Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni bezwe e-United States buchaza okuhlangenwe nakho kosuku nosuku lokubusa kwamaMelika amaningi. Nakuba la mazinga amabili kahulumeni evame ukusebenza ndawonye, asebenza ngaphansi kwegunya elihlukene kakhulu. Ohulumeni bamazwe banegunya eliyifa lefa elisuka kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe nasebantwini, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo — izifunda, amadolobha, izigodi, nezifunda-mazwe ezikhethekile — abasebenzisa kuphela lawomandla anikwe umbuso. Lo mehluko awuwona umklamo wekhono; uyisisekelo sendlela imithetho ebekwe ngayo, izintela zilawulwa ngayo, izikole ziyalawulwa, futhi kunikezwa ubulungisa. Abafundi bezezezezezezwe zomphakathi nabafundisi bafuna ukucacisa isimiso sombuso waseMelika, ukuqonda okungaqonda kahle lokho ohulumeni bendawo abangenakukwazi ukukuqonda eUnited States.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sikahulumeni Namandla Endawo

ISichibiyelo seshumi seSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo se-U.S. sigcinelwe izifundazwe ukuthi zonke imibuso ayiphathiswa uhulumeni noma inqatshelwe ezindaweni. Lesi simiso, esaziwa ngokuthi i-constantism, sinikeza amaphoyisa amandla abanzi — igunya lokumisa impilo, ukulondeka, isimilo, nenhlalakahle evamile yezakhamuzi. Ngokungafani, ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zezwe labo. Abazikho ngokomthetho womthetho ozimele ezimisweni eziningi zikahulumeni. Kunalokho, bathola igunya labo ngemithetho engokomthetho kahulumeni, imithetho evamile, noma imithetho yasekhaya egunyazwe egunyazweniswe yi-pad commentationstion kahulumeni. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi ohulumeni bakhona bangasebenza ngaphandle kokuba benqatshelwe ngokuqondile uhulumeni.S. noma uhulumeni bendawo bangenza umsebenzi ohulumeni bendawo kuphela lapho kugunyazwe umbuso.

Lokho Ohulumeni BoMbuso Abangakwenza Ohulumeni Bendawo Abangenakukwenza

Ohulumeni boMbuso banesimiso esikhulu semibuso ekhethekile ohulumeni bendawo abangakwazi ukuyisebenzisa. Lamandla asukela ekubekeni izindinganiso zomthetho ezibuningi kuya ekulawuleni izimiso zemali eziyinkimbinkimbi nasekuhlanganyeleni namanye amazwe. Ukuqonda lamandla akhethekile kwembula ukuthi kungani ohulumeni bakahulumeni beyimishini eyinhloko yesimiso somphakathi esilawulayo eMelika.

Igunya Elivamile Lomthetho Nokudelelwa

Amandla ayisisekelo kakhulu anikezwa ohulumeni bamazwe yigunya lemithetho elibanzi kunoma iyiphi indaba engahlolwa umthetho kahulumeni. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingamisa imithetho ebusa yonke kusukela ezimisweni zendawo kuya ezidingweni zomshado, futhi kusukela ekuvikelweni kwabathengi kuya ekuhlolweni kwezempilo. Ohulumeni bendawo, ngisho nalabo abanemithetho yokubusa kwasekhaya, basebenza ngaphansi komthunzi wokuhlengwa kukahulumeni — imfundiso engokomthetho evumela umthetho ukuba ulawule imithetho yendawo uma izingxabano ezimbili zingekho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi idolobha alinakuzenzela imithetho yalo siqu yokulawula izibhamu uma umbuso ubekele insimu elawulayo, noma isifundazwe singakwazi ukuzikhokhela iholo laso uma umthetho ufaka uphahla. Imfundiso engokomthetho yokuzibekela isinyathelo sendawo iyisibonelo esiqotho sohulumeni bendawo lapho imibuso yendawo ingenakukwazi ukwenza.

Ukukhokha Intela Nomthetho Ophathelene Nemali

Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo bekhokha izintela zempahla futhi, kwezinye izifundazwe, izintela zokuthengisela, ohulumeni bezwe belawula amathuluzi anamandla kakhulu emali esimisweni sohulumeni. Izwe lingaphoqa izintela zomuntu siqu nezezinkampani, ezimelela umthombo wemali kahulumeni owodwa omkhulu kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi. Futhi zilawula uhlelo lwentela zentela zentela zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuthi yiziphi izimpahla nezinkonzo ezikhulu ezikhululweyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni banegunya lokukhipha izibopho ezivamile ezisekelwe yinkolo egcwele nakweletini okuboshelwayo kombuso, kanti ohulumeni abaningi bendawo babhekene nemikhawulo eqinile yemali engokomthetho noma yemithetho engokomthetho. Le mibhosholo ephakeme ivumela ukuxhasa izinhlelo zezemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo (kuhlanganisa neMididid), kanye nezinhlelo zokuthutha — ukuthi akukho hulumeni bendawo eyodwa yendawo ekhona esekelayo embusweni yombuso wombuso wombuso wezwe.

Izindinganiso Zemfundo Nezimali

Imfundo yomphakathi eUnited States ingumthwalo wemfanelo, hhayi wezwe. Uhulumeni ngamunye umisa izindinganiso zezifundo, ukuhlola abafundi, ukuqinisekisa uthisha, nokulandisa ngesikole. Nakuba amabhodi ezikole ekhona elawula imisebenzi yezinsuku zonke nesimiso sesifunda, enza kanjalo phakathi kwesimiso esingokomthetho esimiswe yisishaya-mthetho sendlu yombuso. Izwe linquma inani elilinganiselwe lezinsuku zokufundisa, izimfuneko zesikole esiphakeme, kanye nokuthweswa kwezivivinyo ezivamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe anomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu wokusakaza imfundo ezindaweni ezicebile nezimpofu. Lapho izinkantolo zithola ukuthi izinhlangano zemfundo zixhaswa ngaphandle komthetho wezwe — akuwona uhulumeni wendawo — ukuthi kumelwe kufakwe futhi kusetshenziswe isimiso esisha.

Ukwahlulela Nokulungiswa Kwezigebengu

Amandla okuchaza ubugebengu futhi agunyaze izijeziso asekelwe kuhulumeni wezwe. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho yobugebengu esebenza ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izibalo nasemadolobheni angaphakathi. Ohulumeni bendawo bangakhipha imithetho edala amacala amancane, kodwa lena ayinakuphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni futhi iphumele ekujeziseni komphakathi kunasemabhukwini obugebengu. Ohulumeni bakhona futhi basebenzisa isimiso sokugcinwa kwejele, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo besebenzisa amajele ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuvalelwa kwecala nesigwebo esifushane. Igunya lokumisa iziqondiso zokugweba, ukuchaza amaparele kanye nemithetho engafanele, nokulawula imithetho engokomthetho ezindaweni zonke zesifundazwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba amaphoyisa ephethe umthetho, lokho okuwukwenza — ukuphanga, ukuphamba, noma ukubulala, kunqunywe — isilinganiso sesifundazwe isilinganiso sezwe.

Ubuhlobo Nezici Ezihlangene

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uqaphela ngokuqondile ukuthi amazwe azimele ayakwazi ukwenza izivumelwano. I-Agate I, Ingxenye 10 ivumela izifundazwe ukuba zingene ezingqungqutheleni ezihlangene nemvume kaKhongolo-mfutho. La maqembu aye asetshenziselwa ukuphatha imithombo ehlukene njengamanzi eColorado River, axhumanisa izisekelo zokuhamba ezinqamule imigqa kahulumeni, futhi amise iziphathimandla zezentuthuko yezomnotho. Ohulumeni bendawo abanakho ukuma komthetho okuthiya ekungeneni ezivumelwaneni ezibophanayo noma emabuthweni ahlangene namalungu akwamanye amazwe. Nakuba ohulumeni bendawo emingcele ehlukene bengase bavumelane ngokwethukelane ngokwethukela, uhulumeni basebenzisana kwezivumelwano ezingokomthetho zokuthwala amandla omthetho emingcele yesifundazwe. Lokhu kumelela umbuso wezentengosifundazwe futhi babophe izivumelwano zezivumelwano zesifunda esigabeni.

Izinyathelo Zokuqalisa Nokwembulwa Kwamazwe

Ezifundazweni eziningi, izakhamuzi zingamisa imithetho ngokuqondile futhi zimise imithetho ngenqubo yokuqala noma ngokuvumela noma zenqabe imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho ngama-pasworth. Lezi zinqubo zilawulwa ngamalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho wezwe futhi zingaphumela ekubopheni imithetho esebenza kulo lonke izwe. Ohulumeni bendawo bangase babe nenyathelo lokuqala labo siqu futhi bathathe izinqubo zendawo, kodwa lemithetho yezwe futhi ingakwazi ukushintsha umthetho kahulumeni. Isehlolo esibekwe i-Oregon ukuba ithathe isinyathelo sokubhalisa insangu, ngokwesibonelo, ishintshe umthetho wezwe nemithetho yendawo ezama ukuyenqabela yona. Ngokungafani, idolobha, lingashintsha kuphela umthetho wendawo phakathi kombuso wedolobha. Igunya lokubuyisela umthetho wezwe ngentando yeningi lingumbuso wombuso wombuso ozimele liyilelozwe elingekho isifundazwe elikhona.

Ukulawulwa Okuphuthumayo Nempilo Yomphakathi

Uma inhlekelele engokwemvelo, ukuqubuka kwezifo, noma esinye isimo esiphuthumayo sempilo yomphakathi sisongela isifundazwe, umbusi uphethe amagunya agcwele ngaphansi kwezimiso zokulawula isimo esiphuthumayo. La mandla ahlanganisa igunya lokumemezela isimo esiphuthumayo, ukuthuthwa kwezindawo, ukuhlelelwa, amabhizinisi aseduze nezikole, ukuyala izakhiwo zomphakathi ukuba zisetshenziswe umphakathi, nokuhlongoza isifundazwe sombuso. Nakuba izikhulu zendawo zingamemezela izimo eziphuthumayo zendawo, zingenza kanjalo ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni futhi zifune ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho yezenzo ezithile. Phakathi nemlithako ye-COVID, amandla okuphoqa ibhizinisi elibanzi, ukuvinjelwa kwezentengiselwa kwezentengiselwano, futhi imingcele yokuhamba igcinwe nguhulumeni. Uhulumeni wendawo ungenza kuphela iziyalezo zokusekela umbuso noma izicelo eziqinile uma umbuso ukuvumela.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwezentengiselwano Nezingcezu

Ohulumeni banegunya lokulawula ezohwebo phakathi kwemingcele yabo, kuhlanganise nokumiswa kwezivumelwano zochwepheshe namabhizinisi. Odokotela, abahlengikazi, abahlengikazi, abameleli bezindawo, nabanye ochwepheshe abaningi kumelwe bagunyazwe ngezindawo zikahulumeni ezihlela imfundo, ukuhlola, nezimfuneko zezimiso zokuziphatha. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano ziqashelwa futhi, ngokuvamile zinqamule imikhawulo yombuso. Ohulumeni bendawo bangaphoqa izimfuneko zebhizinisi ezilawula izakhiwo zabo, kodwa abakwazi ukugunyaza imisebenzi yezemisebenzi noma ukumisa izimfanelo zokusebenza. Inkampani ingase idingedingezombili imfuno yegunyazombuso (ukusebenza ngekhono lokusebenza) kanye nemvume yezebhizinisi yendawo, kodwa isilinganiso esiphansi sezwe. Ngokufana, imibuso ye-Smunistrist, ilawula imingcele, imibuso ye-Stock, kanti imibuso ye-Stock yezindawo yayo ingenagunya.

Imingcele Esemandleni Ombuso: Lokho Amazwe Angenakukwenza

Nakuba ohulumeni bezwe besebenzisa amandla amakhulu, abangemthetho ongenamingcele. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unqabela ukungenela izivumelwano, ukuqamba imali, ukukhubaza izivumelwano, noma ukudlulisa imithetho ye-cono. ISichibiyelo se 145 sidinga ukunikeza inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Umthetho we-Frederal ululaza umthetho wezwe ezindaweni ezinjengokufuduka, imfuno yengqondo, nokulawula imibuso yezohwebo. Imithetho yemithetho elawulayo ibeka imingcele elinganiselwe — izimfuneko zemali, imingcele yezikweletwa ezikweletini, nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngokuvamile adlula lawo eMthethweni womthetho-mthetho womthetho. Ukuqonda lemingcele kunikeza umbono ogcwele wamandla kahulumeni ombuso onamandla futhi kuqokomisa isikhundla sabo, igcina imingcele enengqondo ezindabeni ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Lapho Ohulumeni Bendawo Bezimisela Khona

Naphezu kwenzuzo enkulu yamandla anikezwa ohulumeni bezwe, ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa igunya eligxekayo ezindabeni zomphakathi. Imibuso ohulumeni bendawo abangayisebenzisa — njalo ngaphakathi kwemvume nesimiso esimiswe yizwe — ihlanganisa ukusebenzisa izwe, ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo, izinkonzo zikamasipala, ukuthuthukisa umphakathi, nezindawo zokuzilibazisa. La mandla awona amancane. Izwe alisebenzi ngokuhlukanisa, ngokwesibonelo, lilolonga izinga lemiphakathi, izakhiwo zempahla, futhi linqume lapho amakhaya, amabhizinisi, nemisebenzi yezezezezimboni zikhona. Izinhlangano zamaphoyisa zendawo ziwumzila wokuqala wokuphepha komphakathi. Futhi izinga lemigwaqo yendawo, izimiso zamanzi, namapaki athinta ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila kwezakhamuzi. Umehluko uwukuthi lezi ziphathiswe imibuso, imibuso engokwemvelo. Izwe linganquma noma kuyiphi imisebenzi yalezindawo zendawo, nakuba izikhulu zezentengonga, noma imingcele yezemisebenzi eminingi yezentengobe yezentengiselwayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezwe Nokuzingela

Ukuzingela mhlawumbe kungumbuso wendawo othandwa kakhulu e-United States. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa imithetho ehlukanisa izwe libe yindawo yokuhlala, ezentengiselwano, ezentengiselwano, nezigodi zezolimo, nokulawula ukuphakama kwezakhiwo, ubukhulu, nobukhulu. Lo mbuso umi emiphakathini futhi unemiphumela emikhulu yokukhokha izindlu, izinga lemvelo, nentuthuko yezomnotho. Ohulumeni bangawususa umthetho wendawo owehlela indawo — njengoba amanye amazwe enzele ukuvumela intuthuko yezindawo zokuhlala noma ukuphakama kwemikhakha eseduze kwe-transport — kodwa igunya eliyisisekelo lihlala endaweni yendawo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nomthetho Wasendaweni

Izinhlangano zamaphoyisa zikaMasipala nabaphathi besifunda basebenza ngaphansi kokulawula kwendawo, baxhaswe ama-dollar entela futhi banikezwe izikhulu zendawo. Nakuba umthetho kahulumeni ubeka umthetho womthetho wezwe, ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo kunquma indlela yokumisa imithetho emiphakathini yabo. Lokhu kukhetha kwendawo kungumbuso obalulekile, othonya yonke into kusukela ekuphoqelweni kwezempathi zezimoto kuya emacala aphezulu. Ohulumeni bahulumeni bangamisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokuqeqeshwa kwamaphoyisa nokuziphatha, kodwa ukusebenza kwezinsuku zonke kwamaphoyisa kuyimisebenzi yendawo.

Izinkonzo ZikaMasipala

Ohulumeni bendawo banomthwalo wokunikeza izinkonzo ezibalulekile ezihlanganyelwa izakhamuzi nsuku zonke — amanzi, ukukhucululwa kwendle, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu eqinile, ukunakekelwa kwemigwaqo, nokuthuthwa komphakathi. Lezi zinkonzo zixhaswa ngokuyinhloko ngentela yendawo, intela yempahla, intela yokusebenzisa intela, nokuthutha kwezindawo zikahulumeni ezihlukene kuhulumeni. Nakuba ohulumeni bahlela izindinganiso zendawo nezokwelapha zezinkonzo, isisekelo singekahulumeni wendawo, futhi izikhulu zendawo zinquma ukuthi zingasebenza kanjani futhi ziwulondoloze.

Ukuthuthukiswa Komphakathi Nezindlu

Ohulumeni bendawo banikeza imithetho yokwakha, umbiko uvumela ukwakhiwa nokuvuselelwa, imithetho yezindlu ephoqelelwayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe izimo zokuphila ezilondekile, futhi bengamele izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umphakathi. Banikeza futhi intela yezindlu zikahulumeni kanye nentela ehambisana nezinhlangano zezimali zezindawo zokuhlala zikahulumeni. Leligunya lendawo lilawula indawo eyakhiweyo, kuyilapho licindezelwa imithetho yokwakha nemithetho elungile yezindlu, linikeza amadolobha nethonya elikhulu phezu kwezindawo zokuhlala nezinga eliphezulu.

Amapaki Nokuzijabulisa

Ohulumeni bendawo banakekela amapaki omphakathi, izindawo zokudlala, izikhungo zomphakathi, amadamu okubhukuda, nezinhlelo zokuzijabulisa. Lo msebenzi uthuthukisa ukubambisana komphakathi nempilo yomphakathi, futhi nakuba kungase kubonakale kuyinto evamile, amandla athinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zansuku zonke. Ohulumeni baphethe amapaki kahulumeni nezindawo zokuzilibazisa ezinkulu, kodwa i-software yamapaki omphakathi nezomphakathi iwumthwalo wemfanelo wendawo.

Ukuqhathanisa: Ukusebenza Kwesimiso Sokuzimela

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni akuyona into engathi ngqo. Lokhu kuveza iqiniso eliyisisekelo lobuhlobo bendawo, izinkantolo, nezinqumo zezombangazwe. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukuthambekela okwaziwa ngokuthi "ukuhlenga" kuye kwabona ohulumeni beqinisa igunya labo lokubeka imingcele yezenzo zendawo ezimweni ezinjengomholo omncane, ikhefu elikhokhwayo, imingcele yezikhali, nezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile. Lokhu kubonakalisa ngamandla ubuqiniso obuyisisekelo bobuhlobo bendawo: umbuso ubambe isandla esiphakeme. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukubusa kwamakhaya kunikeza ohulumeni bendawo ukwahlulela okubanzi ezindabeni zendawo, kwakha isampula yemibandlu yomphakathi kunesilinganiso esiqinile sombango. Ukuqonda lokhu — kuvela ezindaweni ezithi zenza kube lula kakhulu izenzo zendawo ezinikeza labo abahlala yonke — umthetho wezwe elisebenza kakhulu.

Kubafundisi abafundisa izakhamuzi, isihluthulelo siwukuthi ohulumeni bahulumeni bayizindikimba ezizimele eziphethe imibuso, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo bengaphansi kwezinhlangano ezinezikhundla eziphathiswe kuphela. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani ohulumeni bombuso bengenza izinto eziningi ohulumeni bendawo abangakwazi — kusukela ekubekeni intela eholweni nasekubekeni izijeziso zobugebengu kuya ekungeneni eziminyangweni zemfundo yasebuthweni elisebuthweni. Kuchaza futhi ukuthi kungani ohulumeni bendawo begxile ekusebenziseni izwe, izinkonzo, nezinye izindaba zomphakathi: lezo ziyizindawo lapho izigaba zezwe zikhethele ukuba zibanike igunya.

Okwenza Lokhu Kuhluka Kube Yizindaba Zezakhamuzi Nabafundisi

Ukuthola umehluko phakathi kwesifundazwe nemibuso yendawo akuwona umsebenzi wemfundo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ubani ongaqondisa kuphi ukuphatha, ukuthi angahlanganyela kanjani ekubuseni, nokuthi yini okumelwe ilindelwe kulelo nalelo zinga likahulumeni. Isakhamuzi esikhathazekile ngezindinganiso zemfundo kufanele sihileleke nesimiso somthetho wemfundo, esihlela izimfuneko zezifundo nezindlela zokuxhasa imali. Izakhamuzi ezikhathazekile ngentuthuko entsha endaweni yakubo, kufanele zithintane nomkhandlu wedolobha, olawula ukuhlelwa nokuvunyelwa. Abafuna ukushintsha isimiso sombuso sezwe lonke bangasekela abangenisindlu yomthetho kahulumeni noma, ezizweni eziningi, basebenzise inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo. Lezo zimpikiswano ezigxile ezingxabeni zendawo. Le ngxenye yemisebenzi kufanele ihileleke ekwakheni kwezindawo zombuso, futhi ihlele isilinganiso sezombangazwe kuzo zonke izindawo zezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Uhulumeni nezindawo bafeza izindima ezihlangene kodwa ezihlukene ekubuseni kweMelika. Ohulumeni boMbuso baphatha amagunya abusayo phezu kwemithetho, intela, imfundo, ubulungisa bobugebengu, ukuhlangana kwezizwe, kanye nokuphatha isimo esiphuthumayo — imibuso yohulumeni bendawo, abakwazi ukuyisebenzisa. Ohulumeni bendawo, banikeza umsebenzi wezwe, ukulondeka komphakathi, izinkonzo zomphakathi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo ngaphansi kwegunya eliphathiswe umbuso. Leli lungiselelo alikho ngokomthetho; libonisa isimiso somthetho-mthetho sokuthi amazwe ayizinhlangano eziyinhloko zokubusa phakathi kwesimiso sombuso, kuyilapho izifunda ezingaphansi kwezwe ziklanywe ukuhlangabezana nokuswe kwezindawo ezidinga umphakathi. Abafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda amandla okuyisisekelo sokulawula isisekelo semithetho yomphakathi, indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo, nendlela ephethe izigaba eziningi. Imibuso yezwe ephakathi kohulumeni bendawo nengachaza lokho okungakufunwa yizimiso zezindawo zezindawo zomphakathi.