Isingeniso: Isisekelo Somqondo Wokuqala Womphakathi Ocacile

I-pritaryism, ngendlela yayo yanamuhla, indlela yomthetho-sisekelo yokuchaza efuna ukuthola incazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni [[FLT: 0] yombhalo womthetho-sisekelo ngesikhathi egunyaziwe. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi amagama oMthetho-sisekelo kufanele anikezwe incazelo yokuthi ilungu elinengqondo, elifundile lomphakathi laliyoqonda ukuthi laziwa lapho lamukelwa. Ngokungafani nezindlela zakuqala zobufundisi ezazigxile ezimgomweni eziyisisekelo ze-Framers, izinjongo zokuqala zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womuntu zichazwa ngenhloso yombhalo njengoba uqondwa obala. Lefilosofi iye yaba enye yezimo ezinamandla kakhulu. Ifilosofi iye yaba nomncintiswano womthetho waseMelika onamandla kakhulu, izinqumo ze-mthetho ephakeme nempikiswano ye-Supriverst Coult protection mayelana nempikiswano yezimiso zomthetho.

Umqondo oyinhloko ulula kodwa ubalulekile: UMthetho-sisekelo uthola igunya lawo ngenqubo yokuhlukanisa, eyayiyisenzo somphakathi. Abantu abagunyaza uMthetho-sisekelo benza kanjalo ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni kwabo incazelo evamile yombhalo. Ngakho, ukuze bathembeke esimweni sombhalo osunguliwe njengomthetho ophakeme, abahluleli kumelwe balichaze ngokwencazelo ehlanganyelwe obala, hhayi ngokwethemba noma ngokwezilindele zanoma yimuphi umdwebi. Lendaba ihlola izimiso, intuthuko engokomlando, i-critiques, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuwusizo kwencazelo yokuqala yomphakathi, inikeza umbono ocacile wokuqonda le nkolelo engokomthetho engokomthetho.

Izihloko Zokuqala Zencazelo Yomphakathi

Ukubhala Nokulahla Ukuzicabangela

Ubufundisi bokuqala bencazelo yasobala buhlangene kakhulu nokuthatha imibhalo yesandla. Lombono wokuthi amajaji kufanele achaze imibhalo engokomthetho ngokwencazelo yawo ecacile kunomlando wezomthetho noma izinjongo ezingachazwanga. Nokho, incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi iqhubekela phambili ngokuchaza ukuthi incazelo efanelekile yileyo eyayikhona ngesikhathi sokwamukelwa kombhalo. Lokhu kuyihlukanisa kuzo zombili “inhloso yakuqala” (ebheka ezimgomweni eziyisisekelo zamaFramers) kanye “nomthetho-sisekelo wesisekelo” (okuvumela ukuba kuvele isikhathi). Ushintsho olubalulekile lwenzeke kuma 1980 nango-1990, lapho izazi ezingokomthetho ezifana u-Anto engcono kakhulu [FLT] kanye ne-[FT] [FLT] [FT] [FT] [FT][3][orlectals] no-Rlectives] kuveza ukuthi incazelo engaphezulu kakhulu kweye-yomthetho, futhi zishoshosho ngomthetho ovamile.

Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, umhumushi uyabuza: “Yini umuntu ofunde kahle ngo-1788 (noma 1791, noma ngo-1868, kuye ngokuthi ilungiselelo) aye ayiqonda le ncazelo yalamagama?" Lombuzo udinga ukuvuselelwa kabusha ngokucophelela komlando, kodwa ugwema izingibe zokuzama ukuqonda izimo zengqondo ezingacaciswanga zenqwaba yamaFramers. Amagama ombhalo awumthetho, futhi incazelo yawo umphakathi iyindinganiso ewumgomo.

Okwenza Injongo Yomphakathi Ibaluleke Ukuba Olungile

Ukugcizelelwa kwencazelo yomphakathi kusuka embonweni othile wobugunya bentando yeningi. UMthetho-sisekelo wagunyazwa yimihlangano ezifundazweni, eyayihlanganisa izakhamuzi ezivamile nezihambeli ezikhethiwe. Laba baqondisi babengenakho ukufinyelela amanothi azimele kaJames Madison noma u-Alexander Hamilton; babethembele emibhalweni yasobala nasezincazelweni ezinikezwa ezincwadini ezinjengezithi Federalist Papers. Kubantu bokuqala, indlela okuwukuphela kwayo yokuhlonipha ukuphakama komphakathi ukuchaza umbhalo njengoba bekungaqondwa yilokho okwakungaqondwa umphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nesenzo esingokoqobo somlando esithandwayo, kugcizelela umqondo wokuthi umthetho-mthetho ubumbanisa umphakathi kunokuba ube yinhlangano yenze umthetho wokwahlulela.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Nezici Eziyinhloko

Ukudlondlobala Ekhulwini Lamashumi Amabili

Nakuba ukukhathalela ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kusekelwe kakhulu emthethweni wama-Anglo - America, inhlangano yanamuhla yakudala yachazwa ngokusabela ekuthatheleni impumelelo okucatshangelwayo kweWarren neBurger Courts. Ngo-1970, u-Attorney Edwin Meese III wanikeza uchungechunge lwezinkulumo ezikhuthaza “injongo yokuqala.” Lokhu kuvela kwakuqala kwabhekana nokugxekwa okukhulu ngenxa yokuba kokubili yi-intellinate ne-athoritarian Court. Ekuphenduleni, izazi zaqala ukuthuthukisa lenkolelo. Inkulumo ka-1959 kaMahluleli ka-1959 ka-19 ka-1959 kaMahluleli ka-1956 ka-19 ka-19 ka-1959 ka-Disholoyenzile “iwuwuwuwuwuwuwuwuwuwuwuwuwuwuwuwuwuwuwube ukuthobeka futhi uphikisa ngokuthi umthetho uyincwadi oluphilayo oluphilayo, .

UMahluleli uScalia Nokuguqulwa Kwencazelo Yomphakathi

Inani elilodwa elinethonya kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi kwakunguMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia. Wamiswa eNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-1986, uScalia washo ngokugcizelela indlela yokubhala nokubhala ngokwezingcaphuno nemibhalo ebhalwe ngendabuko. Encwadini yakhe ka-1998 UManuta weNguqulo[, uhlukanise ngokucacile phakathi kwenhloso nencazelo yokuqala: “umthetho olawula, hhayi inhloso yoMmisi.” Scalia waphikisa ukuthi “incazelo yokuqala” inengqondo eqondekayo kulabo abayamukelayo. Imibono yakhe ifana no- . [FLDip] V.[3] [FT] [200] [200] futhi u-SCreater] ufaka u-Spectivession (Freaved]) kakhulu (ir.Frective)

Iminikelo Yezinye Izazi

Ngaphezu kwe-Scalia, umzabalazo wezemfundo owasungulwa ngokwencazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni. Randy Barnett[ i- i-Programation of the Constitution[ iveza ukuthi incazelo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo, eqondwa kahle, ivikela amandla ombuso. [[FLT:] [FLT:] [4] uMthetho [FLT]] wanikela umsebenzi ongokwesayensi yokuchaza, ugcizelela ukuthi incazelo yokuqala yasobala inikeza isisekelo esisemthethweni sokwahlulelwa. [FLT] [FT:] [5] [5] [impergogogogogo kanye nezindlela ezisakhelwayobuphansi] ezisakhelwayo.[10] [impopenye] [impope i-ase ngokomthetho ophezulu] [impofu] [ithe iziseke] [ithe iziseke ezingaphezulu] [i, i-fuculogogogogogogogo

Izindlela Zokuchaza Incazelo Yomphakathi

Amathuluzi Olimi Nangokomlando

Ukunquma incazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni kuyibhizinisi elingokomlando nolimi. Abahluleli nezazi basebenzisa imithombo eminingi: izichazamazwi kusukela esikhathini sokusungulwa (umzk., uSamuel Johnson ka-1755 no-Mobian Webster’s chazamazwi angu-1828), i-Federalist Papers kanye nemibhalo e-Antifereralist, izimpikiswano zenkulumo zempi emihlanganweni yesifundazwe, amaphephandaba namapheshana, imithetho ejwayelekile, kanye nomongo omphakathi. Umgomo awukho ukuthola injongo eyodwa kodwa ukuvuselela ukuqonda amagama okuvamile okusetshenziswa yisimemezelo somphakathi.

Ngokwesibonelo, Heller, uMahluleli Scalia wasebenzisa imithombo yokusungula ukubonisa ukuthi inkulumo ethi “ukugcina nokuphatha Izikhali” yayiqondwa njengeyomuntu ngamunye ukuba nelungelo lokuba nezikhali, hhayi nje i-athobo eboshelwe ekusebenziseni inkonzo yezobushiqela. Wahlola ulimi olufanayo ezivumelwaneni zamalungelo, ama-Blackstone ''s Comment,[, kanye nezincwadi zokuqala zaseMelika. Umphumela kwakuyisinqumo sobuningi obulokhu kuyi-strupyralogist.

Inselele Yokushintsha Kwezimo

Okunye ukugxeka okuphikelelayo ukuthi incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi ayinakunika izimpendulo ezicacile njalo uma ubuchwepheshe banamuhla noma izakhiwo zomphakathi zingekho ekuqaleni. Abaqondisi bamanga baphendula ngokuthi umchazi kumelwe asebenzise isimiso sokuqala ngokwezinga eliphezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isiqinisekiso seSichibiyeli sokuqala se “nkululeko yokukhuluma” sisebenza kuwezindaba zanamuhla njenge-Internet ngenxa yokuthi umqondo we- “sech” awulinganiselwe kubuchwepheshe obuqondile. Isihluthulelo siwukuhlukanisa isimiso esiyisisekelo (umz., ukuvikela ukuziphatha okungalindelekile) futhi sisebenzise imome entsha ngaphandle kokushintsha incazelo yombhalo. Lendlela, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi [[FLT:]] izindlela zokuqala zobuxhakasheka obukade bungazama ukuthatha indlela enengqondo yokusungula ukuhlanganisa umuntu osusela phambili.

Ukuvikelwa Kwencazelo Yokuqala Yomphakathi

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Nokubusa KoMthetho

Abaqondisi bezomthetho baphikisa ngokuthi ukunamathela encazelweni yomphakathi yasekuqaleni kuwukuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uhlala uyisiphakamiso esingokomthetho kuhulumeni. Igunya loMthetho-sisekelo livela kubantu abawugunyaza; ukushintsha ukuthi incazelo ngaphandle kokulungisa okungokomthetho iwukuthatha isikhundla sentando yamajaji amaningi ngenxa yentando yabantu abazimele. Lempikiswano ihambisana nokuzibophezela komthetho: imithetho kumelwe imiswe futhi yaziwe ngaphambi kokuba izakhamuzi zivumelane nokuziphatha kwazo. Uma abahluleli bechaza kabusha uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze babonise izindinganiso zanamuhla, balulaza kokubili ukubikezela nokulandisa okungokomthetho wentando yeningi.

Ukuqeqesha Ukuhlakanipha Kokwahlulela

Isiqinisekiso esiyinhloko sobuProgramu bokuqala yisithembiso saso sokunciphisa inqubo yokwahlulela. Ngokufuna ukuba abahluleli basebenzise indinganiso emisiwe engokomlando, ukusungula kunciphisa ingozi yokuba amajaji abeke iziqondiso zawo siqu. Ukusebenzisa umthetho-sisekelo, ngokuphambene, kunikeza abahluleli inkululeko enkulu yokufunda amalungelo amasha noma imingcele embhalweni. I-listrictionism ayikuqedi ukwahlulela kokwahlulela ngaso sonke isikhathi kudinga ukwahlulela − kodwa ilawula nokunqanda ukuqondisisa ngokunikeza umkhondo, uphawu lwangaphandle. IJaji Scalia yachaza lokhu ngokudume ngokudume ngokuthi “ukubeka umusa” wobuProstom: ivimbela ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo ufane nomfanekiso wokuziphatha komhubi.

Ukuqina Nokungaguquguquki

Ukuzinza komthetho-sisekelo kuhle emphakathini. Ukuchazwa kabusha njalo okusekelwe ekushintsheni kwezenhlalo kululaza indima yoMthetho-sisekelo njengesimiso esiqinile sokubusa. Umthetho unikeza i-ankile emisiwe, uvumela umthetho ukuba ukhule ngomthetho nangesimiso sobudemokhrasi kuyilapho ulondoloza izibopho eziyinhloko zencwadi esunguliwe. Ngokuhlonipha incazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi, abaqondisi bokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi, sidumisa indawo engokomthetho eye yahlala amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Izingqinamba Nezinselele

Ukungaqondi Ngokomlando

I-critique evame kakhulu ukuthi incazelo yakuqala yomphakathi ngokuvamile ayiqondakali noma ayinqandwa ngokwanele. Ulimi luyaziguqula, futhi lunezincazelo eziningi ezinengqondo zingaba khona ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa. Abagxeki bakhomba izibonelo ezifana ne-Grandment of 144th Reconfrectives noma i-Immunion Clausle, lapho ubufakazi obungokomlando buphikiswana khona ngokunamandla. Imahluleli angakhetha kanjani ngokuqiniseka phakathi kokuvuselela izakhiwo eziphikisanayo? Abaqalile bayavuma ukuthi ezinye izinhlelo ziveza ukucaca okukhulu kunezinye, kodwa baphikisa ngokuthi ulimi oluningi olungokomthetho ngqangqa phambili, futhi lucacile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxazululwa kwencazelo akukuvumeli ukuba kushiywe incazelo yasekuqaleni; kudinga ukuphenyaza komlando kuphela?

Inkinga Yokungalingani Kokuziphatha

Mhlawumbe icebo elinamandla kakhulu lokuziphatha ukuthi i-Fugitive Slave Claus yayisinyanyeka, impikiswano yanamuhla iveza ukuthi iziNguqulo zendalo zakuqala (i-Thinteth, i-Gream, i-trinethi, noma ukuphikwa kwe-i-yonite) zaguqula ngokuphawulekayo incazelo yasekuqaleni yemithetho enjenge-Fiffths Clauslaus noma i-Fugitive Slave Claus yaba yimbiza kakhulu, i-Plausskah'e, i-Pronationstonston isho ukuthi iziNguqulo zakuqala (intentententente, i-Preath, ne-15) zihlanganisa isivikelo sobunini, futhi zakhanseleleka ngokulinganayo, izindlela ezintsha zokuvimbela ukulingana. Inguquko ayivumelani enkulu inguquko engokomthetho ewufanele i-Fogner, futhi i-Fognethiston, ewusekela kakhulu.[1]

Ukusetshenziswa Okukhethayo Nesenzo Sokwahlulela

Abanye abaphikisi basola ukuthi ubukhomanisi bakuqala busetshenziswa ngokukhetha amajaji abambelele kakhulu ekuthatheni umthetho oqhubekekayo kodwa abawunaki lapho busekela imiphumela ekhululekile. Abaqondisi bendabuko baphendula ngokuthi lenkolelo ayithathi hlangothi ngokwezimiso nokuthi noma ikuphi ukuguquguquka kuwukwehluleka kwabahluleli, hhayi inkolelo. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlola kwamanani okungokwesayensi kusikisela ukuthi ukucabanga kwakuqala kuvela kaningi kakhulu ezinqumweni ezisekela imiphumela engaguquki. Lokhu kuthuthukisa i-critique yokuthi ubukhomment buyinkolelo yezombangazwe ebonakala njengendlela yokuchaza engathathi hlangothi.

Ukuqamba Amathuna Kuwumkhuba: Amacala Ayisibonakaliso

I-Divolity of Columbia v. Heller (2008)

Umbono womphakathi odume kakhulu usho umbono wecala lokuqala i-Cmalia kaMahluleli u-Scitalia Heller[, okholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela umuntu ilungelo lokuba nezikhali zakhe ekhaya. U-Scalia uhlola umbhalo othi “ulawulwa kahle uMsilitia, njengoba kudingekile ekulondekeni kwezwe elikhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha izindunduma zezikhali, ngeke liphazanyiswe.” Wawa ugeqa izibhamu nezigwebo, ephetha ngokuthi abantu ababhekiswe kubo bonke, futhi“ bagcine futhi bagcine izilwi zezikhali” kuhloselwe ukuphatha izikhali noma ukusebenzisa komuntu siqu. Uthembele kakhulu ekusunguleni iziteshizi zemithetho, nezimiso ze-posi, ukuchaza kwe-Stevention, ebhalwe ngolimi lokuqala, kodwa uveza ukuthi ubufakazi obunye. Kodwa uveza ubufakazi obunye obusalokhu buqondiswe phambili.

New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022]

Icala leSichibiyelo Sesibili eliyinhloko, Bruen, lajulisa indlela yokusebenza yakuqala. UMahluleli uThomas ukholelwa ukuthi ukuze athethelele umthetho wesibhamu, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi “ihlangene nesiko lalesi sizwe elingokomlando lomthetho wezibhamu.” Lento ecacisa ngokucacile incazelo yasobala yemfundiso yomthetho-mthetho, ifuna abahluleli ukuba bahlole imingcele engokomlando kusukela enkathini yokusungulwa kwenkathi yokwenziwa kwebhamu no-Reconstanton. Umbono uye wabangela impikiswano enkulu mayelana nokufaneleka kwalo mbuzo ongokomlando nokuthi iyakwazi yini ukuwahlulela kunokuba iwanqande.

Ezinye Izibonelo

Umqondo woqobo futhi uye wavela ezimweni ezihilela u-Claus ( I-Twown yase-Greece v. Galloway), i-Cormatic Claus ( United States v. Lopez[FLT]], [[FLT]], [[FLT]]NFIB v. Sebelius[]), kanye nobukhulu bamandla abaphathi bezekethi. Esibonelweni ngasinye, amajaji ahlola ukusungulwa kwezakhiwo ze-eraso ukuze athole ukuthi umthetho ufanelana yini nencazelo yokuqala yombhalo womthetho.

Ithonya Elihlala Njalo LobuFulentshi

Incazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi iye yasuka ezindaweni eziseceleni ukuya emfucumfucwini enkulu yenkulumo engokomthetho yaseMelika. Ayiseyona inkolelo-lwazi ephethwe yizazi ezifundeka kakhulu; ivame ukulolonga izimpikiswano zabaqeqeshi, omabhalane bomthetho, nabahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme. Bobabili abahluleli abakhululekile nabathatha imingcele ngokungaguquki manje bahlanganyela ngobufakazi bencazelo yokuqala, ngisho noma ekugcineni benqaba indlela egcwele yokuchaza umthetho ngokomthetho kwamanye amazwe avamile, njengase-Australia naseNew Zealand, lapho kuvela khona izimpikiswano ezifanayo ngokwethembeka kwemibhalo.

Ukugxeka kuhlala kuqinile. UMahluleli uStephen Breyer, encwadini yakhe Active Liberty, waphikisa ngokuthi ubuShona buyindima yokwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho-sisekelo. Ezinye izazi, njengo Jack Balkin , usekela “umthetho ophilayo wenkolo” ohlanganisa injongo yokuqala nokwakhiwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, ubuKhomanisi buye babonakala buqinile ngokuphikelela embhalweni, ubukhulu be-democratiation, nokulawula komthetho wokwahlulela okuqinile kakhulu kulabo abakholelwa ukuthi umthetho womthetho awuwona umthetho, umthetho wesimoto owenziwe ngomthetho wokwahlulela.

Ukuthi inkolelo yokuqala izohlala ikhona noma iguqukile kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuhlaseleni okuqhubekayo phakathi kolwazi olungokomlando, ukumiswa kokwahlulela, nenkulumo yeningi. Okusobala ukuthi umqondo wencazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi uye wayishintsha unomphela indlela amaMelika aphikisana ngayo ngoMthetho - sisekelo wawo. Kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isisekelo sokubusa kwaseMelika, ukuthembisana ngokuphelele nencazelo yendalo kubalulekile.