Inqubo yomthetho injini yokubusa kwentando yeningi, iguqula imibono engacacile ibe imithetho ebophayo elawula umphakathi. Nakuba ichazwa kaningi njengohambo olulandelanayo, inqubo enzima nevame ukuphikisana ngengxoxo, impikiswano, nokuyekethisa. Ukuqonda loluhambo akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthonya isimiso somphakathi, ukusekela ushintsho, noma ukuqondisisa indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo. Lesihloko sinikeza isiqondiso esiqinile enqubweni yomthetho, kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kwesicelo sokumiswa komthetho, kuyilapho sihlola ukuhlelwa komthetho kokugcina, futhi sichaza izinselele ezichaza isigaba ngasinye.

Ukuthunyelelwa Enqubweni Yomthetho

Phakathi nendawo, inqubo yokushaya umthetho iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ehlongozwayo ithola ukucusumbulwa nokuvumelana okukhulu ngaphambi kokuba isebenze. Ihilela abagcini bamasango abaningi − imishini, amagumbi, nezikhulu (inye kwezinamandla okumisa, ukulibala, noma ukubulala umthetho). Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihlukahluka phakathi kwe-demokrasi, izigaba zesisekelo zihlala zifana: izicelo, ukubukezwa kwekomiti, ukuqhutshelwa kwengxoxo yaphansi, ukubuyisana kwe-castler-rapper, nesenzo sokuphatha. Lenqubo iyinkimbinkimbi ukuvimbela noma ukucatshangelwa kabi kwemithetho, kodwa leyo nqubo efanayo ingakwazi ukuthuthukisa intuthuko, ukwenza ukucusumbula okunelisayo okuphumelelayo nganoma isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isikhulu semithetho esilawula i-mthetho.

Lesi sihloko sizohamba ngesigaba ngasinye sisebenzisa i-United States Congress njengesibonelo esiyinhloko, nakuba izimiso zisebenza kabanzi ezimisweni zephalamende nasezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Imithombo yangaphandle enjengegunya .Gov iziqondiso zenqubo yomthetho [ nencwadi engokomthetho ngokomthetho yemithetho enikezwa [[ ukujula okwengeziwe kubafundi abafisa ukuhlola amaphuzu ama-procrate.

Isigaba 1: Ukumiswa Kwemithetho

Uhambo luqala lapho ilungu lesishaya - mthetho sendlu yomthetho liveza isiphakamiso, esibizwa ngokuthi isikhokhelo. Nokho, umqondo wecala ungavela emithonjeni eminingi. Amalungu ngokwawo angasekela izinqubo ezisekelwe ezithembisweni zomkhankaso, izinto ezihlangene, noma ubuchwepheshe bomuntu siqu. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zimisa umthetho wokusingatha izikhala ezilawulayo noma ukuqondisa izinto eziza kuqala. Amaqembu anesithakazelo kanye nabangenisi bemithetho ehlelwa yimithetho engase ithathwe njengezazo. Ngisho nezakhamuzi ezivamile zingafaka izikweleti ezinqingo ngezicelo, imikhankanti yomphakathi, noma ngokusebenza ngokuqondile nabameleli bazo abakhethiwe.

Kuyi-U.S. Congress, kungasungulwa isikweleti esikhethekile eNdlu yabameleli noma eSigeqeni (ngaphandle kwentela yemali ekhokhelwayo, okumelwe ivele eNdlu). Umxhasi wamalungu ufaka izikhangiso ngomabhalane wemali ngomphathi wegumbi, lapho ithola khona inani elikhethekile (ngokwesibonelo, H.R. 1 ngomthetho wendlu noma S. 1 weSigele sokushaya umthetho (nesihloko esichaza kafushane injongo yayo. Lesethulweni salomthetho siyisinyathelo sokuqala somphakathi, kodwa umsebenzi wangempela uqala ngemva kwezithombe. Ngokuvamile i-Spons u-sns ukuze akhe ukusekela kwasekuqaleni, futhi bangasebenza neHhovisi ye-Gegislativet ukuqinisekisa ulimi lwemimeod. Isethulo lesethi yesikhululo noma isikhulu se-komiti somthetho sibhekisele ekomitini noma ekomitini ephethe ngesinqumo sayo esithinta isinqumo sayo.)

Izinhlobo Zezincwadi Nezinqumo

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezimoto zomthetho. Izindleko zomphakathi zisebenza ezweni lilonke, kuyilapho izikweleti zomuntu siqu zinikeza izinzuzo kubantu abathile noma ezinhlanganweni ezithile. Izinqumo ezilula (H.Res. okanye S.Res.) zikhuluma izindaba ezisekathini elilodwa, njengokushintsha kwemithetho ehleliwe. Izinqumo zecala (H.Kon..Res..) ziveza inhloso yawo womabili amakamu empikiswaneni kodwa angenawo amandla omthetho. Isinqumo somdlandla (H.J.J.Res.) siyafana nezivumelwano futhi sidinga isigqephuzo sobukhompuza. Ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu kubaluleke kanjani ukusikisela kwemithetho.

Isiqongo 2: Ukubukeza KweKomiti

Lapho selenziwe, kuthunyelwa isikweleti ekomitini emile ephethe izihloko zayo eziyinhloko (ngokomzekelo, izindleko zezolimo ziya eKomitini Yezolimo, futhi intela yokuvikela ithunyelwa eKomitini Yezinkonzo Zokuhloma. AmaKomiti avame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "amahhashi" endlu yomthetho, futhi ngesizathu esihle. Aqhuba izivivinyo eziningi kakhulu zomthetho, aphethe izikhalo ukuze aqoqe ubufakazi kochwepheshe, izikhulu zezezolimo, nabameleli.

Ukuzwa Nokuphawula

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, amalungu amakomiti abuza ofakazi ukuze bahlole amandla emali, ubuthakathaka, nemiphumela engenzeka. OFakazi bangahlanganisa omakhathektha, abacwaningi bezemfundo, abameleli bezimboni, nabaholi abangenzi nzuzo. Umlando wokuzwa uba ingxenye yomlando womphakathi futhi ungathonya ukuphikisana kwesikhathi esizayo. Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti iqhubekela eqenjini lokuphawula [isikhathi sokubhalisa], lapho amalungu ephikisana khona ngezinguquko zemali. UMarkup ungaba lukhuni kakhulu, ngokuphikisana okuqhubekayo. Isihlalo sekomiti sisebenzisa amandla aphawulekayo ekulawuleni izinhlelo, okunqunywa futhi kuqondwe ukuthi impikiswano iyaqhubeka kangakanani.

Ngemva kokubhaliswa, amavoti ekomiti ukuthi ingabika yini ukuthi imvume yokuyifaka noma ihlelwe egumbini eligcwele. Umbiko ovumayo uhlanganisa umbhalo olungisiwe, incazelo ebhaliwe (umbiko wekomiti), futhi ngezinye izikhathi uphikisa imibono. Nokho, izikweleti eziningi zifa ekomitini − ngenxa yokuthi aziyitholi ivoti eningi noma ngenxa yokuthi isihlalo sivele senqabe ukuhlelwa kokuhlelwa. Lendima yokugcinwa kwesango iwumsuka oyinhloko wamandla ekomiti. Ngokusho Inkonzo yokucwaninga yekomiti ikhonparational Research vimbary nkonzo yekomiti , ingaphansi kwesihlanu% yezindleko ezingeniswayomthetho, futhi isigaba sekomiti sibhubha kakhulu.

Ukucabangela Okungemthetho

Emakomitini amaningi, izikweleti zibhekiselwa okokuqala ekomitini egcina izinqumo eziphambili. Ikomiti yangaphansi iphatha izicubu zayo siqu nokubhalisa, futhi ingatusa izimali ekomitini egcwele noma ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa. Lokhu kubukezwa okubili kwenezela olunye ungwengwengwezi lokuhlola kodwa futhi amathuba amaningi okuba imvume ivaliwe. Izihlalo zezisebenzi ezingaphansi kwe-comptee ngokuvamile ziyizazi ensimini yazo, zisenza ukutusa kwazo kube nokubaluleka.

Impikiswano Yezinhlaka 3:

Uma imvume idlula ikomiti yayo (a) ibekwe ekhalendeni lemithetho ukuze kucatshangelwe igumbi. Inqubo yokuxoxa ngebanga eliphansi iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwendlu neSigele, ibonisa ubukhulu obungafani namasiko ayo. Endlini, iKomiti yemithetho enamandla ikhipha i-pal comment [rup ] i-rup [inkulumo emisa impikiswano: ukuthi isikhathi esingakanani esivunyelwe, esincishintshwayo, nokuthi iziphi izilinganiso ziyadilizwa. [FLT:] futhi uma amasuntswana okuhleleka akhona ahlelekile. [FFFFFFF:] [5] imingcele ehlukene. [FT]

Izinqumo Ne - FIBUster

Phakathi nengxoxo yasesitezi, amalungu asikisela ukulungisa ukushintshwa kwemali. Endlini, iKomiti Yemithetho ingalinganisela ukubuyiselwa kwalabo abagunyaziwe, umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi "umthetho ovunyelwe". ESigeqeni, inqubo yokulungisa ivulekile, ivumela izimemezeli ukuba zinikeze noma isiphi isici esingekho esikhona (i-translate) kumthetho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi okungavunyelwanga ukuqeda izigwegwe (abasha) uma kungekho nto eyodwa.

i-flibuster iyisici esihlukanisayo seSigele. I-senetor ingabamba iphansi kuze kube phakade ukuze libambe noma livimbele ivoti. Ukuqeda i-finbuster, iSigele kumelwe inxuse amahlule, okudinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu kwama-60 (umphumela 60% ama-aponta). Izindleko eziningi ezinkulu zibulawe noma zishintshwe kakhulu usongo lwe-finboster. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-filicbuster kuye kwakhula ngokucace kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, okuholela ekubizeni inguquko. Ukuze uthole incazelo egcwele, bheka le mlando [[FLT:]] Braymote umqoko we-FFompster [FFF] [FFF]]

Ngemva kwengxoxo ephethwe, amavoti egumbi emali nanoma yiziphi izinguquko ezikhona. Endlini, amavoti aqoshwa ngemishini. ESigele, amavoti avamile ukuvota. Ezimweni eziningi kudingeka amavoti avamile (inani eliphindwe ka-50% kanye nelinye) ukuze kudlule amagumbi, ngaphandle kwezilinganiso ezithile zemali ezidinga ukuba kube khona izimpawu ezinkulu. Uma uthengiselwa, uyathatheka futhi uthunyelwe kwelinye igumbi.

Isiteji 4: Esinye Isigungu

Kunezishaya-mthetho ze-biadral, imvume kumelwe idlulise amagumbi womabili ngendlela efanayo ukuze iqhubeke. Igumbi lesibili liphinda lenqubo: ukubukezwa kwekomiti, impikiswano yaphansi, ukubuyiselwa, nokuvota. Nokho, igumbi lesibili lingase libe nezinto eziza kuqala, iziqalo ezihlukene, nezinqubo. Ngakho, ngokuvamile lidlula inguquko ehlukile yemali. Uma kwenzeka, imvume ayikalungele umongameli. Kunalokho, ingena isigaba semuva-fule-fuletwe, nese-overy. Ikomiti ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-pang: igumbi eliphumayo lingaseyamukele ushintsho, noma ingathumela olunye uhlobo olulungisiweyo emuva. Uma amagumbi amabili engenakuvumelana, ikomitini ihlelwe kahle.

Kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ukuthi ezimisweni zephalamende njengeUnited Kingdom, "enye indlu yobukhosi" (indlu yamaNkosi) inamandla alinganiselwe okulibala kodwa hhayi avimbe umthetho unomphela, futhi iningi likahulumeni endlini ephansi ngokuvamile liqinisekisa ukudlula. E-U.S., indlu neSigele kulingana, ukwenza ukuxoxa ngesiphambano.

Isiteji 5: IKomiti Yengqungquthela

Ikomiti yengqungquthela iyindikimba yesikhashana eyakhiwa yinani elincane lamalungu asemagumbini womabili − ebizwa "izisebenzi" noma "izikhulu" ezimiswe umholi. Umgomo wabo uwukuhlanganisa umehluko phakathi kwendlu neSishaya-mthetho. Amakomiti engqungquthela asebenza ngemuva kweminyango evulekileyo, avumela ukuxoxisana okungadluliswa okungakho okungadlula ngamunye.

Ikomiti iveza umbiko wesivumelwano, ohlanganisa ulimi oluhlangeneyo kanye nenkulumo echazayo. Umbiko ubuye uthunyelwe emuva kuwo womabili amakamu ukuze kuvotelwe noma phansi. Izigwegwe azivunyelwe kuleliqophelo; amalungu kumelwe amukele noma alahle wonke umphongolo. Lokhu "kuwuthathe noma uwushiye" kunika abawunikeza amandla amakhulu. Imibiko yengqungquthela ivame ukuba mikhulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ihlanganisa amalungiselelo awaziwakho kunoma yiliphi inguquko yokuqala, umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi "ukuthobela ububi" noma ukuvuma., ikomiti yomhlangano iyaqhubeka iyinqubo ebalulekile yokulawula.

Ukumiswa 6: Ukuvunyelwa Kokugcina

Ngemva kokuba umbiko wengqungquthela uvunyelwe yiwo womabili amakamu, isamba sibhaliwe ephepheni lesikhumba ngakho konke ukushintshwa nokusayinwa () futhi sasayinwa nguSpeaker wendlu noMongameli weSigele (umongameli ongumsizi). Kulokhu sinikezwa umongameli. Kuleliqophelo, igatsha lemithetho seliqedile umsebenzi walo, kodwa umphathi uphethe.

Isiteji 7: Isenzo Sokuqondisa

Umongameli (noma umbusi ezishaya izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni) kumelwe acabangele isimemezelo esidluliswa yiSishaya - mthetho saseU.S. uMthetho - sisekelo unikeza umongameli izindlela eziningana zokukhetha ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, isiqephu 7. Umongameli angase:

  • Uphawu olusemthetho. Ikhona iqala ukusebenza ngokushesha, ngosuku olucacisiwe lwesikhathi esizayo, noma ngemva kwenkathi ejwayelekile yezinsuku ezingama-90.
  • Ukwenabela umthetho. Umongameli ubuyisela umongameli eKhongolose ngokuphikisa. Khona - ke uKhongolo-kanye angazama ukudlulisa i-veto ngevoti yesithathu ekamelweni ngalinye. Uma iphumelela, umthetho uba umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa umongameli. Ukungalawuleki kwemizamo ayivamile futhi iphumelele ngaphansi kwe 5% yalesisikhathi ngokomlando.
  • Awuthathi nyathelo. Uma uMkhandlu useqenjini, igebezo liba umthetho ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi (izinsuku ezidlule ngamaSonto) ngaphandle kwesignesha kamongameli. Uma iziKhongolo zihlomela phakathi nalezozinsuku eziyishumi, isibambiso asaziwa njengomthetho i-pocket [veto. Iphakethe lingethathiwe ngoba i-veto'isibambiso se-'i-golls'''.

Abameli ngezinye izikhathi bakhipha izitatimende ezisayinwayo[ eziveza incazelo yabo yomthetho noma ezibonisa ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye abangase bangazenzeli. Nakuba kuphikisana, lamazwi awabopheki ngokomthetho kodwa angathonya izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe. Ihhovisi le-Akhawuntiummentism line eliqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamacala athile asayinwayo [, hhayi izingxabano zomthetho-mthethweno-sisekelo.

Isiphetho: Ukudambisa Ithonya

Ukumisa i-mulgine ye-provincial idinga isineke, amacebo, nokuqonda okujulile kwemithetho elandelwayo kanye nezithiyo zezombangazwe. Iqophelo ngalinye linikeza kokubili amathuba nezithiyo. Icala lingabulawa buthule ekomitini, lilungiswe nge-palbuster, lilungiswe ngendlela engenakuqashelwa, noma lilungiswe esikhathini sokugcina. Nokho le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi imibono eminingi iyazwakala, ukuthi imiphumela engahleliwe iyancitshiswa, futhi leyo mithetho ijabulela ukusekela okubanzi ngaphambi kokuba ithathe impoqo.

Kuzakhamuzi nakubalandeli, ukuqonda loluhambo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esiholela ekuthembiseni ngokuphumelela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuthintana nommeleli, efakaza ekuqulweni kwecala, noma ekuhleleni umkhankaso womphakathi, abantu bangathonya umthetho kuzo zonke izigaba. Futhi kulabo abafuna ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni wabo osebenza ngayo, inqubo yokushaya umthetho inikeza izibuko ezinamandla zobuciko bokuhlehla ngokwentando yeningi. I-millese iyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ikwazi ukudlula kuyikhondla yombuso.