukuhluleka kungafakwa ngaphandle kokulimaza izwe lonke. Le "imisebenzi yentando yeningi" i-Gawulayo" umqondo, owenziwe nguJaji uLouis Brandeis, uhlale uyimpikiswano enamandla yokulondoloza igunya likahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubekwa kwemithetho yenkasanka seze ngokomthetho yenkasamu kunikeza ulwazi lwezempilo yomphakathi oluye lwazisa izingxoxo zezwe lonke. Ngokufanayo, i-California izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha imishini ziye zaqhubekisha imboni yezobuchwepheshe embonini yezimoto.

Umbuso wombuso unikeza futhi amathuba okuxazulula izinkinga ezihlangene. Ukusekela izakhiwo ezihlangene ngokwezimali, ukunikeza usizo lwenhlekelele, kanye nezinyathelo zezempilo zomphakathi ngokuvamile zixhomeke ekufezekeni kukahulumeni ngokusekela kukahulumeni. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID wabonisa kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka besimiso saso sombuso: ukuqondisa nokuxhasa imali kwakunzima, kodwa ukwenza isinqumo esisesilinganisweni kwaholela emiphumeleni ehlukahlukene. Ukuqhubekela phambili, inselele kubenzi bezimiso ukulinganisela ubunye besizwe nokuvumelana nezindawo zendawo.

Ekuphetheni, ukusebenzelana kwemibuso yombuso nohulumeni akusona isici esiqinile sokubusa kwaseMelika kodwa ubuhlobo obunamandla obusabela emongweni ongokomlando, incazelo yokwahlulela, nentando yezombangazwe. Kusukela ezimpini zokuqala ze-Constitution kuya ezimpini zamanje zempilo, ukufuduka, nendawo ezungezile, isimiso sokubusa samaqembu amabili silokhu siwumthombo wobunzima kanye nenqubo yokulungisa izinhlobonhlobo phakathi kwesizwe esisodwa. Ukuqonda lesisici kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukudlulisa imingcele yezehlakaniphindo zomthetho, imithetho yomphakathi, nesimiso somphakathi.