Isingeniso

Intela yakha umgogodla wezimali zikahulumeni, yenza isigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni sixhase imisebenzi, izakhiwo, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. E-United States, ikhono lokukhokha intela lihlukaniswa phakathi kukahulumeni, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Le ngxenye ayiyona ezimele; isekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo, inqubo engokomlando, nezidingo ezisebenzayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi amandla akhokhelwa intela abalulekile kangakanani ukuze kuqondwe indlela izinto zomphakathi ezixhaswa ngayo futhi kuthinta ngayo izakhamuzi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okukhulu kwemithetho yentela ezingeni ngalinye likahulumeni, izisekelo zabo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, izintambo zabo, izicelo ezisebenzayo, nokudlala phakathi kwabo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Okukhokha Intela

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa uhlelo lwentela ezingeni likahulumeni kuyilapho ubekela imibuso igunya elibalulekile. Ohulumeni bendawo, nabo, bathola amandla abo antelayo emithethweni yesifundazwe nezimiso.

Amandla Okukhokha Intela Asezweni Elihlangene

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo inikeza uMkhandlu amandla "okwahlukanisa nokuqoqa intela, iMithetho, izikhokhiso, izikhokhiso ne-Excises" ukuze kukhokhelwe izikweletu, kunikezelwe isivikelo esivamile, futhi kuthuthukiswe inhlalakahle evamile. Isichibiyeli se 16 sese-Soundation, esagunyazwe ngo1913, sisusa imfuneko yokuba intela eqondile yabelwe phakathi kwabantu abakhona, ibeke indlela yokukhokha intela yanamuhla. Lokhu kunikeza uhulumeni obanzi igunya lokukhokha intela, inzuzo yenkampani, nezimpahla ezithile ngentela. Intengo ye-International Revelvection Reservetion (IRS)[FOLD] intela engenisa intela eziningi zomphakathi.

Ababusi Abakhokha Intela

ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcinelwe izifundazwe wonke amagunya angaphathiswanga uhulumeni wezwe, kuhlanganise namandla entela. Izwe lingafaka intela yeholo yentela yentela, intela yokuthengisa, intela yokukhipha intela, nentela yempahla, ngaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho njengomthetho wezentengiselwano nokuzivikela okulinganayo. Izwe ngalinye lihlela isimiso sentela yalo, esiholela ekuhlukahlukeni okukhulu. Nokho, lisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso se- Intela [, okusho ukuthi linemithetho ekhokhisa intela enikezwa yi-patroliti esobala yi-parsempire. Ezinye izigaba zinikeza umthetho wasekhaya umthetho wabanzi, ukuvumela ukuvumelana kwezindawo. Ukuze ubone ukucushwa kwemithetho yentela, bheka [FFTB]

Ababusi Bentela Bendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo − amazwe, amadolobha, izifunda, nezigodi ezikhethekile — basebenzisa izintela ezikhokhelwa ngokuqondile izakhamuzi ezikhokha imali nsuku zonke. Igunya labo lilinganiselwe ezinhlotsheni ezithile zentela ezivunyelwe nguhulumeni.

Intela Yempahla

Intela yempahla iwumthombo oyinhloko wemali ohulumeni bendawo. Bakhokhwa ngenani lezindawo ezisekelwe emalini ehlotshisiwe futhi basetshenziselwa ukuqoqa izikole, imigwaqo, amaphoyisa, isivikelo somlilo, nezakhiwo zendawo. Izinga libekwa amabhodi akhethiwe noma imikhandlu, ngokuvamile egunyazwe ukuba ivotelwe ukwanda. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe amaningi adinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu ukuze kunyuswe intela.

Ukuthengwa Kwentela Kwendawo

Izindawo eziningi zenezela intela yentela yentela yentela yentela kazwelonke. Izinga liyahlukahluka ngokwemingcele, ngokuvamile kusukela ku 0.5% kuya ku-4%. Lentela ibuye ibuye ihole kodwa ibangele inzuzo enkulu emisebenzini evamile. Amanye amadolobha asebenzisa intela yokudayisa yendawo ukuxhasa imisebenzi ethile, njengokwakhiwa kwenkundla.

Intela Ekhokhwa Endaweni

Intela yeholo evame kakhulu, kodwa isekhona, intela yendawo. Lokhu kubekwa amadolobha noma izimali zeholo elivunyelelwa ngokwemingcele yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNew York City ne-Philadelphia levy intela yeholo yendawo. Ivame ukuba yisicaba futhi isebenza kuphela kubantu abahlala noma abahambayo. Intela yaleyo ndawo ingasiza ekukhokheleni imali ngokuningiza imali kodwa ingeqisa ngenxa yokuyinkimbinkimbi nentela engenzeka.

Ilayisense, Ama - oce, Nezikhotho Zokusebenzisa

Ohulumeni bendawo bangenisa inzuzo futhi ngentela yemvume yokwakha, amalayisense ebhizinisi, amamitha okupaka, nezinkonzo zezenzuzo. Nakuba lentela ingagcini nje ngokukhokhwa, inikeza ingxenye enkulu yezimali zendawo futhi ivame ukuhlanganiswa ngokuqondile nezindleko zokunikeza inkonzo. Kwabaningi emalini kahulumeni yendawo, hlola iNhlangano yesizwe yaseMadolobheni.

Ababusi Abakhokha Intela

Izwe linamalungelo amakhulu okuklama izimiso zentela ezihlangabezana nemigomo yalo engokomthetho. Intela kahulumeni ikhokhela imfundo, ezokwelapha, ezokuthutha, ukuphepha komphakathi, nokulungisa. Ukuxubana kwentela kuyahluka, kodwa amazwe amaningi athembele enhlanganiseni yemali, ukuthengwa, nentela.

Intela Yomuntu Siqu

Intela yeholo elingana neyodwa esekelwe ku-levy ebanzi. Izinga lokukhokha lingathuthuka (umzk., iCalifornia enamazinga aphezulu angaphezu kwe-13%) noma iflate (umzk., iColorado ngo-4.5%). Ezinye izifunda-kazi azinayo intela yeholo (umz. Texas, Florida, Nevada). Izintela ezikhokhwayo ngokuvamile ziwumthombo omkhulu wemali ehlawulwa uhulumeni, nakuba ziyashintsha phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho.

Uhulumeni Uthengisa Intela

Izigodi ezingamashumi amane nanhlanu ziphoqelela intela kahulumeni ezinkokhelweni nasezinkonzweni ezithile. Izinga elisukela ku 2.9% (Colado) kuya ku 7.25% (iCalifornia). Izifunda eziningi zikhipha izidingo ezinjengempahla nemithi yomthetho ukuze zinciphise ukuthatheka. Izikhulu zikhokha intela zentela zentela kubathengisi abakude belandela isinqumo se-South Dakota. Wayfair iNkantolo Ephakeme yeNkantolo (2088).

Ukukhokha Intela Eyize

Izwe liphonsa intela yemikhiqizo ethile efana nophethiloli, utshwala, nogwayi. Le misebenzi ivame ukubekelwe izinjongo ezihlobene (isinye, ukugcinwa kwentela yemfuyo yegesi). Izinga lentela yemfuyo liyahlukahluka kakhulu; ngokwesibonelo, intela yegesi yaseNew York iphakathi kwemikhulu kakhulu ezweni. Izintela zentela zentengo yesono zisebenza futhi njengentela yesono ukuze kunqandwe ukusetshenziswa kwayo.

Ukungahlawuli Intela Ephakeme

Iningi lisho intela yeholo lenkampani ngenzuzo ezuzwa ewumbuso. Amazinga ayisicaba, kusukela ku 0% (ezifundazweni ezinjenge-South Dakota) kuya cishe ku-12% (Iowa). Izifundazwe ezimbalwa zisebenzisa intela ezingathi sína (umz., i-Ohio, Texas), ekhokha ingqikithi yemali esikhundleni senzuzo, ezibangela ukuba zingabi buhlungu kakhulu emijikelezweni yebhizinisi kodwa ezingase zibangele ingozi emafemeni aphansi.

Ukuze ulinganise imininingwane yemithwalo yentela kahulumeni, bheka U.S.S. i-S. State Treasurer Coocters memories.

Amandla Okukhokha Intela Asezikhundleni Zomphakathi

Uhulumeni uphethe intela enkulu, uhlanganisa wonke umuntu namabhizinisi ezweni lonke.

Umuntu Ngamunye Ukhokhela Intela

Intela yeholo kahulumeni iyaqhubeka, inamazinga aphakathi kwe 10% kuya ku-37% njengo-2024. Iwumthombo owodwa omkhulu wemali kahulumeni, oveza amadollar angaphezu kwezigidi zezigidi ezingu-2,2 ngonyaka. Lentela isebenza emalini edonswa emhlabeni wonke yezakhamuzi nezakhamuzi zase-U.S., kanye nezikweletu ezincishisiwe nezikweletu ezincishiswayo.

Ukukhokha Intela

Intela yokukhokha intela eqoqwe ekhokha iSocial Security (12,4% ihlangene ngeholo elilingana nesephu) neMedicare (2,9% engenaso isigqoko). Abaqashwa nabaqashi ngamunye bakhokhela ingxenye, nakuba izazi zezomnotho ziphikisa ukuthi zithwala umthwalo ogcwele. Ukukhokha intela ye-ollbacky kuyahlehla ngoba kufaka iholo emholweni weNhlala-mphakathi.

Ukukhokha Intela Ngobuqaba

Izinhlangano zikhokha intela eyisicaba engu-21% yenzuzo kahulumeni (ngemva kwe-Trust Cuts and Jobs Act ka-2017). Lentela inyukela cishe kuma-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-400 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4) ngonyaka, nakuba amazinga asebenzayo engancishiswa ngenxa yezikweletu nezikweletu. Intela ikhokhwa imali ehlawulwayo ehlawulwa izinhlangano zasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.

Ifa Nezipho

Intela yefa kahulumeni isebenza ekudluliseni ingcebo ngaphezu kwenani eliphakeme lentela yokungangeni kunoma ingakanani umuntu ngamunye ngo-2024. Intela yeminikelo ikhokha cishe u-0,1% kuphela, enamazinga afinyelela ku-40%. Izintela zezipho zivimbela ukugwema ukuthunyelwa kokuphila konke.

Ukukhokha Intela Nezinye Izimali

Intela yezentengiselwano ezikhokhelwayo ikhokhwa ngophethiloli, udiesel, utshwala, ugwayi, amathikithi ezindiza, nezinye izimpahla ezithile. Lezintela ngokuvamile zikhokha imali yokukhokha izimali zemali, njenge-Highway Trust Fund. Imisebenzi ye-Cmmossion nenkokhelo ehlangeneyo nayo inikela ngengxenye encane.

I-Congressonal Baccomment Office inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe; bheka CBO [

Ukuhlaziya Amandla Entela Aqhathaniswa

Nakuba le mikhakha emithathu yentela, ubukhulu bayo, indawo ephansi, nezinga layo kuhlukahluka ngokuphawulekayo.

Igunya

Intela ye-Federal iyasebenza ezweni lonke futhi ifana. Izintela zikahulumeni zisebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kuhulumeni, zidala umsebenzi ombaxambili wemithwalo yentela. Izintela zendawo zihlukene kakhulu, ngokuvamile zihlukahluka phakathi kombuso owodwa. Igunya lentela kahulumeni livela kuMthetho-sisekelo; igunya likahulumeni livela esiInzinzisweni seshumi nemithetho-mthetho yazo; igunya lendawo liphathiswa umbuso.

Isisekelo Sentela Siyawa

Intela yemali ehlawulwayo kanye nentela yokuthengiselwa ikhokhwa ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngezindawo. Lentela ehlanekezelwe ibangela ukuba kube nobunkimbinkimbinkimbi, kodwa abakhokhi bentela ngokuvamile bangasusa intela kahulumeni nentela yendawo ngeholo likahulumeni (ngokuvumelana nekepisi ye-SALTR 000 yentela kazwelonke). Intela yezindawo cishe ingeyasendaweni kuphela, kuyilapho intela yentela yekhokhwama inguhulumeni.

Ukuncika Emalini

Uhulumeni uncike kakhulu eholweni lomuntu ngamunye nasenkokhelweni ekhokhelwayo (cishe amaphesenti angu-80 emali). Izwe lithembele kakhulu ezintela zentela zikahulumeni (cishe amaphesenti angu-30 kuya ku-40% zentela yentela yentela yentela) kanye nentela yeholo. Izindawo zincike ngokuyinhloko ezintelani zempahla (cishe amaphesenti angu-70 entela yendawo). Lomehluko okhona uthinta indlela izinga ngalinye elisabela ngayo eziminyangweni zezomnotho. Intela yempahla intengo entengolweni entelekweni, kanti inzuzo kanye nentela yentela yentela yentela yentela yemali inciphe kakhulu.

Intuthuko Nokulunga

Intela eholayo iyaqhubeka, kuyilapho intela kahulumeni neyasendaweni ngokuvamile ibuye ibuye ihole, ikakhulukazi ukuthengisa nentela yempahla. Nokho, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zasungula izikweleti zentela zemali ezidonswayo noma izimiso zokusiza ngempahla ukuze zinqande ukubuyiselwa kwemithetho. Umthwalo wentela kuwo wonke amazinga ucishe ube ngokwesilinganiso semikhaya eminingi, ngokwe- Policy Center[.

Ubuhlobo Obuhlangene Bezohulumeni Nobuzwe Obuzimele

Amandla entela awawahlukanisiwe; asebenza ngokuthunyelwa kohulumeni, iziphakamiso, nokuhlengwa. Uhulumeni unikeza izimali ezinikezwa amazwe nezindawo, njengezimali neminikelo yezemfundo kaMedicaid, ngokuvamile kanye nezimo. Izindawo futhi zihlanganyela inzuzo nezindawo ngokusakaza inqubo.

Izilwane Nezimo Ezizimele

Iminikelo yemali kazwelonke yakha cishe amaphesenti angu-30 emali kahulumeni kanye namaphesenti angu-20 emali esetshenziswa endaweni. Lezi zikhokhelo zingahlukaniswa (isibonelo, emigwaqweni emikhulu) noma eminikelweni evimbelayo (isib., i-Community Development Block Grants). Ngokuvamile, zidinga imali ehambelanayo noma igenderana nezindinganiso zikahulumeni, ukuthonya ngokuphumelelayo umbuso nenqubo yentela yendawo.

Ukuncishwa Kwentela Yasendaweni

Izikhulu zivame ukulinganisela igunya lokukhokha intela yendawo ngokufaka intela yempahla, ukwenqabela intela yeholo lendawo, noma ukufuna imvume evoti ngentela ekhuphukayo (umz., ukubekwa 13). Intethelelo ingazinzisa izimali zendawo kodwa futhi inqande ukuzimela kwendawo. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yezentengiselwano zezwe yezwe yezwe ye-Legislaturestures imikhondo yokuzikhulula.

Ukuphazanyiswa Kwamandla Okusakaza Intela

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ekhokha intela kunezici eziphawulekayo zempumelelo engokomnotho, ukulingana, nokulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Ukuziphatha Kwezomnotho

Ukungafani kwentela ezindaweni ezihlukene kuthonya indawo abantu abahlala kuyo, umsebenzi, nemali ebhalisweyo. Izindawo eziphethe intela ephakeme zingalahlekelwa inani labantu nebhizinisi, kuyilapho izindawo ezinentela ephansi zikhanga ukukhula. Ngokwesibonelo, intela engekho ngeholo iye yakhula ngokushesha phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule. Nokho, izindawo eziphansi zentela zingase zinciphe izinga lenkonzo yomphakathi.

Ukuncintisana Ngentela Nokubambisana

Izindawo nezindawo kuncintisana ngentela ehambayo ngezisusa zentela, njengentela yempahla noma izifunda zezentengiselwano. Lokhu “kungena ngezansi” kungaqeda imali futhi kushintshwe izimpahla ezihambayo ezimbalwa njengempahla yokuhlala. Esigabeni sikahulumeni, i-Thekist Cuts ne-Jobs Act ilinganisela intela kazwelonke (SAT) ukuncishiswa kwentela engaphansi kwezwe yentela ephakeme kahulumeni.

Umehluko Ongokomnotho

Izindawo ezicebile zingaphakamisa inzuzo eningi enamanani aphansi, kuyilapho izindawo ezimpofu zizama ukuxhasa izinkonzo eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kuholela ekuhlukahlukaniseni kwezimali zesikole, izakhiwo, nokulondeka komphakathi. Umphakathi nombuso unikeza imizamo yokunciphisa lezindawo ezihlukene, kodwa ukungalingani okuqhubekayo kuseyinselele.

Ukulandisa Kwentando Yeningi

Ukukhokha intela endaweni kuvame ukulandisa ngokuqondile kubavoti, abavame ukuvota ngezindlela zentela kukhetho lwendawo. Intela kahulumeni neyamazwe akhona abhekene nomsekeli oqondile wabavoti, nakuba abameleli abakhethiwe bebeka amazinga. Isimiso “ayikho intela ngaphandle kokumelelwa” silokhu sibalulekile, kodwa ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimiso zanamuhla zentela ngezinye izikhathi kufihla icala.

Isiphetho

Amagunya entela ezindawo, ezwe, nezwe, ahlukene kodwa ahlangene ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni wase-U. igunya lombuso lithola inzuzo ebanzi futhi livumela ukuba kuxhaswe intela ekhokhwayo yezinhlelo zesizwe. Intela ekhokhwayo esemthethweni esemthethweni ixhomeke kakhulu ezinkokhelweni zezindawo kanye nasezinkokhelweni zentela zezindawo. Imithetho yendawo incike ngokuyinhloko ezikhokhwayo zempahla kanye nezokukhokha umsebenzi ukuze kunikezwe izinkonzo zomphakathi ezidingekile. Njengoba ukubhalisa phakathi kwala amazinga okukhokha, ukuhliswa, ukuncishwa, nokuncintiswa kwezinhlelo zezinhlelo zesizwe. Imali esemthethweni yezentengoza, kanye nenkambiso yomphakathi. Ukuqonda lokho okukhokha intela akuyona nje imfundo; kubalulekile ukuba abe yizakhamuzi, ukuhlelela intela, nokukhuthaza ukukhokha intela. Njengoba intela kuqhubeke, ukuncintiswa kwemithetho yezelelwa kuleyo mpiswa eMelika kuyaqhubeka phakathi kwalempini eMelika.