Ukuchaza Ukuphulwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi EMelika Yanamuhla

Amalungelo omphakathi ayisiqinisekiso esiyisisekelo sokuphathwa ngokulinganayo nesivikelo ngaphansi komthetho. Uma lamalungelo enqatshelwa noma ephulwa ngokukhethekile ngenxa yobulungu bomuntu obuvikelekile, ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kwenzeka. Lokhu kwaphula amalungelo esizwe akulinganiselwe ezenzweni ezidlulele zokucwasa; kuhlanganisa nezimiso zezimiso, ukucwasana okucashile, nemikhuba yokuhlela elimaza ngokungenakuqhathaniswa amaqembu ahluliwe. E-United States, incazelo engokomthetho yamalungelo omphakathi ngokwesiko ihlanganisa ukucwasana ngokwebala, inkolo, ubulili (kuhlanganise ukuma kwenkanuko yobulili nobulili, ubulili obusezindaweni eziningi), umsuka wesizwe, ukukhubazeka, noma isimo sobulili.

Izibonelo ezivamile zokwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi zihlanganisa ukuqasha noma ukukhushulwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, ukutholakala ngokungenakulinganiswa kwezindlu noma ukuboleka isikweletu, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa njengokulawula izinhlanga noma amandla eqile, ukunqanda amasu abavoti ahlasela imiphakathi emincane, nokunqatshelwa kwendawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe kubantu abakhubazekile. Ukuqonda okuwukwephulwa okuwukwephulwa yisinyathelo sokuqala ekufuneni amakhambi angokomthetho nasekubekeni icala labo abaphula umthetho.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Nesemithetho

Imithetho Eyinhloko Yamalungelo Omphakathi

Isimiso somthetho sanamuhla sokuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi eUnited States sisekelwe emthetho obalulekile owenziwe phakathi nekhulu lama - 3520 leminyaka, onokwenezelwa imithetho eyalandela eyandisa isivikelo kwamanye amaqembu. Imithetho ebaluleke kakhulu ihlanganisa:

  • Umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1944: Lomthetho wetshe letshe letshe letshe wenqabela ubandlululo ezindaweni zomphakathi, izinhlelo ezixhaswe uhulumeni, nomsebenzi. Isihloko VII, ikakhulukazi, sivimbela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe futhi samisa i-Eult Accomplication Commission (EOC).
  • IVoting Rights Act ka 1965: yahlongozwa ukuqeda imikhuba yokuvota yobandlululo, njengokuhlola ukufunda nokukhokha intela yokuvota, lesisenzo siye savuselelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi sihlala siyithuluzi eligxekayo ekunqandeni ukucindezelwa kwabavoti.
  • Umthetho weFair Hoswor Act ka-1968: Lomthetho wenqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezisekelwe ohlangeni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini, enkabeni yobuzwe, ewubuzwe, noma ukukhubazeka. Iphoqelelwa yi-Department of House and Urban Development (HUD).
  • AbaseMelika abanoMthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA) ka 1990: I-ADA inqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi, izindawo zomphakathi zokulala, ezokuhamba, nokuxhumana.
  • Isihloko IX seSichibiyelo semfundo sango 1972: Isihloko se-IX sinqabela ukucwaswa kobulili kunoma yisiphi isimiso semfundo noma umsebenzi othola usizo lwezezimali lukahulumeni, sihlanganisa izimpikiswano ezisukela kumathuba emidlalo kuya ekuhlukunyezweni nasekuhlaseleni ngokobulili.

Lemithetho kahulumeni isebenza ngokuvumelana nemithetho kahulumeni neyamalungelo abantu, ngokuvamile enikeza isivikelo esengeziwe noma amakilasi esembozweni angahlanganisiwe ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, njengokukhuliswa ngokobulili nokuchazwa kwabesilisa nabesifazane emazweni amaningi.

Indima Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ngaphandle komthetho wemithetho, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza isivikelo esibalulekile ekuphucweni kwamalungelo omphakathi. ISichibiyelo se-14th Experimence’s Protection Claus senqabela ukunqabela noma yimuphi umuntu olinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, sisebenza njengesisekelo semithetho yezeluleko nemithetho ephikisayo. ISimemezelo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo, okuyisisekelo emalungelweni omphakathi. Ingxenye ka-1901 yesihloko 42 ye-U.S. Imithetho ivumela abantu ukuba bangene ezwe nezikhulu zendawo eziphula amalungelo abo omthetho, ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa ezimweni ezihilela amaphoyisa ukuziphatha okubi noma ukuboshwa okungekho emthethweni.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemishini: Indlela Imithetho Yamalungelo Abantu Ephoqelelwa Ngayo

Izinhlangano Ezizinikele Ekuphoqelelweni

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zinegunya lokuhlola izikhalo, ukunikeza iziqondiso, nokuletha izenzo ezingokomthetho ukuze kuphoqelelwe imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi. Ezivelele kakhulu yilezi:

  • I-Equal Opportunity Commission (EOC): Icala lokumisa imithetho kahulumeni enqabela ukucwaswa emsebenzini. I-EEOC ihlola amacala obandlululo, imizamo yokuwalungisa ngokuqulwa kwecala, futhi ingabhala phansi amacala ngenxa yezisulu. Futhi ichaza iziqondiso ezihlela indlela abaqashi abavumelana ngayo nesihloko se-VII, i-ADA, neNkathi yeNkathi Yenkathi esemthethweni.
  • ISikhundla sobulungisa (DOJ): I-Civil Rights Division of the DOJ imisa imithetho kahulumeni enqabela ukucwaswa kokhetho, indlu, imfundo, ukugcinwa komthetho, nezindawo zomphakathi. Kungaqala ukuphenya okulandelanayo ngo-69or 1942 ngokuqeqeshisa nokumangalela ama-seria amaqembu alwa nobandlululo olubanzi.
  • Izindawo ze Home nentuthuko yase Urban (HUD): IHhovisi le House ne-Oumeltment Iphoqelela i-Fair Howation Act ngokuhlola izikhalazo zokucwaswa kwezindlu, ukubukeza ukuthobela, nokulandela amakhambi okulawula noma angokomthetho.
  • ISikhundla seHofisi Yemfundo Yamalungelo Omphakathi (OCR):[ I-OCR iphoqelela isiqu se-IX, Ingxenye 504 yoMthetho wokuRehabilita, kanye neminye imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi ezikhungweni zemfundo ethola izimali zikahulumeni. Ihlola izikhalo futhi ingagodlela izimali zikahulumeni ezikhungweni ezingahambisani.

Izimo Zokuhlomela Amalungelo Omphakathi Nezindawo

Izifunda eziningi nomasipala ziye zamisa izikhomishane zazo siqu zamalungelo omphakathi noma izinhlangano zobudlelwane babantu. Lezi zindikimba zisingatha izikhalo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izigaba ezivikelekile ezingaqashelwanga ngokwemithetho, njengokuma komshado, ukuhlangana kwezombangazwe, noma umthombo wemali. Zinganikeza indlela esheshayo, esendaweni engcono yokuzinqumela kunezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Kwezinye izifunda zinezivumelwano “ezisebenza kangama-620 000" ne-EEOC, zivumela isikhalo esisodwa ukuba sithathwe ngaphansi kwakho kokubili ukubusa nomthetho kahulumeni kanye nombuso ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Imithetho Yangasese Nezenzo Zesigaba

Abantu abaye baphulwa amalungelo omphakathi bangase bafake icala langasese enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. Ukumangalelwa kwamacala ngasese kungaba ithuluzi eliphumelelayo lokuthola amakhambi, ikakhulukazi uma uhulumeni engenayo imithombo yokufuna ukumelana nawo wonke amacala. Izici eziyinhloko zokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa ngasese zihlanganisa:

  • [ Amacala asemthethweni ahlukene: Isisulu siyammangalela ngokuqondile owephulayo, sifuna impoqo nesijeziso, izindleko zommeli, nokukhululeka. Imithetho eminingi yemithetho yamalungelo esizwe, ukuphelelwa kwemithi yokulawula (umz., ukufakwa kwe-EEOC) kuyadingeka ngaphambi kokufaka isudi.
  • Icala lobukhaphela: Uma iqembu elikhulu labantu lilinyazwe umkhuba ofanayo, isenzo sesigaba sivumela umuntu noma abameleli ukuba adlulisele icala ngenxa yekilasi lonke. Lendlela ibaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zokucwaswa kwezimiso, njengokuqasha izimali noma indawo yokuhlala, lapho ukubopha komuntu ngasese kungase kube kuncane kakhulu ukuba kuthethelelwe icala.

Enye Impikiswano

Izinhlangano eziningi nezinkantolo zikhuthaza ukuquliswa noma ukuqulwa kwecala njengenye indlela engokomthetho yokulahla isigwebo. I-ADR ingashesha, ingakhipha isigwebo, futhi iguquguquke kakhulu ekusebenziseni amakhambi. Ivame ukusetshenziswa emaphutheni okucwasa imisebenzi nakuyi-HUD ekukhanseleni izikhalo zokucwaswa kwezindlu. Nakuba i-ADR ingase ingafaneleki kuzo zonke izimo (umz., izenzakalo ezihilela ukuziphatha okubi lapho kudingekile khona inqubo yomphakathi), inikeza indlela esebenzayo yokuxazulula izisulu eziningi.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Ezingokomthetho Ziyatholakala Ezisuluni

Lapho kufakazelwa ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, izinkantolo zinganikeza imiklomelo yezindlela ezihlukahlukene eziklanyelwe ukwenza isisulu siphelele, zijezise umenzi wobubi, futhi zivimbele ukwephulwa kwesikhathi esizayo.

Izingozi Zokulungisa

Inhloso yokukhokhela isisulu ngokulahlekelwa kwangempela. Lokhu kungahlanganisa:

  • Iholo nezinzuzo ezilahlekile (ezesikhathi esidlule nezesikhathi esizayo)
  • Izindleko zokwelapha, kuhlanganise nokwelapha nokweluleka
  • Ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka, ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo
  • Ukulimala kwedumela
  • Izindleko ezingaphandle kwezinga - qhwa ezihlobene nokwephulwa kwemithetho (isib., izindleko ezithuthayo uma ziphoqelelwa ukuba zithuthele kwenye indawo ngenxa yobandlululo lokuhlala)

Umonakalo Obangelwa Yisijeziso

Isijeziso sikhokhwa ezimweni lapho umenzi womthetho enza ngokulimaza, ngokunganaki, noma ngokukhetha ngenhloso. Lokhu kulimaza okwengeziwe akuhloselwe ukukhokhisa isisulu kodwa ukujezisa umenzi wobubi nokuvimbela ukuziphatha okufanayo kwabanye. Ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, isijeziso sokujeziswa sifakwa eSihlokweni VII nase ADA emacaleni asekelwe ebukhulwini bomqashi (umz., kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu - 500+ i - R30,000). Ngo-1901 ukumangalelwa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, isijeziso singakhokhwa uma isikhulu sithatha isisusa esibi noma singenandaba.

Ukukhululeka Okungalawuleki

Ukukhululeka okungathandeki umyalo wenkantolo odinga ukuba lowo owephula umthetho anqande umkhuba wokukhipha icala, athathe izinyathelo eziqondile zokulungisa umonakalo, noma ukusebenzisa izimiso zokuvimbela ukubuya. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Umyalo wokuqasha noma wokukhuthaza isisulu
  • Ukucela umqashi ukuba amukele izimiso zokulwa nokuhlukana nokuqeqeshwa
  • Ukuyala umninindlu ukuba aqashele isisulu noma athole indawo yokuhlala efanele
  • Ukuvota ngomgunyathi

Ukukhululeka ekudambiseni imizwelo ngokuvamile kuyikhambi elinamandla kakhulu ezimweni ezingokwesimiso sezinto ngoba lishintsha ukuziphatha okwabangela lokhu kwephulwa.

Usizo Lokumemezela

Isahlulelo esikhipha isigwebo siyinkulumo engokomthetho yamalungelo angokomthetho nezibopho zamaqembu. Nakuba singanikezi ukulimala noma umyalo, singawucacisa umthetho futhi sibe isisekelo sokukhululeka okulandelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo ingase imemezele ukuthi umthetho womnyango wamaphoyisa wama ngo- ­ ne- ­ iSichibiyelo sesine uwephula umthetho, uvula umnyango ozolimaza kamuva noma umthetho.

Izindleko Nezindleko Ze - attorney

Izimiso eziningi zamalungelo omphakathi, kuhlanganise nesihloko VII, i-Fair House Act, ne-Cate 1983, zivumela abakhokhi abadumile ukuba baphinde bakhokhe izindleko ezinengqondo zommeli nezindleko zemali kummangalelwa. Leli lungiselelo libalulekile ngoba lenza izisulu zithole ukumelelwa okungokomthetho ngisho nalapho umonakalo ongase ube yisilinganiso esiphansi, zazi ukuthi ummeli angakhokhwa umenzi womthetho.

Indima Yezinhlangano Eziyizisebenzi Zokuqeqeshelwa Ukuphatha Abanye

Izinhlangano zohulumeni ezingezona ezaseburhulumenteni zifeza indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwamalungelo abantu. Zinikeza iziqondiso ezingokomthetho, zifaka ithonya, zifundisa umphakathi, futhi zifune izinguquko zemithetho. Izibonelo ezivelele zihlanganisa:

  • American Liberties Union (ACLU): Ngehhovisi layo lezwe nangezinhlangano zendawo, i-ACLU iletha amacala ukuze iphoqelele amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi, igxile ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile, eyimfihlo, ukwahlulela kohlanga, kanye namalungelo e-LGBTQ.
  • [I-NAACP Esemthethweni Ukhuselo neFOLD (LDF): LDF iyinhlangano ephambili engokomthetho elwa nokungabi nabulungisa kohlanga, ikakhulukazi emfundweni, ekuvoteni, ekwahluleleni, ekwahluleleni kobugebengu, nasethubeni lezomnotho. Yaba yithuluzi ezimweni eziphawulayo njenge Brown v. Board of Education.
  • I-National Fair House Alliance (NFHA): Lenhlangano isebenzela ukuqeda ukucwaswa kwezindlu ngokuqasha, imfundo, nokuphoqelela, ngokuvamile isebenzisana ne-HUD kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezingcono zendawo.
  • ILambda Esemthethweni:[ Inhlangano yesizwe ezimisele ukufinyelela amalungelo omphakathi agcwele e-LGBTQ+ abantu, besebenzisa i-litation, inkambiso yomphakathi, nemfundo.

Lamaqembu awameleli izisulu kuphela kodwa futhi enza “uphenyo” lwabahloli abahlolwa bezinhlanga noma ubulili ukuze babone ukuthi baphathwa ngendlela ehlukile yini"ukuveza ubandlululo nokuletha amacala emininingwane.

Izinselele Eziphikelelayo

Naphezu kokumiswa okuqinile okungokomthetho, izithiyo eziningi zivimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho elwela amalungelo omphakathi.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izinhlangano ze-Federal njenge-EOC ne-DoJ’s Civil Rights Division sekuyisikhathi eside zibhekene nokuswelakala kwezentengiselwano nezisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-EEOC inezinkulungwane zamacala, futhi izikhalo eziningi aziphenyiswa. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zinemithombo ephansi kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuphulwa okuningi okungokomthetho akunazintambo, futhi izisulu zingalinda iminyaka eminingi ukuba kuthathwe isinqumo.

I - bias Esetshenziswayo Nephelele

Ubandlululo luvame ukugxila ezimisweni nasemikhubeni ebonakala ingathathi hlangothi ngaphandle kodwa ingenalusizo kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, izimfuneko ezifanele umsebenzi ezingahlobene nomsebenzi zingasusa abantu abanombala; imithetho encishisiwe engahlukanisa abaqashwa ngemali ephansi kakhulu abaqashwa ngemali abambalwa kakhulu. Ukuhlukanisa ithonya elibi kakhulu eqenjini elivikelweyo ($__requaress) nobufakazi obunolwazi olunzulu, okungabiza futhi kubangele izindleko eziphambili.

Ukwesaba Ukuphindiselwa

Izisulu eziningi zobandlululo ziyanqikaza ekukhonondeni ngokufaka izikhalazo emafayilini ngenxa yokwesaba ukuphindisela okungaqondile. Ukuphindiselwa kusho ukuthi [1] Lapho umuntu ejeziswa ngenxa yokuphikisa ukucwaswa noma ehlanganyela elungelweni lomphakathi eliqhubeka(ilona uhlobo oluvamile lwecala elibekwe i-EEOC). Izisebenzi zingazifaka engozini yokudutshulwa, ukuhhlwithwa, noma ukuhlukunyezwa; abaqashi bangabhekana nokuxoshwa noma ukwanda kokuqashiswa; abafundi bangabhekana nesenzo sokujeziswa. Ngaphandle kokuvikelwa isivikelo esiqinile nempucuko ekhuthaza ukukhishwa kwe-EOC, ukuphamba okuningi kusekufihlekile.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Bezinqubo Ezingokomthetho

Amalungelo omphakathi adinga isilinganiso sobuchwepheshe. Izilinganiso zokulinganiselwa zivame ukuthatha izinsuku ezifushane (180 noma 300 kumacala e-EEOC), futhi izimfuneko ze-procedrose , zenza kube nzima ukuthatha icala, ikakhulukazi emakhambini okulawula akhathazayo ngaphambi kokusheshisa i-scan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-patoff amaningi kumelwe asebenzise isimiso somthetho ngaphandle kommeli; nakuba eminye imithetho inikeza ukushintsha kwemali, ukuthola ummeli ozimisele ukuthatha icala ngokuvumelana nenkokhelo angaba nzima, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokuzivivinya ezingenisa imali encane njengezindlu noma amalungelo okukhubazeka.

Izinguquko Zezombangazwe Nezokwahlulela

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi kuye kwahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwezimo eziphambili zezombangazwe ze-athom ngayinye. Ezinye iziphathimandla zinganciphisa ukugcinwa kwamandla emithetho, zinikeze izincazelo ezilinganiselwe zezigaba ezivikelweyo, noma zimise amajaji angabazayo ngokusho okukhulu kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Shelby County v. Baker [2013]) yawisa ilungiselelo eliyinhloko le-Vong Rights Act, ivumela ukuba izikhulu zomlando zobandlululo zishintshe imithetho yokuvota ngaphandle kokubekwa komthetho womthetho womthetho wokuvota. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekunyukeni kwemithetho yevoti yemithetho yokuvota.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nendlela Engaphambili

Umthetho wamalungelo ezakhamuzi uyaqhubeka uguqukela. Ngo-2020, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma kubock v. Clayton County ukuthi ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngesisekelo sokukhetha ubulili noma ubulili kuyindlela yokucwasa okunqatshelwe yisihloko esithi Umthetho wesiHlelo VII/ia isivikelo esivelele. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni bezilokhu zisebenza kanye, kanti amazwe amaningana amisa imithetho engcono kakhulu yezindlu, inqubo yokulandisa icala lamaphoyisa, kanye nesivikelo sokuvota.

Ubuchwepheshe buphakamisa futhi izinselele ezintsha: izimpawu ezisetshenziswa ekuqasheni, ekutholeni iziphakamiso zezindlu, nasekufakeni izikweletu zingaqhubekisela phambili ubandlululo ngaphandle kobandlululo olucacile lobuntu. I-EEOC nezinye izinhlangano zihlola indlela yokusebenzisa imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi ekhona ekusebenziseni ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa nokuhlelwa kwesinqumo. Okwamanje, ukuvela kwemithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo kuye kwenza kwaba lula ukubhala nokuphula umthetho, kodwa futhi kwabangela izingozi zokuhlupha nokuhlukumeza labo abakhulumayo.

Kubantu abayizisulu nabasekeli, indlela ephumelela kakhulu ngokuvamile ihlanganisa amasu amaningi okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamacala: ukuhlangana nenhlangano kahulumeni, ukuqunga icala langasese, ukusebenza nezinhlangano zobushiqela, nokucindezela abenzi bezimiso ukuba bashintshe umthetho. Amandla avela ekukhuthazeleni nasekuxhunyaniseni kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kuseyinto engokoqobo ephikelelayo ekuphileni kwaseMelika, kodwa uhlelo lomthetho lunikeza amathuluzi anamandla okulungisa. Ukuqonda izimiso zokuphoqelela (kusukela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni kuya ezinyanzelweni zesigaba sangasese) futhi uchungechunge lwezindlela ezikhona zamakhambi lunika amandla abantu ngabanye nemiphakathi ukuze baqinise amalungelo abo. Ukulwela ukulingana okuphelele kuyaqhubeka, kodwa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho nezinhlangano ezakhiwe eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha edlule kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile. Ngokuqaphayo, ukuqapha, nokuzimisela ukukhomba abaphula umthetho, kungaqhubeka.

Funda okwengeziwe ngokuhlela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi nge-EEOC ngekho ` U.S. uMnyango Wezobulungisa zamalungelo e-Civil Junity Division[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .