Umklamo Wobubusi BaseMelika: Ukulwela Uhulumeni Kuyasebenza

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni e-United States buyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu sokubusa ezweni lanamuhla. Kunokuba sisebenze njengesigaba esiqinile, isimiso se-U.S. sisakaza igunya emazingeni amabili aphezulu, ngalinye elinemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene nezindawo ezihlukene. Lesi sakhiwo, esibizwa ngokuthi i-constalist, asisona ilungiselelo elikhona kodwa isimo esiphilayo esishintshayo, ngokubambisana, ukuhlanganisa, nokuxabana ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuqonda indlela umbuso nemibuso esebenza ngayo ngokoqobo kuveza indlela engokoqobo yokusebenza.

I-Federalism ihlukanisa amandla phakathi kwegunya lezwe eliyinhloko nohulumeni bezwe abahlangene, nomthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. obala imibuso ethile kahulumeni kuyilapho igcina wonke amanye ezindaweni noma kubantu. Lengxenye idala amathuba angokwemvelo okubambisana, njengoba izinselele eziningi zanamuhla zidlula imingcele ephakeme. Ukusukela eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi kuya entuthukweni yezemfundo, ukusabela okuphumelela kakhulu kudinga womabili amazinga kahulumeni ukuhlela imithombo yawo nobuchwepheshe.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Awodwa

ISichibiyelo seshumi lama-10 sikhipha imibuso egciniwe engakhethi enikwe uhulumeni kahulumeni, kodwa i-Supremacy Claus eSiphakamiso VI imisa umthetho kahulumeni njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe. Lokhu kucindezeleka kwakha amandla lapho ukubambisana kudingekile khona ukuze kutholwe impumelelo. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza izindlela eziningana zokubambisana kwezezezi hulumeni, kuhlanganise nezindawo lapho zombili izifunda zingaba nesibopho endabeni efanayo, njengentela nemithetho yendawo.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuchazwa kwala malungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kuye kwashintsha ngezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu. Icala elinjengaye Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) yamisa imfundiso yamandla ashiwoyo, ivumela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba enze izenzo ezingahlelwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni-sisekelo uma nje kudingeka ukuze kufezwe amandla awo adwetshiwe.

IGrans- ngaphakathi: Iqoqo lezezimali lokubambisana

Isimiso sokunikeza mhlawumbe simelela indlela eqondile yokubambisana nombuso. Uhulumeni uqoqa intela ebanzi futhi unike izimali izifundazwe ngezinjongo ezithile, ngokuvamile ezinezimo ezihlangene. Lezi ziphakamiso zehlela ezingxenyeni ezimbili eziyinhloko. Izindawo ezikhokhwayo ezilinganiselwe ezinezimfuneko eziqinile zokusebenzisa imali, kuyilapho iziqobo zinikeza iziphakamiso ezivumela izikhulu ukuba zikwazi ukunikeza izinkonzo ezidingekayo emphakathini ezisezindaweni ezivamile.

Lobubuhlobo obungokwezimali bunesisekelo esijulile esingokomlando. I-Morrill Act ka-862 enikezelwe izwe elinombuso wezwe iminikelo yokumisa amakholiji agxile kwezolimo nasebucikweni, akha isisekelo samayunivesithi amaningi omphakathi anamuhla. Izinhlelo zanamuhla zinikeza yonke into kusukela ezimbonini zezokuthutha kuya ezinkonzweni zezempilo, kanye namazwe anikeza izinhlelo ezisiza izimali zikahulumeni.

Imikhakha ebucayi yesimiso sikahulumeni-Federal

Izindawo ezilandelayo zibonisa indlela lokhu kubambisana okusebenza ngayo, kwembula kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kwesimiso sikahulumeni.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nokuphepha Komphakathi

Ukubambisana komthetho phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni kuye kwaba okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekusabeleni ekusongweni kobugebengu kwanamuhla. Amabutho ahlangene amelela enye yezinqubo eziphumelela kakhulu, ahlanganisa imithombo ehlangene evela ezindaweni eziningi ukuze akhulume namaqembu obugebengu ayinkimbinkimbi anqamula ezinhlangothini zikahulumeni.

I-Joint Terrorism Task Forces ye-FBI isebenza kuwo wonke umbuso namadolobha amakhulu, ihlanganisa imithombo yophengululo nolwazi lwezwe nomthetho wendawo yemiphakathi. Ngokufanayo, i-DEA ehambisana namaphoyisa kahulumeni eHigh Intensity Drug Trafficing Areares (HIDTA) ukuphazamisa ukuhanjiswa kwemidamu. La mandla ahlanganyela ukuhlakanipha, imisebenzi ehlelanayo, kanye neziphathimandla ezisemthethweni zezwe ukuze ziphishekele izindaba ezingalawulwanga muntu oyedwa.

Izimiso zokwaziswa ezihlanganyelwe futhi ziye zaguqula ukubambisana kohulumeni. INational Criminal Information Center inikeza i-memone etholakalayo ezinhlanganweni zokuqinisekisa amaphoyisa kuzo zonke izilinganiso, yenza imishini yangempela yokuhlola isizinda kanye nokuqinisekisa. Izikhungo ezisebenza ndawonye phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni zihlaziya ukuhlakanipha okuvela emithonjeni eminingi ukuze zibone izinsongo ezisanda kuvela nokusabela okuhambisana.

Impilo Yomphakathi Nokusabela Ngokuphuthuma

Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 waqokomisa kokubili amandla nezinselele zokubambisana kombuso empilweni yomphakathi. I Centers for Disease Control and Prevention isebenza njengenhola kahulumeni, inikeza ubuchwepheshe besayensi, izimiso zokuhlola, kanye nezimali ezisekela iminyango yezempilo kahulumeni. Lobu buhlobo busebenza ngeminyango emisiwe ekwakuhlelwe kuyo izimo eziphuthumayo.

I-Strategic National Stockpile, ephethwe kodwa yasakazwa ngohulumeni ngeminyango yezempilo kahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zezokwelapha ezibucayi zifinyelela imiphakathi phakathi nezinhlekelele. Iminyango yezempilo kahulumeni ilondoloza izinhlelo zayo siqu eziphuthumayo ezihambisana namalungiselelo kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-National Reformation Framework. Phakathi nalesifo, iCDC yanikeza izinhlelo zokuhlola nokusakaza imithi yokugoma, kuyilapho iziphathimandla zezwe zazikwazi ukuphatha izindawo zokuhlola zendawo, imithola ezokwelapha, kanye nempilo yomphakathi eyafanelana nezakhamuzi.

Izinhlelo zokugoma zibonisa olunye ungqimba lokubambisana. I-Vaccines yezinhlelo zezingane inikeza ukugoma kwasimahla kwesihle ukuze abantwana bafaneleke, kodwa iminyango yezempilo kahulumeni inquma inqubo yokusakaza nokulawula ukunakekelwa komzansi. Lobu buhlobo buye bafinyelela amazinga aphakeme okugoma izifo ezingenakuvinjelwa kuzo zonke izifunda-50, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi esekelwe ezintweni zikahulumeni eziza kuqala neziyisisekelo.

Imfundo Nentuthuko Esebenzayo

Imfundo ihlala iwumthwalo wemfanelo wezwe nezwe, kodwa ukuxhasa nokuqondisa kwezezimali kwesimiso kuhlanganisa izici eziphawulekayo zemfundo yaseMelika. Isihloko I se-Elementary and Secondary Education Act sinikeza izimali ezikoleni ezisiza abafundi abathola imali ephansi, futhi izifundazwe zinquma ukuthi lemali yabelwa kanjani emikhawulweni yazo esekelwe emininingwaneni yobumpofu.

I - Axes of Diculture Education Act idinga amazwe ukuze anikeze abafundi abakhubazekile imfundo yomphakathi efanelekile, futhi basekele ingxenye ethile yalezindleko ngokwezimali. Izwe kumelwe livumelane nezimfuneko zikahulumeni ezisekelwe ekuhleleni imvelo kuyilapho lilondoloza ukuqapha ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imininingwane, kuhlanganise nendlela yokuhlola abafundi nezinkonzo zokuzinikeza.

Imfundo ephakeme inikeza izibonelo ezengeziwe zobungane besifundazwe sikahulumeni. Amayunivesithi oMbuso athola imali eqondile kodwa azuza ezinkokhelweni zokucwaninga kukahulumeni, izinhlelo zosizo lwabafundi lwezimali njengoPell Grants, nezinhlelo zokuboleka imali zikahulumeni. INational Science Foundation neNational Institutes of Health inikeza izimali ezisekela izimiso zeyunivesithi yezwe nemisebenzi yazo yezezomnotho.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile Nemithombo Yemvelo

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile usebenza ngesibonelo sombuso womphakathi lapho i-Environmental Protection Agency imisa khona izindinganiso zesizwe kuyilapho izifunda zisebenzisa futhi ziphoqelela izinhlelo eziningi. I-Ceane Air Act igunyaza izifundazwe ukuba zithuthukise ama-Hulumeni Ifakela Izimiso zokuhlanganisa izilinganiso zezinga lomoya eliwumbuso. Uma uhulumeni uhluleka ukuveza icebo elanele, i-EPA ingafaka ukumiswa kwe-o hulumeni, iveza izisusa ezinamandla zokubambisana.

I-Clean Water Act ngokufanayo ithumela igunya elifanayo lokumisa izifundazwe lokuvumela ukugeleza emanzini, i-EPA inikeza igunya nokungenela lapho izinhlelo zikahulumeni zingahambi.

Ukuphatha imithombo yemvelo ngokuvamile kudinga ukuxhumanisa phakathi kwezinhlangano eziningi zezifundazwe nohulumeni. IColorado River Compact inikezela amanzi phakathi kwezifunda eziyisikhombisa nohulumeni, idinga ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo nokubambisana ukuze kuxazululwe izimo zesomiso nokwanda kwabantu. Izinhlangano ze-Federal njenge-Bureau of Reclametion zilawula izakhiwo ezithutha amanzi angene emazweni, kuyilapho iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zilawula ukusetshenziswa kwawo.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezakhiwo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

I-Federal Highway Administration inikeza izimali ezinkulu emikhankasweni yasemgwaqweni omkhulu wezwe nge-Federal-Aid Highway Program. I-United States iklama futhi yakha imisebenzi ngokwezindinganiso zikahulumeni, nemali kahulumeni ehlanganisa amaphesenti angu-80 ezindleko emigwaqweni emikhulu yase-Australia kanye namaphesenti angu-50 eminye imigwaqo kahulumeni. Lobu buhlobo buye baveza i-Interstatestate Highway System, enye yemisebenzi emikhulu kakhulu emlandweni.

Izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi zincike kuFederal Transit Administration zinikeza izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezendawo ukuthi zisetshenziswe ekuthengeni imishini, ekulondolozeni izakhiwo, nasekusebenzeni. Uhulumeni wezwe ubeka izimfuneko ezifanele nokusekela imali, kuyilapho iziphathimandla zikahulumeni nezomphakathi zinquma izindlela ezithile, izimiso, kanye nezakhiwo zemali ezisekelwe ezidingweni zomphakathi.

Intuthuko yesikhululo sezindiza ibonisa ukubambisana okufanayo. I-Federal Aviation Administration inikeza izivumelwano zokuthuthukisa isikhumulo sezindiza futhi ibeka imithetho yokuphepha, kuyilapho iziphathimandla zesifundazwe nesendawo zilawula imisebenzi yansuku zonke kanye nokwanda kwesilinganiso sokuhlela. Lobu buhlobo buqinisekisa izinga lokuphepha elingaguquguquki kuyilapho kuvunyelwa izikhumulo zezindiza ukuba zikwazi ukusabela ezimweni zentengiselwano zendawo.

Umthetho Wezomnotho Nentuthuko Yamandla

Amathuluzi kahulumeni angokomnotho asebenza kakhulu nezinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuthuthukisa ibhizinisi nokuqeqesha izisebenzi. I-Workworth Innovation ne-Opportunity Act elungiselelwe izinhlelo zokuqeqesha umsebenzi zikahulumeni, ngemishini ye-Local Workforce Development Board exhumanisa izinkonzo zokuthuthukisa umsebenzi nezidingo zabaqashi.

Izinhlelo ezincinci ze-Business Administration ezisebenza nezinhlangano zezentengiselwano zezomnotho zikahulumeni ukuze zinikeze imali ebolekwe, usizo lobuchwepheshe, nokusekela ukululama kwezinhlekelele. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ziqinisekisa amabhizinisi ukuba athole izinhlelo zikahulumeni futhi zinikeze izisusa ezisekela usizo lwezebhizinisi zikahulumeni.

Umshuwalense wokuntuleka kwemisebenzi usebenza njengohlelo oluhlangene lwesifundazwe sikahulumeni, uhulumeni emisa iziqondiso ezibanzi futhi unqume amazinga okuzuza, izimpawu zokwenelisa, kanye nesikhathi. Phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza izinzuzo ezithengwa ngemali ekhokhelwayo, kuyilapho amazwe eqhubeka enikeza iziqondiso ngezimiso zawo ezikhona.

Izinkonzo Zomphakathi Nezinhlelo Zokuvikela

Usizo lwesikhashana lumelela ubuhlobo obuyinhloko bezwe nohulumeni obunikeza ukuvumelana okukhulu ekuklameni izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle. Uhulumeni unikeza izimali zemali futhi ufuna izifundazwe ukuze zihlangane namazinga okuthatha isinyathelo emsebenzini, kodwa unquma inzuzo, imithetho eqinile, kanye nesimiso sohlelo. Lelilungiselelo livumela amazwe ukuba azame izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokunciphisa ubumpofu kuyilapho egcina ukulandisa kukahulumeni.

I - Estalal Nutrition Application Program isebenza ngendlela ehlukile, njengoba uhulumeni kahulumeni esekela imali kanye nezindleko eziningi zokuphatha kuyilapho amazwe ekwazi ukunquma ukunenzuzo nokusakaza okuzuzisayo. Amazwe anokuqonda ngezimiso ezithile, njengemingcele yemali futhi izinqubo zokubika zenziwe zaba lula, kodwa kumelwe alandele imithetho kahulumeni yezici eziyinhloko zohlelo.

UMedicaid uyisibonelo sokubambisana kwesimiso sohulumeni ekunakekeleni impilo, nohulumeni olingana nemali esetshenziswayo esetshenziswa ngohulumeni ngamazinga ahlukahlukene asekelwe emalini yomphakathi ngamunye. Izwe lisebenzisa uhlelo olungaphakathi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni ezimisa amaqembu agunyaza ukuhlanganisa nezinzuzo ezilinganiselwe, kodwa imibuso ingandisa ukuhlanganiswa, yenezele izinkonzo zokuziphilisa, futhi iklame izimiso zayo zokuzinikeza ngezinhlangano eziphethwe kahle.

Ukusabela Kwenhlekelele Nokululama

I-Stafford Act imisa uhlelo losizo lukahulumeni lwenhlekelele, idinga ukuba amazwe acele usizo lukahulumeni futhi enze izimali ezihambelana ngaphambi kokuba athole ukusekela. I-Federal Emergency Management Agency ihlela imithombo kahulumeni yezenezelo zezwe kanye nemizamo yokusabela yendawo, inikeza ukuseshwa namakhono okutakula, izindlu zesikhashana, kanye nezimali zokulungisa izakhiwo zomphakathi.

Izinhlangano zezokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo zikahulumeni zisebenza ngokuqondile ne-FEMA ukuze zihlole umonakalo, zibone izidingo, futhi zinikeze usizo. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa iziyalezo zokuthutha futhi bagcine izikhoselo ngaphansi kwesiqondiso sikahulumeni, kuyilapho iNational Guard isebenza njengethuluzi lokugcina izimali elingabizwa umbusi noma umongameli ngesimo.

Lesimiso esinemipheme sivumela ukusabela okuvumelanayo okubonisa inhlonipho ngegunya likahulumeni kuyilapho sinikeza imithombo kahulumeni lapho isilinganiso sendawo sinqotshwa. Ukusabela kweSiphepho ezifundazweni zaseGulf, ukulawulwa kwemililo yequbula yomlilo, nokulawulwa kwezikhukhula eNtshonalanga, konke kubonisa lokhu kubambisana okusebenzayo, ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okubambisana kuye ngokwesilinganiso nasesimweni senhlekelele.

Ukubhekana Nezingxabano Nokwakha Ubuhlobo Obuphumelelayo

Ukubambisana kombuso okuchazwe ngenhla akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuxabana. Ukungavumelani kwemithetho, iziphakamiso zezimali, nezingxabano zomthetho-mthetho kuvame ukubekela inselele ubuhlobo bezwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kucindezeleka kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukusebenzisa lesi simiso ngokuphumelelayo.

Uvivinyo Nokunqoba Ngokweqile Kwamanxusa

Ngezinye izikhathi i-State imelana nezimiso zikahulumeni ezizibheka njengegunya elidlulele noma ihlonze imisebenzi engokwesiko. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme NFIB v. Sebelius (202) yabulala ilungiselelo le-Affordble Care Act's ifuna ukuba amazwe andise iMedicaid noma alahlekelwe yizimali ezikhona, inqume ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ngeke usongele ukulahlekelwa yizimali ezikhona ukuze uphoqelele izinqumo ezintsha zesimiso.

Ukugcinwa komthetho wokuthutha kuveza ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nezithakazelo zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme [ku- Arizona v. United States (202) yabulala amalungiselelo amaningana okuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa kwabantu e-Arizona njengokuphazamisana negunya likahulumeni, kuyilapho ishiya indawo yokubambisana nomthetho ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Izindawo Zokushisa Nezinhlayiya Ezingahlosiwe

Izwe likhononda kaningi ngemithetho kahulumeni ephoqelela izindleko ngaphandle kokunikeza imali eyanele. I-Mandaters Reform Act ka-1995 idinga ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko ze-convector yemithetho egunyaziwe ezindaweni ezithile, kodwa isebenza kuphela emthethweni omusha, hhayi iziqondiso noma izinhlelo ezikhona. Izwe liyaqhubeka lithwala izindleko ezinkulu zokufeza izimfuneko zikahulumeni zemfundo, ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile, nokunakekelwa kwempilo.

I-Medicaid inikeza isibonelo esiqinile salokhu kusetshenziswa kwemali enzima. Uhlelo luveza amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-20 emali kahulumeni ngokwesilinganiso, futhi ushintsho lwenqubo kahulumeni lungathinta izindleko zikahulumeni ngokuphawulekayo. Uma uhulumeni kahulumeni ugunyaza izimfuneko ezintsha zokukhokha noma ulinganisela izindleko zokukhetha, izimali zikahulumeni kumelwe zivumelane nokukhokhela imali ekhulisiwe noma ukuthola imali egciniwe kwenye indawo.

Ikusasa Lobumbano Olubambisanayo

Izindlela eziningi cishe ziyoguqula ukubambisana kwezwe nezwe eminyakeni ezayo. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudinga ukusabela okuhlangene ezindaweni ezingaphandle, ngoba akukho simo esisodwa esingabhekana nokukhishwa kwegesi noma esizivumelanisa nezinguquko zendawo ezungezile sodwa. Ukuhlelwa kwezindawo kudinga ukuthutha, amandla, kanye nokubhajwa okuqhubekayo kudinga ukuthengwa kwemali kahulumeni okuhambisana nobuchwepheshe bokusebenza kombuso.

Ushintsho lwezinhlelo zikahulumeni luyaqhubeka ezindaweni eziningi, abasekeli bephikisa ngokuthi kusebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola intando yeningi lapho izindlela ezihlukahlukene zingahlolwa khona ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe izakhamuzi. Abagxeki bakhathazeka ngesivikelo esingalingani sezakhamuzi ezisezindaweni ezihlukene nokuhlukana kwezinhlelo zesizwe.

Ubuchwepheshe nokwaziswa okuhlanganyelwayo kunikeza amathuba amasha okubambisana. Izinhlelo zokuxhumana, izimiso ezisebenza ndawonye, kanye nokunqanda imizwelo yangempela kungathuthukisa ukubambisana phakathi komthetho, impilo yomphakathi, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Nokho, ukukhathazeka mayelana nendawo yomuntu siqu kanye nokuthatha izindlela ezingafani zokuvikela ukwaziswa kudala izinselele ezidinga ukuxoxisana okucophelelayo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kobuhlobo Bomshado

Ukusetshenziswa kwemibuso kahulumeni nohulumeni kuchaza ukubusa kweMelika ngezindlela ngokuvamile ezingabonwa izakhamuzi kodwa ezibalulekile ekuphileni kwazo kwansuku zonke. Uma sisuka emigwaqweni esiya kuyo, kusukela ezikoleni izingane zethu eziya kuzo kuya ekunakekeleni impilo esiyitholayo, ukubambisana kwesifunda sikahulumeni kuguqula izinga nokutholakala kwezinkonzo zomphakathi.

Nakuba izingxabano nokungavumelani kuyoqhubeka, umlando ubonisa ukuthi lapho womabili amazinga kahulumeni ebambisana, angakwazi ukufinyelela imiphumela engenakuyifeza yodwa.

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika sasiklanyelwe ukuphumelela kodwa ukulinganisela, ukusakaza amandla okuvikela inkululeko kuyilapho enza ukuba kube nezenzo ezihlanganisayo. Lowomklamo uyaqhubeka usiza isizwe kahle, uma nje abaholi bazo zombili amazinga beqonda ukuthi ukubambisana akulona uphawu lobuthakathaka kodwa kuyisu eliphumelela kakhulu lokubusa irepublic ehlukahlukene, enamandla, nezwe.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngomthetho-mthetho kanye nobudlelwane bohulumeni, hlola U.S. futhi uhlaziye kuSekela lokucwaninga [[FLT:]]. Imibono yoMbuso yesilinganiso sokubambisana kukahulumeni ikhona nge- National Conference of Legastitus .