Table of Contents

Impikiswano yendlela yokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States ibiyindaba eyinhloko enkulumweni eMelika engokomthetho nasezombangazwe amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Emnyombweni walenkulumo - mpikiswano iwumbuzo obalulekile: uma uMthetho-sisekelo ungaqondwa ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa, noma ingabe kufanele uguquke ukuze ubonise izindinganiso zamanje nezinguquko zezenhlalo. Lendlela yeNkantolo Ephakeme ithonye izinkulumo ezivelele neziphikisanayo iwubustrist [, egomela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uqondwe ngokwezinhloso zawo zokuqala noma izincazelo zawo. Lendlela ihlelwe yiNkalelo lweNkanto ephakeme, ithonye yezemfundo engokomthetho, futhi yabangela ukuphikisana okukhulu ngendima efanele yabahluleli bentando yentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Kuyini Ukukholelwa KuNkulunkulu?

Ubufandamentali buyinkolelo yokuchaza imibhalo engokomthetho esekela ukuthi umbhalo othile emthethweni, ikakhulukazi uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kufanele uchazwe njengoba kwakuqondwa ngesikhathi sokumukelwa kwawo. Kunokuba ubheke uMthetho-sisekelo njengombhalo ovumelana nezimo oshintsha incazelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izazi zakuqala zigomela ngokuthi amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo anencazelo ecacile eyamiswa lapho egunyazwa.

Abaqondisi bemfundiso yokuqala bakholelwa ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kufanele unikezwe incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi ukuthi wawuyoba khona ngesikhathi usiba umthetho. Lendlela igcizelela ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo inenjongo futhi itholakale ngokucwaninga okungokomlando. Incazelo yokuqala yemibhalo yomthetho-sisekelo ingaqondwa ngezichazamazwi, izincwadi zohlelo, nakweminye imibhalo engokomthetho okungabolekiwa kuyo. Ingathathwa futhi ezinkonzweni ezingokwezinganiso zomthetho ezingokwesizinda nempikiswano yomphakathi eyabangela ukuba kube nelungiselelo lomthetho wemithetho.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela ilondoloza umthetho ngokuhlonipha izinhloso zabalawuli nokuhlela inqubo yokwahlulela. Ngokumisa incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngomqondo ongokomlando, abasekeli be zincwadi zokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji anqandelwa ukuba abeke imithetho yawo siqu esizweni ngezahlulelo.

Ukuthuthuka Okungokomlando Kwemfundiso Yokuzisungulela

Izisekelo Zakuqala

Abasekeli benkolelo yokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi ukukholelwa ekudalweni kobukhona bokuqala kwakuyindlela eyinhloko yokuchaza umthetho eMelika kusukela ngesikhathi sokusungulwa kwayo kuze kube isikhathi sokusungulwa kweNew Deal, lapho izinkolelo - mbono eziphikisanayo zokuchaza zanda khona. Isizukulwane esisungulayo ngokwaso sabonakala sivumelana nezimiso zobukhona bokuqala endleleni esiqonda ngayo incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Ubufakazi obungokomlando busikisela ukwamukelwa okusakazeke kakhulu kokucabanga kwabalandeli bokuqala baseMelika. UJames Madison, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi "uBaba woMthetho-sisekelo," wabhala ngo-1826 ngokubaluleka kokulondoloza incazelo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo. IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall ngokufanayo lagcizelela ukuthi injongo yoMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe iqoqwe ngamazwi alo njengoba ayeqondwa yilabo ababehloselwe ithuluzi. Lamazwi akuqala abonisa ukuvumelana ngokuthi incazelo yomthetho-mthetho- sisekelo kufanele isekelwe ekuqondeni kwalabo abagunyaza le ncwadi.

Ukuvela Kwemfundiso Yemvelo Yanamuhla

Umsunguli we-Juri Robert Bork ubizwa ngokufaka imfundiso yokuqala yanamuhla yobuSulumane esihlokweni sakhe somthetho sango-1971, uNeuthal Principles neZiphithi zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esakhishwa kuyi-The Yale Law Journal. Waphawula ukuthi ngaphandle kokuchazwa embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo, abahluleli bakhululekile ukufaka izindinganiso zabo siqu lapho bechaza umthetho-sisekelo. uBork wasikisela indlela eyodwa esekelwe ngokomthetho ukuze agweme lokhu: ngoba abahluleli bathathe "ezindinganisweni eziqondile zemibhalo noma umlando okubonisa ukuthi abahleli bemithetho yemithetho esekelwe kuyo ngempela futhi bayakwazi ukuhunyuselwa emithethweni eyizimiso."""

Inhlangano yendabuko yendabuko eyasungulwa uRaoul Berger ngawo 1980 yayiyisicelo sokunqanda ukwahlulela kodwa eminyakeni eminingi umehluko omkhulu uye wavela phakathi kwezazi zakudala. Ama-1980 aphawula isikhathi esibalulekile ekuthuthukeni kobukhomanisi, njengoba yayihlobene kakhulu nomcabango ongokwesiko wemithetho neNhlangano ye-Federalist. Ngo-1985, u-Edwin Meese, United States Attorney General ngaphansi kukaMongameli Ronald Reagan, wathuthukisa umthetho-jinisholo osekelwe encathebeni yokuqala yenkulumo phambi kwe-American Bar Association, i-jurisrudence eyayingaveza "iveza izimiso ezingenakusetshenziswa nguhulumeni ezingangcoliswanga yi-predition."

Izikole Ezihlukahlukene Zemicabango Yakuqala

Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuhlukahluka kwenkolelo yesazi sakuqala nempikiswano ephakathi komphakathi wakuqala ngokwawo.

Ukuzimisela Kwangaphambili

Inhloso yokuqala igomela ukuthi lapho ichaza umbhalo, inkantolo kufanele inqume lokho abalobi bombhalo ababezama ukukufeza, futhi ibonise lokho ababefuna ukuba umthetho ufezeke, umbhalo wangempela womthetho, naphezu. Lendlela igxila ezinhlosoni ezisekelwe kumthetho-mthethweni zabadwebi bezincwadi kanye nabaqondisi be-ratifi.

Nokho, injongo yokuqala ibhekene nezinselele ezibalulekile. Inhloso yokuqala imane ithatha umbhalo owodwa, inhloso ehlangene. Endabeni yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, i-Philadelphia Convention yakhiwa amadoda angaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu, achitha lonke ihlobo ehlehlisa futhi ephikisana ngamalungiselelo achazwa ngokungafani kakhulu lapho umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo uqala ukuqondwa obala. Lemibono ehlukahlukene yenza kube nzima, uma kungenzeki, ukuhlukanisa "onke, ohambisanayo" ngemuva kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho.

Inhloso yokuqala yenguquko yesiqalo iye yaphelelwa umusa. Izazi eziningi zakuqala ziye zasuka kulendlela ngenxa yobunzima obuwusizo nobucatshangelwayo bokunquma ukuthi abaklami besakhiwo ndawonye babehloseni, ikakhulukazi ukunikeza ukuntuleka kwemibhalo ebanzi nemibono ehlukahlukene phakathi kwesizukulwane esisunguliwe.

Incazelo Yokuqala Yeningi

Ukuqonda kokuqala kobufundisi komphakathi kusekela incazelo yelungiselelo lomthetho - sisekelo endleleni umphakathi owawuligunyaza ngokuvamile owawuyoliqonda ngayo. UAntonin Scalia wayengomunye wabaqambi bakhe abavelele. Lendlela iye yaba indlela evelele yokusungula enkulumweni yezomthetho yanamuhla.

Lendlela icabangela incazelo ecacile yombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo njengoba wawungaqondwa umphakathi jikelele, noma umuntu onengqondo, owayephila ngesikhathi uMthetho-sisekelo ugunyaziwe. Kunokuba azame ukuchaza izinhloso zaphezulu zezifektha, incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi igxila emfundweni yokuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo wawungadlulisela kumfundi onolwazi ngesikhathi sokuthola ulwazi.

UMahluleli u-Amy Coney Barrett, oye wachazwa njenge-protégé of Scalia, washo lapho ethola isiqinisekiso sokuthi uchaza uMthetho-sisekelo "njengombhalo, futhi ngiyawuqonda ukuthi unencazelo yokuthi abantu babewugunyazile ngaleso sikhathi." Lenkulumo ibonisa ukuvumelana kwencazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yenjongo yokuqala yomphakathi njengendlela ethandwayo yokuhlola indalo.

Ukusungula Umthetho

Isebenzisa ukuqonda kukaH. L. A. u-Hart’s ngokomthetho wokuthatha umthetho, umthetho wokuqala womthetho uthola igunya lomthetho emaqinisweni ezenhlalo esimiso somthetho waseMelika. Ihlolwa izazi ezingokomthetho uStephen Sachs noWilliam Baude, lenkolelo-lwazi iveza ukuthi "umthetho wokuqala" woMthetho-sisekelo" `imithetho nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho' ezisebenza ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwawo.]

Ngokungafani nencazelo yokuqala yomphakathi, egxile ekuxhumaneni noma "incazelo esemthethweni" yombhalo kuyisakhamuzi esivamile, umthetho wokuqala ugxila "enamagama" noma imithetho engokomthetho eqondile ebizwa ngabameli namajaji ngesikhathi (okungase kuhlanganise noma kungahlanganisi incazelo yaso yasobala). Lendlela iqaphela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wabhalwa ngolimi olusemthethweni futhi kufanele ichazwe ngokwemihlangano engokomthetho nangokuqonda inkathi yokuqalisa.

Izindlela Zokuqala Zokusungula Izinkolelo - ze

Izindlela zokuqala zobuKhomanisi zisekela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe usebenzisa imithetho efanayo yokuchaza abantu ababeyoyibheka njengesebenza kulencwadi. Ukusebenzisa leyo mithetho efanayo yokuchaza kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuthatha incazelo yokuqala yencwadi. Le mizamo yokuhlanganisa imicu ehlukene ye-proftware yokuqala ngokugxila ezindleleni zokuchaza ezaziyosetshenziswa ekuqaleni.

Kokubili inhloso yokuqala nencazelo yomphakathi yokuqala iqondene nencazelo yendlela yokuchaza i-plone i-plot isho ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uchazwe usebenzisa imithetho evamile echazayo. Ngaphansi kwencazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni, umuntu onengqondo nonolwazi ngalesosikhathi angachaza umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo ngokusebenzisa imithetho okwakucatshangwa ukuthi iyasebenza kuyo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi impikiswano phakathi kwezikole zemfundo ehlukene zokuqala ingase ingabiluleka kakhulu kunakuqala.

Izimpikiswano Ezihambisana Nokuqamba Kwakuqala

Abasekeli bobuGama basekela izimpikiswano eziningana ezinamandla zokuthi kungani lendlela yokuchaza kufanele iqondise ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo. Lezimpikiswano zihlanganisa ukubekwa kwentando yeningi, ukunqatshelwa komthetho womthetho, ukuqina, kanye nendima efanele yezinkantolo kuhulumeni waseMelika.

Ukungaguquguquki Nokubikezelwa

Umthetho unikeza uhlelo olucacile noluqinile lokuchaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngokusekela incazelo yencazelo engokomlando, inqubo yokusungula inikeza indlela engaguquki engashintshi nezimo zengqondo zezenhlalo ezishintshayo noma izisebenzi zokwahlulela. Lokhu kuvumelana kuthuthukisa umthetho ngokwenza incazelo engokomthetho iqondakale futhi ingancikile emibonweni yomuntu siqu yabahluleli ngabanye.

Ngokulandela incazelo yokuqala, iNkantolo ePhakeme yakuqala inganga "ayidingi ukwenza ukukhetha okubalulekile," futhi izahlulelo zayo zingavinjelwa. Lokhu kunyanzelwa kokwahlulela kusemqoka ekudluliseleni inguquko, njengoba isikisela ukuthi abahluleli abasebenzisa indlela yokuqala baboshelwe embhalweni nasemlandweni kunokuba bakhethe indlela yabo siqu.

Ukuba Umthetho Wentando Yeningi

Labo abakhetha ukusebenzisa incazelo yokuqala njengendlela yokuchaza ikhomba ekuthatheni kwabo i-predigree engokomlando ende nokunamathela kwabo entando yeningi kwabantu abamisa futhi bagunyaza uMthetho-sisekelo. Abakholelwa ekudalweni baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uthola igunya lawo ngokuvuma kwababuswayo, njengoba kuboniswa ngenqubo yokuthola i-ratiation. Ukuguqula incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokuqeda umthetho ngokomthetho kususa lenqubo yentando yeningi.

Ngokuvuma ukuboshelwa iSichibiyelo sogogo nomkhulu wethu wesine, sithola futhi amandla okubopha ogogo bethu abakhulu abakhulu nolunye ushintsho olusha. Ngakho umthetho-sisekelo uyavuma ukuthi ulwembu lwamanje lunezibopho kokubili esikhathini esidlule nezesikhathi esizayo, nokuthi njengoba nje wonke umuntu engesona isiqhingi ngokwakhe, isizukulwane ngasinye asisona isiqhingi siso sonke. Lombono ophakathi komthetho-sisekelo ugcizelela ukuthi ukubusa kuhilela izibopho ezidlula noma isizukulwane esisodwa.

Ukulinganisela Ukuhlakanipha Kokwahlulela Nezenzo Zokwahlulela

Abasekeli bobuProfethi bokuqala baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukufinyelela imingcele yesinqumo sokwahlulela, kuvimbela abahluleli ekunqumeni amacala ngokuvumelana nemibono yabo siqu yezombangazwe. Lokhu kuphoqelela emandleni okwahlulela kubaluleke kakhulu esimisweni sentando yeningi lapho abahluleli abangakhethwanga besebenzisa khona igunya elibalulekile ngemibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Ngokufuna ukuba abahluleli basekele izinqumo zabo ngobufakazi obungokomlando kunobukhonzi bezimiso zanamuhla, ubuKhomanisi bokuqala bufuna ukuvimbela ukuba ikomiti yamajaji ibe yisigebengu esikhulu esiphoqelela umbono wayo siqu wesimiso esihle esizweni. Abadaluli bakuqala bavame ukuqamba izincazelo ezikhululekile, bagomela ukuba abahluleli bavumele ukuba kwenziwe imisebenzi yokwahlulela lapho abahluleli bengase bashintshe khona imithetho esekelwe ezinkolelweni zomuntu siqu kunokuba babe nombhalo womthetho-mthetho.

Ukuhlonipha Umbhalo Nohlelo Lomthetho - sisekelo

Inkolo yokuqala ihlonipha izinhloso nomsebenzi walabo abafaka umthetho futhi bagunyaza. Abahleli basungula ulimi lomthetho-sisekelo ngokucophelela ngenkulumo - mpikiswano enkulu nangokuvumelana. Abaqondisi bakuqala baphikisa ngokuthi ngokuqondene nalenqubo kudinga ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwencazelo yolimi lwawo lapho luthathwa, kunokuba bawubhale kabusha ukuze ubonise lokho okuthandwayo kwamanje.

UMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo unikeza indlela yokushintsha ngenqubo yokulungisa echazwe eSigabeni V. i-Crinarysts iphikisa ngokuthi lenqubo engokomthetho kufanele ibe indlela ekhethekile yokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo, kunokuba ivumele amajaji ukuba alungise ngokuphumelelayo uMthetho-sisekelo ngezincazelo eziguquguqukayo. Lokhu kulondoloza isimo somthetho-sisekelo njengomthetho obhaliwe kunokuba usiguqule sibe iqoqo lezimiso ezithandwayo zomthetho.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Amancane

Abaqondisi bezinto zakuqala bacabanga ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sasilokhu senqabela ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga (kusukela ekuthathweni kwayo ngo-1868), ukuya esinqumweni esiyiphutha seNkantolo ePhakamileyo esisekela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ku-Plesby v. Ferguson. Lombono usikisela ukuthi ukuthatha indawo yokuqala, okusetshenziswa kahle, kungavikela amalungelo amancane ngokumisa iziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo okungenzeka ukuthi ziye zashaywa indiva noma zathathwa ngokuncitshiswa yizinqumo zokwahlulela ezalandela noma imikhuba yezenhlalo.

Kulombono, inkinga yamacala anjengoPlesty yayingekhona ukuthi iNkantolo yayikholelwa kakhulu ekuqaleni, kodwa ukuthi yehluleka ukusebenzisa incazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo se 14 seSikhawulo seSiphazamiso sika-Claus. Izazi zenkathi yonyaka ziphikisa ngokuthi indlela yabo yokusebenza, uma isetshenziswa ngokufanele, inikeza isivikelo esiqinile samalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kunalezo zindlela ezivumela incazelo ukuba ivumelane nombono ovamile.

Ukugxekwa Nezinselele Zokuqala Ukucabanga Ngeziqu Zangaphambili

Naphezu kokuvelela kwayo enkulumweni engokomthetho yanamuhla, ukuqamba phambili kubhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu yizazi, abahluleli, nabezomthetho.

Ukungaqiniseki Okungokomlando Nokungaqondi

Labo abangabazayo lendlela yokuchaza bagcizelela ubunzima bokuthola incazelo yokuqala. Umlando ongokomlando wangenkathi yokusungulwa awuphelele, uphikiswa futhi ngokuvamile awucacile. imithombo ehlukahlukene yomlando ingase ikhombe ezinhlangothini ezihlukene, futhi izazi - mlando ezinengqondo zingaphikisana ngalokho ubufakazi obukubonisayo.

Ngisho noma umhlangano wawunombono owodwa, ohlangene, akucacile ukuthi unganqunywa kanjani ngokufanele kusukela emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Ukuhamba kwesikhathi kuye kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuvuselela uhlelo lolimi, lomthetho, nomphakathi lapho kwakubhalwe khona futhi kwagunyazwa khona. Imithombo eminingi ehlobene nalokhu ilahlekile, futhi leyo esindayo ingase ingameleli ukuqonda okukhulu komphakathi.

UMahluleli uWilliam Brennan wawenqaba umbono kaMeese, ethi injongo yokuqala yokuFundwa koFata base-United States yayingaqondakali, futhi lowombhalo wawungaqondwa kuphela ngalokhu. Lo mbhalo usikisela ukuthi umsebenzi wobuqali ungaba nephutha uma ubufakazi obungokomlando obudingekile ukuze kutholakale incazelo yakuqala bungekho noma bungathembeki.

Ukushintsha Umphakathi Nokuvumelana Nomthetho - sisekelo

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukwakheka komthetho-sisekelo kuyindlela eqinile, eyiphutha yokuchaza, iphikisa ngokuthi abantu besikhathi samanje soMthetho-sisekelo babengeke bacabange ngezinye zezimo ezaziyovela ezikhathini zanamuhla. Abakhi be-framers babephila ezweni elihluke kakhulu kwelethu, enobuchwepheshe obuhlukene, izakhiwo zezenhlalo, nezinselele. Ukusebenzisa ukuqonda kweshumi elinesishiyagalombili ezingeni eliphezulu kunezingamashumi amabili nambili kungaveza imiphumela engasebenzi noma engalungile.

Izindaba zanamuhla njengeze-athom, ezobuchwepheshe bokuzala, imishini yokuhlola imishini, kanye ne-inthanethi zihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe nezindlela zomphakathi ezazingekho ekuqaleni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqina komthetho-sisekelo kungavimbela intuthuko ngokuvimbela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba uvumelane nalezi zinselele zamanje. Baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo akufanele ibekwe ngesikhathi, kodwa kunalokho, kufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo zanamuhla.

IJaji eliPhakeme eNkantolo Elena Kagan, umcusumbuli ovamile wemfundiso yokusungula engaguquki, uphikisa ngokuthi ezinye izici zoMthetho - sisekelo zazibanzi futhi zingacacile ukuba zivumele izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo zizichaze njengezifanelana nezikhathi. Lombono usikisela ukuthi abaklami ngokwabo kungenzeka babehlose ukuba amalungiselelo athile omthetho - sisekelo avumelane nezimo futhi avumelane nezimo kunokuba amiswe ngencazelo.

Ukukhathazeka Ngamalungelo Amancane Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Abagxeki bayaqhubeka bephikisa ngokuthi ukuchaza uMthetho - sisekelo osekelwe encazelweni yokuqala kungase kuhluleke ukuvikela amalungelo amancane ngoba abesifazane namaqembu ambalwa babengenawo amalungelo afanayo ngesikhathi sokusungulwa (noma ukuhlaziywa Kwezigwebo Zempi Zangaphakathi) njengoba kunjalo namuhla.

Abagxeki bakhathazeka ngokuthi ukungalungi komlando kungabangela ukuba izinkantolo zichaze amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo ngokwezincazelo zomphakathi ongahlangani neze nongalingani kakhulu kunowethu. Lokhu kukhathazeka kukhulu kakhulu lapho incazelo yabasunguli besonto ingalinganisela izinga lokuvikelwa komthetho - sisekelo amaqembu ayegwenywa noma akhishwe ekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe ekuqaleni.

Ukuhunyushwa Kwezincazelo Nokuqondwa Kwendaba

Abagxeki abaningi bayakungabaza ukuthi ukukholelwa ekutheni izinto zakuqala ziwumbono osebenza kangakanani womthetho - sisekelo.

Abahluleli abathatha umlando kumelwe banqume ukuthi yimiphi imithombo engokomlando okumelwe ihlolwe, ukuthi ingabuhlola kanjani ubufakazi obuphikisanayo, ukuthi isilinganiso esingakanani sokusetshenziswa ekuchazeni incazelo yokuqala, nendlela yokusebenzisa ukuqonda okungokomlando ezimweni zanamuhla. Ngasinye salezi zinqumo sihlanganisa izimemezelo zokwahlulela ezingase zithonye kakhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuminyanisa ukwahlulela kukhululiwe.

Inkinga ngokuba nezincazelo ezihlukahlukene zaleligama ukuthi alikho igunya elingaphoqelela incazelo ethile, ngakho abantu abanezinqubo ezihlukahlukene bonke bangazibiza ngokuthi abaqambi bokuqala. Lokhu kungadida, njengoba umuntu engase asekele izindlela ezithile zencazelo yokuqala hhayi ezinye. Ukuhlukahluka komfundi wakuqala kusikisela ukuthi ubuprotheni bokuqala bungase bunganikezi izimpendulo ezicacile, ezivimbelayo abasekeli babo.

Inselele Yesimiso Sokuchithwa

Abanye abagxeki bemfundiso yokuvela kwakuqala baphikisa umbono wokuthi iSiphakamiso V kufanele sibe yisici esikhethekile soshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo, njengoba leso sihloko sidala umnyango ophezulu wokulungisa inqubo engokomthetho. Ukulungisa koMthetho-sisekelo kunzima ngamabomu, kudinga izakhiwo ezinkulu kuzo zombili izindlu zeSivumelwano nokuhlanzwa ngezifunda ezintathu ezine. Le bhabhu eliphezulu yenza ukuncitshiswa komthetho-mthetho kube yinqaba futhi kunzima ukukufeza.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphikelela ekulungiseni okungokomthetho okuwukuphela kwezindlela ezingokomthetho zoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo kungase kwenze uMthetho-sisekelo uqine kakhulu ukuba uthathe isinyathelo ezidingweni zomphakathi nasezindinganisweni. Ezweni elishintsha ngokushesha, ubunzima benqubo yokulungisa bungase bushiye uMthetho-sisekelo ungakwazi ukusingatha izindaba ezibalulekile zanamuhla, okungalulaza ukufaneleka kwawo okuqhubekayo nokusemthethweni.

Imibuzo mayelana nesiqalo se-edigree engokomlando

Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ubuqaba, njengoba busetshenziswa manje, buyinto yamuva nje engabonisi izindlela zokuchaza empeleni ezisetshenziswa isizukulwane esisunguliwe noma izinkantolo kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Isazi sezomthetho saseColumbia Law School uJamal Greene siphikisa ngokuthi ubufundisi bakuqala abuthandwa kakhulu ngaphandle kwe - United States (kuhlanganise iCanada, iNingizimu Afrika, iNdiya, i - Israel, neningi laseYurophu), lapho ukuncishiswa kwemithetho noma ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuyindlela evamile yokusabela ekuthatheni imithetho yokwahlulela.

Enye Indlela Yokuhumusha

Izinqubo eziningana ezihlukile ziye zasungulwa futhi zavikelwa izazi nabahluleli, ngasinye sinikeza imibono engafani ngendlela izinkantolo okufanele ziyiqonde futhi zisebenzise ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Izazi zomthetho - sisekelo eziphilayo zikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yombhalo womthetho - sisekelo iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba isimo sengqondo sezenhlalo sishintsha, ngisho noma kungavunyelwa ukuguqulwa komthetho - sisekelo okungokomthetho kuyiSiphakamiso V soMthetho - sisekelo.

I-gconstructal ibheka umthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi enamandla okumelwe ivumelane nezindinganiso zamanje nezimo. Kunokuba iboshwe ukuqonda kweshumi nesishiyagalombili nekhulu, abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kufanele ivele ibonise ukuvumelana kwamanje kwezenhlalo, ngokokuziphatha, nangokwezombangazwe. Lendlela igcizelela izimiso ezibanzi zoMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezindinganiso kunokuba igcizelele ukusebenza okungokomlando.

Abasekeli bomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuvumelana nemithetho-sisekelo kuyadingeka ukuze uMthetho-sisekelo uhlale ubalulekile futhi uphumelela ekusingatheni izinselele zanamuhla. Baphikisa ngokuthi abahleli babhala uMthetho-sisekelo ngamagama abanzi, avamile ngokuvumelana kanye nokuzivumelanisa. Ukukhuthazela koMthetho-sisekelo, baphikisa ngokuthi, kuxhomeke ekhonweni lawo lokukhuluma ngezinkinga nangezindinganiso zesizukulwane ngasinye.

Nokho, abagxeki bobuProgramu obuphilayo, baphikisa ngokuthi inikeza amajaji ukwahlulela okungaqondi kahle futhi iwenza ashintshe uMthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokulandela inqubo engokomthetho yokulungisa. Ukuphila ngomthetho-sisekelo kuye kwachazwa ngokuthi "inkathi yejaji ye-cameon, ukushintsha imibala nokwakheka kwenkathi ngayinye" abadali baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela ilulaza ukulandisa ngentando yeningi nokushaya umthetho ngokwenza incazelo esekelwe ngokomthetho incike ekukhethelweni komthetho kunokuba incike embhalweni ongokomthetho.

Ukubhala ngokulotshiwe

I-textalism iyinkolelo-mbono yokuthi kufanele sichaze imibhalo engokomthetho, kuhlanganise noMthetho-sisekelo, esekelwe kwincazelo evamile yombhalo. Obhalayo ushaya indiva izici ngaphandle kombhalo, njengenkinga umthetho okhuluma ngayo noma lokho okungenzeka ukuthi abadwebi bomthetho babekuhlosile.

Naphezu kwenkolelo ethandwayo, akukho mehluko phakathi kokuqala nokubhala. Izazi zoqobo zichaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngencazelo yawo yokuqala; abaqondisi bemibhalo bachaza izimiso ngezincazelo zazo zakuqala. Indlela efanayo, imibhalo ehlukene. Nokho, ezinye izazi ziveza umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinqubo, kanye nokubhala okugxile kakhulu ezincazelweni zolimi kanye nasekuzihleleleni komlando.

Umehluko phakathi kwazo ungowokusebenza, hhayi ifilosofi: Imfundiso yokuqala ibhekisela ngokuqondile ekuchazeni uMthetho - sisekelo osekelwe encazelweni yamagama aphathwa ngesikhathi sokubhala, kuyilapho ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kubhekisela ekuchazeni yonke imibhalo engokomthetho ngencazelo evamile yombhalo, ibeke eceleni izici hhayi embhalweni ngokwawo. Zombili izindlela zigcizelela ubukhulu bombhalo kweminye imithombo echazayo, kodwa zingase zihluke ekuzimiseleni kwazo ukucabangela umongo wendaba nesizinda.

Ukuthenga

I - perposition igxila enjongweni ebanzi esekelwe emalungiselelweni omthetho - sisekelo kunokuba isetshenziswe ngendlela yawo yokuqala noma yamanje.

Abacwaningi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqonda injongo yolimi olungokomthetho kuvumela ukuba kuchazwe ngokunengqondo nangokuvumelanayo kunokugxila kuphela ezincazelweni zolimi.

Abagxeki besimiso sokuhlola imibhalo baphikisa ngokuthi kunikeza abahluleli ukuhlakanipha okukhulu kakhulu ukuba baphawule izinjongo ezisezingeni ezihlukene zobuningi, ezingabavumela ukuba bafinyelele imiphumela ethandwayo. Impikiswano phakathi kwe purposition nezindlela eziningi eziqondiswe ngenhla ibonisa ukungavumelani okubanzi ngokulingana okufanele phakathi kokwethembeka embhalweni nasekunakeni izimiso nezinjongo ezingaphansi.

I - pragmatism

Izinqubo eziwubuhlakani zokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo zigcizelela imiphumela engokoqobo yezinqumo zokwahlulela. Izazi zezindaba ziphikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele acabangele imiphumela yangempela yezwe yokukhetha okuhlukahlukene okuchazayo futhi akhethe izincazelo eziveza imiphumela engcono kakhulu emphakathini.

Abaqondisi bomthetho - sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi kufanele baqondiswe ukuhlakanipha nokunaka imiphumela ewusizo kunokunamathela ngokuqinile kunoma iyiphi indlela echazayo.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukulawula amacala kunikeza impoqo enganele ekunqumeni kokwahlulela futhi kungase kuvumele amajaji ukuba athathe isikhundla sezimiso zawo siqu ezidingweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Impikiswano ngokulandelana kwenqubo iveza ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo ngokuthi ukuchaza umthetho-sisekelo kufanele yini ngokuyinhloko kubheke emuva (kuqondiswe encazelweni engokomlando) noma ukubheka phambili (kuqondiswe imiphumela).

Ukufunda Okungokokuziphatha Nendlela Yokufunda Engokobuciko

Ezinye izazi zisekela ukuchaza uMthetho - sisekelo ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha ezingcono kakhulu nezezombangazwe okungaqondwa kulowo mzimba. Lendlela, ehlobene nezazi zefilosofi ezinjengoRonald Dworkin, ibheka ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo njengokusetshenziswa kwefilosofi yokuziphatha nezombangazwe.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ulimi olubanzi loMthetho-sisekelo, cishe "isivikelo esilinganayo" "inqubo," "isijeziso esingaphambili" nesijeziso esingavamile"(incazelo yokuziphatha"." baphikisa ngokuthi abahluleli kufanele bachaze lokhu kuhleleka ngokokuqonda okuhle kakhulu kwezimiso zokuziphatha abazivezayo, kunokuba baboshwe ngezinhlelo ezingokomlando ezingase zibonise amaphutha okuziphatha noma ukulinganiselwa.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela inikeza amajaji amandla amakhulu okuphoqelela imibono yawo siqu yokuziphatha futhi ilulaza ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Impikiswano ngokufunda kokuziphatha iphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nokuhlobana komthetho nokuziphatha kanye nendima efanele yokucabanga ngokomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Ephrojini: Izithobo zeNkantolo Ephakeme

Ukuqonda indlela inqubo yokuqala esebenza ngayo kudinga ukuhlola indlela abahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme abaye basebenzisa ngayo inqubo yokuhlaziya inqubo yokuqala ezimweni ezingokoqobo.

Isigodi saseColumbia v. Heller

Umbono woMahluleli uScalia abaningi eSifundeni saseColumbia v. Heller ubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwencazelo yomphakathi echazeni umthetho-sisekelo. Ngaleyondlela, iNkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi iSichibiyelo Sesibili, njengoba sasiqondwa ekuqaleni yizakhamuzi ezivamile, sasivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezikhali ukuze asebenzise izibhamu angaxhunyiwe ngenkonzo ebusosheni.

Umbono kaMahluleli Scalia wahlola imithombo eminingi engokomlando ukuze kutholakale incazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni, kuhlanganise nezichazamazwi ezazikhona ngesikhathi sokuFunyaniswa kwemithetho-sisekelo yombuso nezimiso ezifanayo. Umbono umelela isibonelo esifanayo sencazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni, ngokuhlaziywa okukhulu kwendlela ulimi olungokomlando nemithombo engokomthetho yokusungula.

Isinqumo seHeller sibonisa kokubili amandla nezinselele zenqubo yokuhlola indlela yokuqala. Abaxhasi bancoma ukuhlaziywa kombono okuphelele nokwaziswa kwawo emithonjeni yokusungula. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lo mbono wawukhetha ekusebenziseni kwabo ubufakazi obungokomlando nokuthi izazi - mlando ezinengqondo zingafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ngencazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo Sesibili.

OMahluleli Besikhathi Sangaphambili

UMahluleli uAntonin Scalia, u-Amy Coney Barrett, uClarence Thomas noNeil Gorfo bazichaza njengabaqali emibhalweni yezazi nasezinkulumweni zasobala. Lezi zinqumo ziye zaguqula inkantolo ngokubheka kwayo kobuqaba, zithonya izinqumo ezibhekene nezindaba eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo.

UMahluleli Scalia, owakhonza eNkantolo kusukela ngo 1986 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-2016, wayengumsekeli ovelele kakhulu nonethonya kakhulu wobuProstolist. Imibono yakhe nemibhalo ethandwa kakhulu yendlela yokusungula isayensi yezomthetho futhi yathonya isizukulwane sabameli nabahluleli. UMahluleli uThomas usungule indlela yakhe siqu ehlukile yokubheka izinto zakuqala, ngokuvamile ebhala ngokuhlukile ukuze achaze ukucabanga kwakhe kokuqala ngisho nalapho ehlanganisa imibono eminingi.

Amajaji uGorfoth noBarrett amelela isizukulwane esisha sabahluleli abasekela ukusungulwa komthetho. Ukumiswa kwabo kunethonya eliqinile lobu qobo eNkantolo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi indlela yokuqala yokusebenza iqhubeke iguqula incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Ukuba khona kwabo eNkantolo kuye kwenza ukuba ubukho bakuqala bube indlela evelele yokuchaza ijurisprudence eNkantolo Ephakeme yanamuhla.

Ithonya Lemfundiso Yokuqala Esikweni Esingokomthetho

Naphezu kokusetshenziswa njalo kwezincwadi zokuqala, kanye namasu amaningi athonyayo odokotela bayo, njengamanje iyinkolelo - mbono evelele yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States. Ithonya lobuOrthodox lidlulela ngalé kwabahluleli abachaza ngokucacile ukuthi abaqali bokuqala, lithinta indlela bonke abahluleli ababheka ngayo imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ngisho nabahluleli abangazisho abaqambi abaqalayo ngokuvamile bahlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni ezisekelwe kukuqala nobufakazi obungokomlando emibonweni yabo. Ukuvelela kobuQala kuye kwenza ukuhlaziya okungokomlando kwaba isici esivamile sencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, kungakhathaliseki ifilosofi yobulungisa echazayo. Lokhu kuveza impumelelo yemfundiso yokuqala ekulolongeni impikiswano yomthetho siseko.

Izinguquko Zezombangazwe Zokukholelwa Kudala

Nakuba ubusunguzi buvezwa njengendlela yokuchaza engathathi hlangothi, bukhona phakathi kwesimiso sezombangazwe nesemibono esithinta kokubili ukukhula kwayo nokusebenza kwayo.

Ukuqalwa Kwangaphambili Nenhlangano Engokomthetho Eqashelwayo

Ngokuvamile, abantu abasekela ubuProthestani basekela izindinganiso zezombangazwe ezithatha izindinganiso ezithatha imingcele. Abanye abakholelwa ekuziphendukeleni kwamasiko bacabanga ukuthi ubukhomanisi buyindlela yokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ozovimbela abahluleli ukuba bashintshe imithetho ngokwabo. Ukuhlangana phakathi kobuKhomanisi bokuqala nokulondoloza kwezombangazwe kuye kwaba isici esingaguquki sentuthuko yanamuhla yempucuko yanamuhla.

Ifilosofi yokusungula yavelela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka, ivumelana nemibono engokomthetho engokwesiko futhi ngokuvamile ihlanganiswa namajaji anjengo - Antonin Scalia. Izinhlangano ezinjenge - Federalist Society ziye zafeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubuprokhonkolo bakuqala nokuqeqesha abameli namajaji ngezindlela zokwakheka kwakuqala.

Nokho, ukuhlobana phakathi kobukhomanisi bokuqala nolwezezombangazwe kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuphikiswana. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ubukhomanisi, obusetshenziswa ngokufanele, abuholeli ngempela emiphumeleni engaguquki. Ziphikisa ngokuthi indlela yokusungula ayithathi hlangothi ngisho noma abaningi abakholelwa ekusungulweni kobufandamentali bezombangazwe behluleka ngokwezombangazwe. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlangana kokuqala ne-batatism kuveza ukuhlobana okujulile phakathi kwenkolelo yendabuko nemithetho yezombangazwe engokwesiko.

Umlando Namalungelo Omphakathi

Impikiswano yokuqala iye yahlukanisa umphakathi waseMelika kusukela ngesinqumo sokuhlukanisa isikole kuBrown v. Board of Education. NgokukaCalvin Terbeek, ukunxusa kobukhomanisi kusuka kudala ezikhathini zanamuhla kusekelwe ekuphikiseni kwezombangazwe okungaguquguquki kweBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo iNkantolo ePhakeme nempikiswano yemithetho ethile yamalungelo omphakathi.

Umsunguli wesigaba uSam Ervin wayengumsekeli wokuqala wobuProfethi njengoba ayesebenzisa lenkolelo - mbono ukuze aphikisane nomthetho welungelo lomphakathi phakathi nawo - 1960. Lokhu kuxhumana okungokomlando kuye kwaholela abanye abagxeki ekubhekeni ukukholelwa kokuqala ngokungeyikho, bekubona njengendlela yokuhlola eyasungulwa ukuze bamelane noshintsho lwezenhlalo oluqhubekayo.

Abaqondisi bezinto zakudala baphendula ngokuthi lenhlangano engokomlando ibonisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwenqubo yokuqala kunokunezinkinga ezisemzamweni wobuProfethi ngokwawo. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kobufazi kulungile bekungasekela umphumela kuBrown v. Board of Education nezinye izinqumo zamalungelo omphakathi, ngoba incazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo se 144 yezenqabela ubandlululo lobuhlanga.

Ukufundisa Nokufunda Ngemfundiso Yakuqala

Kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda umthetho - sisekelo waseMelika, ukulwisana nokukholelwa kokuqala kubalulekile. impikiswano ngobufandamentali iphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngomthetho, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, nokuchaza okudlulela ngalé kwemfundiso engokomthetho engokwesayensi.

Imibuzo Ebalulekile Yokuhlaziya

Lapho utadisha ubufunda - mlando bokuqala, imibuzo eminingana ebalulekile ingaqondisa ukuhlaziya nengxoxo:

  • Uyini umthombo wegunya lomthetho-sisekelo? Ingabe igunya lomthetho-sisekelo lisuka ekuvumeni kwesizukulwane esisunguliweyo, noma ingabe isizukulwane ngasinye sinendima ekunqumeni incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo?
  • Yini enqanda ukwahlulela? Ukwenziwa kokuqala kungalilinganisela ngokuphumelelayo ikhono lamajaji lokubeka izindinganiso zawo, noma ingabe kumane kufihle ukukhetha okungokomlando?
  • [[UMTL:0] Kufanele sikulinganise kanjani ukuqina nokushintsha? Ingabe incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ingahlala ihlelile ukunikeza ukuzinza, noma ingabe ingaguqula iqondene nezimo ezishintshayo nezindinganiso?
  • [ Iyiphi indima okufanele ibe nayo? Amajaji kufanele agxile ngokuyinhloko ekutholeni incazelo yokuqala, noma ingabe kufanele acabangele imiphumela esebenzayo yezincazelo zawo?
  • Ilula kangakanani incazelo yomlando? Singathola ngokuqiniseka ukuthi yimaphi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ayesho ukuthini lapho kusungulwa, noma ingabe umlando awuphelele kakhulu futhi uphikiswana?

Imithombo Yokuqhubeka Sitadisha

Abafundi nothisha abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni ukwakheka kokuqala bangahlola imithombo eminingi. Isikhungo somthetho-mthetho wezwe inikeza izinto zokufundisa ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nemithombo yezokuqala nezinye izindlela. Isikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo siveza izintatheli zezazi ezimelela imibono ehlukene, ivumela abafundi ukuba baqhathanise imibono yemvelaphi neyobuqaba ngokuphathelene nemithetho engokomthetho.

Omagazini abafundisayo njenge Harvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal, ne Stanford Law Review basakaza izihloko eziphikisanayo ngobukho bakuqala kanye nezinye izindlela ezizosetshenziswa. Lezi zincwadi zezazi zinikeza ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwemfundiso yemvelaphi yakuqala nokusebenza kwayo emibuzweni ekhethekile yomthetho-sisekelo. Izikole eziningi zomthetho zilondoloza imithombo yezomthetho kanye nezifundo ezihambisana nokuchazwa komthetho ngokomthetho.

Imibono ngokwayo inikeza imithombo ewusizo yokuqonda indlela ukwenziwa kwayo. Ukufunda imibono yamajaji okuqala njengoScalia, uThomas, uGorfo, noBarrett, kanye nokuphikisana abahluleli abangaqali, kwembula umehluko osebenzayo phakathi kwezinqubo zokuchaza. Iwebhusayithi yeNkantolo ye-Cupreme inikeza amathuba akhululekile kuyo yonke imibono, yenza lezinto zitholakale kalula kubafundi nakubafundisi.

Okusha okufakwayo

Othisha bangasiza abafundi ukuba bahileleke ekuziphatheni ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuzivumelanisa. Ukuvivinya kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuvumela abafundi ukuba basebenzise izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza imibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo, bembula indlela inqubo ethinta ngayo imiphumela. Abafundi bangabelwa ukuba baphikisane namacala besebenzisa ukucabanga kokuqala, bese beqhathanisa izimpikiswano zabo nalezo ezisekelwe ekuphileni komthetho - sisekelo noma kwezinye izindlela.

Imisebenzi yokucwaninga ngokomlando ingasiza abafundi ukuba baqonde izinselele zokuthola incazelo yokuqala. Ngokuhlola imithombo yokusungula / imithombo eyimfihlo, izihloko zomthetho, izihloko zamaphephandaba, nezimpikiswano zokuhlobana kwe-ratiation, kungabhekana nobunzima nobunzima obuhilelekile ekuchazeni isiqalo. Lendlela yokusebenzisa inqubo yenza izimpikiswano zesayensi yezindlela ezifinyele ziqine futhi zifinyeleleke.

Ukuhlaziywa okuqhathanisa kwemibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme kunikeza elinye ithuluzi lokufundisa eliwusizo. Abafundi bangahlola indlela amajaji ahlukene asingatha ngayo umbuzo ofanayo womthetho-sisekelo, baphawule indima efezwa ukuchaza izindlela zokusebenzisa izindlela zokusebenza ekulolongeni ukucabanga neziphetho zabo. Lendlela eqhathanisayo isiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo kuhilela ukukhetha phakathi kwezindlela eziphikisanayo, ngayinye inamandla nokulinganiselwa kwayo.

Ikusasa Lokukholelwa Kudala

Njengoba imfundiso yokuqala iqhubeka iguquka futhi ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha, cishe izenzakalo eziningana ziyothonya indlela yayo yesikhathi esizayo futhi zithonye umthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.

Ukucwengisiswa Kwendlela

Izazi zoqobo ziyaqhubeka zicwengisisa futhi zithuthukisa indlela yokufunda yokuqala. Izimpikiswano phakathi komphakathi wabasunguli bokuqala mayelana nemithombo efanelekile nezindlela zokuthola incazelo yokuqala cishe ziyoqhubeka, ngokunokwenzeka ziholele ekuhlukahlukeni kwemfundiso yokuqala. Ukusungulwa komthetho wokuqala nezindlela zokuqala kubonisa ukuthi ukwenziwa kombhalo wokuqala kuhlala kuyindlela eshukumisayo neshintshayo yokuchaza.

Intuthuko yezindlela zokucwaninga ezingokomlando kanye nezindlela zobuchwepheshe zinganikeza amathuluzi amasha okuchaza i-odard. Ukuhlelwa kwemithombo yokusungula nokuhlolwa kwemibhalo engokomlando kunganikeza ukuqonda okusha kwencazelo yokuqala. Le ntuthuko yobuchwepheshe inganikeza ezinye iziphetho zokugxekwa ngokutholakala nokwethembeka kobufakazi obungokomlando.

Izinselele Zemibuzo Entsha Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ubuchwepheshe obuxubile nentuthuko yezenhlalo ziyoqhubeka zihlola ikhono lobusunguli bezincwadi ezintsha zomthetho-sisekelo. Impikiswano ehilela ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ubunjineli bezakhi zofuzo, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokuzifihla kwamanani ziphakamisa imibuzo okungalindelekile esisizukulwaneni esisungulayo. Indlela izazi zokuqala ezizisingatha ngayo lezinselele iyakuthinta kakhulu ukuthembeka nethonya lokuqala.

Impumelelo noma ukwehluleka kwezindlela ezintsha zokufuna ukuphendula lemibuzo entsha kungase kunqume ukuthi ubuShona bulokhu buyinqubo elawulayo noma ukuthi ezinye izindlela zithola isisekelo. Uma uqobo lubonakala luvumelana ngokwanele ukusingatha izinselele zamanje kuyilapho lugcina ukwethembeka encazelweni engokomlando, lungaqinisa ukuma kwalo. Uma bubonakala buqinile kakhulu noma buveza imiphumela engasebenzi, ukusekela ezinye izindlela kungakhula.

Isimo Sezombangazwe Nezenhlalo

Ikusasa lobufandamentali lizololongwa futhi yintuthuko ebanzi yezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Izinguquko ekwakhekeni kweNkantolo Ephakeme, zishintsha umbono womphakathi ngendima yeNkantolo, futhi ukuhlelwa kwezombangazwe okuvumelanayo konke kuzothinta ukuvelela nethonya lobu mbuso bokuqala. Ubuhlobo phakathi kobuStatu nomthetho wezentengiselwano wezombangazwe bungavela njengezizukulwane ezintsha zabameli nabahluleli ziveza izindlela zazo zokuchaza umthetho.

Ukuqonda umphakathi nokuvumelana nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kungathinta futhi ukuthatheka kwemfundiso yomthetho-sisekelo. Njengoba izimpikiswano eziphathelene nobu qobo zidlulela ngalé kwenkulumo yasobala ebanzi engokomthetho, isimo sengqondo esithandwayo ngobuqali singathonya ukukhula nokusebenza kwayo. Izinga lobu qobo olungagcina ngalo usemthethweni obala kuyilapho ukuphendula imibuzo ephikisanayo yomthetho-sisekelo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphumeleleni kwayo isikhathi eside.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Nokubaluleka Kwayo

Impikiswano ngobukhona benkolo iyaqhubeka ithonya izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, ulwazi olungokomthetho, nenkulumo yasobala ngomthetho - sisekelo. Lenkulumo ayiyona nje imfundo kuphela − inemiphumela yangempela yokuthi amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo aqondwa futhi avikelwe kanjani, ukuthi anikezwa kanjani futhi alinganiselwe kanjani, nokuthi uMthetho - sisekelo uvumelana kanjani nezimo (noma uhluleka kanjani ukuzivumelanisa) nezimo ezishintshayo.

Abasekeli babheka ubufundisi bokuqala njengesivikelo ekunqumeni komthetho ozimele nendlela yokulondoloza ukuzibusa kwentando yeningi. Baphikisa ngokuthi ubuKhomanisi bakuqala buhlonipha uMthetho-sisekelo njengomthetho kunokuba buwubheke njengesileti esingenalutho sokwenza isimiso sokwahlulela. Ngokucindezela ukwahlulela nokufuna ukwethembeka embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo, ubuShona bufuna ukugcina ukubusa komthetho futhi buvimbela abahluleli ukuba babeke izintando zabo zomuntu siqu esizweni.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ubuqali bungaqina kakhulu emphakathini oshintshayo futhi bungase buhluleke ukuvikela amalungelo nezindinganiso eziye zavela kusukela ekusungulweni. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuzisholo kokuqala kokunqanda ukwahlulela kushiwo ngokwedlulele futhi amajaji okuqala asebenzisa ukuhlakanipha okukhulu ekukhetheni nasekuchazeni imithombo engokomlando. Abagxeki futhi bakhathazekile ngokuthi ukukholelwa kokuqala kungabangela ukungalungi komlando futhi kuvimbele uMthetho-sisekelo ekuxazululeni izinselele zesikhathi.

Ukuqonda lemibono ephikisanayo kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo njengoba behlola izisekelo zomthetho waseMelika nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kwencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo. Impikiswano ngokubaluleka komthetho wokuqala iphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nesimo somthetho, indima efanele yezinkantolo embusweni wentando yeningi, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kobukho besikhathi esidlule nobwamanje ekubusweni komthetho - sisekelo.

Kunokuba kubhekwe impikiswano ngokulandelana kobuqalo njengendlela elula yokukhetha phakathi kokulungile nokungalungile, kungaba ngcono ukuqaphela ukuthi izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza zibonisa izindinganiso ezihlukene nezinto eziza kuqala. Ukuthatha izinto kugcizelela ukuzinza, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, nokucindezelwa kwamandla okwahlulela. Ezinye izindlela zigcizelela ukuvumelana, intuthuko yokuziphatha, nekhono loMthetho-sisekelo lokusingatha izidingo zamanje. Impikiswano eqhubekayo phakathi kwalemibono ibonisa ukungezwani okuhlala njalo embusweni wentando yeningi okungaxazululeki ngokuphelele.

Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iqhubeka iphendula imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, impikiswano ngemvelaphi iyohlala ibalulekile enkulumweni yezomthetho nezombangazwe zaseMelika. Uma umuntu evumelana nemfundiso yokuqala, enqaba, noma efuna isisekelo esiphakathi, ehlanganyela ngokungathi sína nezimpikiswano zokuqala kanye nezikhombo zayo zibalulekile ekuqondeni umthetho wezomthetho-sisekelo wesikhathi. Ukufaneleka kobukhomfa njengendlela yokuhlola inqubo yezomthetho-mfantuthulelo kuzoqhubeka kuphikiswana, kuhlolwa, futhi kuthuthukiswa ngokuhlaziya, ngekhono lokwahlulela, nangenkulumo yasobala.

Kulabo abafunda umthetho womthetho-sisekelo, impikiswano ngomthetho wobukhomba phambili inikeza ifasitela lemibuzo ebanzi ngokuphathelene nokuchazwa komthetho, amandla okwahlulela, nokubusa komthetho-sisekelo. Ngokulwisana nalemibuzo, abafundi bahlakulela amakhono okugxeka nokuqonda okujulile ngendlela umthetho osebenza ngayo emphakathini wentando yeningi. Impikiswano ngobukhomba phambili ayisebenzi nje njengendaba yokutadisha kuphela kodwa futhi njengemoto yokuhlola imibuzo eyisisekelo ngomthetho, idemokrati, kanye nobulungisa okusabalulekile namuhla njengasekuqaleni.