Ukubaluleka Kobuhlaziyi Bomhlaba Wonke

Imikhosi yokumiswa kwemibhishobhi imelela okungaphezulu kakhulu kokudluliswa kwegunya eliphethe. Ineziqinisekiso zomphakathi ezingokwesiko zokuqhubeka komthetho-sisekelo wesizwe, ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi, nokuhlanganiswa kwe-common. Nakuba amasiko akhethekile ehluka kakhulu (kusukela ekufunweni kwenhlamba yeSwiss Federal Council kuya emini ebanzi, ukugcotshwa kombusi waseJapane [1] isifungo esiyinhloko sisalokhu siyisifungo sesikhundla. Lesi sithembiso esiqotho, esivame ukugcinwa emthethweni wezwe oyisisekelo, sisebenza njengesivumelwano somlomo phakathi komholi nombuso wezwe, esibopha abantu ukuba basekele umthetho wemithetho engokomthetho futhi bakhonze abantu.

Ukuqonda lezi zifungo kunikeza incazelo eyingqayizivele engokwesiko lesizwe lezombangazwe, ukuphikisana okungokomlando, nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo. Amazwi akhethiwe, izikhulu eziwasebenzisayo, nezinto ezingokomfanekiso konke kuveza lokho umphakathi okubheka njengokungcwele. Lesi sihloko sihlola isifungo somongameli waseUnited States ngokujule, bese sisiqhathanisa nezifungo zokumiswa kwezifungo neminye imikhosi yemibuso emikhulu nemibuso yemibuso ebusayo, okuqokomisa ukufana nokwehluka okukhulu kokwakheka kobuholi.

IOath Engumongameli WaseUnited States: Imithetho Engaguquki

Isifungo sobumongameli wase-United States singesinye sezifungo ezifingqiwe nezilandelanayo eziphethe kakhulu emhlabeni. Siyisifungo sokuthatha isikhundla esimiswe ngokuphelele nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esibonakala sisethubeni elise Article II, Ingxenye 1, u-Claus 8::

ngifunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza konke okusemandleni ami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States.”

Lendlela yamagama angu-35 iye yakhulunywa yiwo wonke umongameli kusukela kuGeorge Washington, enesinye isibuyelo esiphawulekayo: inkulumo ethi “ngisize kakhulu Nkulunkulu.” Nakuba iWashington ingadingwanga ngokomthetho-mthetho, kuthiwa iye yanezela ekunikezelweni kwayo kokuqala, futhi cishe wonke umongameli kusukela lapho eye wayiphinda. Isifungo sinikezwa nguMahluleli oyinhloko weNkantolo Ephakeme qhaa owaqala kuJohn Adams / ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo awusho ukuthi ubani okumelwe aqhube.

Intuthuko Nezimpikiswano Ezingokomlando

Ukufinyezwa kwesifungo sase-U.S. kwazenzakalela. Abaferame benqaba uhlu olude lwemisebenzi evuna ukuzimisela okukodwa, okungalawuleki kuMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Lokhu kwabonisa ukwesaba kwabo ukuphambana kwezikhulu: ukwethembeka komongameli ngokuyinhloko kwakungekhona eqenjini, eqenjini, noma ngisho nakubavwe, kodwa ekwakheni kwencwadi engokomthetho. Ukufakwa “noma ugunyaza” kwakuyimvume kuQuaker nabanye abamelene nenkolo yokufusha, kuqinisa isimiso sokubusa kwezwe.

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, isifungo siye sabangela impikiswano ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngo-2013, uMongameli Barack Obama waphuthelwa ngephutha igama (“ngokwethembeka”) phakathi nokufunga ngasese futhi kwadingeka ukuba aphinde enze isifungo ngosuku olulandelayo ukuze aqinisekise ukuqina komthetho-sisekelo. Izazi ezingokomthetho ziphikisana ngokuthi isifungo esingashiwonga kahle sinemiphumela eqinile, kodwa lesi senzakalo sagcizelela ukufaneleka okunesidingo. Isifungo futhi sisebenza njengesisekelo sokungagunyazi: ukwephula isifungo kubhekwa njengobugebengu obukhulu noma ukungafaneleki.

Indawo Ezungezile

Ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano somphakathi iU.S. kuyisenzakalo esibanzi somphakathi esiqhutshelwa eWest Front of the U.S. Capitol njalo eminyakeni emine ngoJanuary 20. Lomkhosi uhlanganisa iphini elingu presidential (kungashiwo umthetho, hhayi uMthetho-sisekelo), ikheli lokuqalisa, imithandazo yabefundisi, futhi imidlalo yomculo. Izigidi ziphila, futhi lesisenzakalo siye sakhula ukuze sihlanganise umbukiso, amabhola angokomthetho, kanye nokudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla okuyisibonakaliso sedemo yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Umbhalo oqondile wesifungo ukhona ngeZibonelo zeNhlabo zezincwadi zesizwe.

Izimbobo Eziqhathanisayo Ezivela Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba isifungo saseU.S. singesona esiphambili, izizwe eziningi zisebenzisa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibala imisebenzi ngokucacile, zinxusa ukuba kube nezimpi zomlando zaphezulu, noma ezibonisa lokho okushiwo yikho.

EFrance: La République Avant Tout

Isifungo sikamongameli waseFrance, esihlanganiswe kuSiphakamiso 5 soMthetho-sisekelo weRepublic yesihlanu, siqondiswa uMongameli woMkhandlu woMthetho-sisekelo phambi kwesimiso esihlangene sePhalamende eSigodlweni sase-Élysée. Umbhalo wesiNgisi ufundeka kanje:

ngifunga ukuthi ngizohlonipha uMthetho-sisekelo, ngigcine uzimele wesizwe, ukuthembeka kwendawo, nokufeza imisebenzi kaMongameli weRepublic.

Ngokuphawulekayo, isifungo saseFrance sihlanganisa umsebenzi ocacile “wokulondoloza uzimele kwesizwe nokuthembeka kwezwe” qhaza umlando waseFrance wokuhlasela nezingxabano zamakoloni. Lomkhosi ungokomthetho omkhulu, umongameli ethola igumbi leNkongolo enkulu yeGaviyo laseHonour, indesheni yezempi, nendesheni yezibhamu ezingu- 21. Ngokungafani neU.S., isifungo silandelwa ngokushesha ngencazelo yoMkhandlu woMkhandlu womthetho ophethe amabutho ahlomile. Lo mkhosi uncishiswe ngezimpawu zeRepublication, ugwema ngamabomu noma yiziphi izikhombo zenkolo zokulondoloza iLaïcité (ieSekela). [FLT:]

ENdiya: Abantu Abangakholwa Nabangahlanganisi Abantu

ENdiya, idemokrasi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, inikeza isifungo sobumongameli Schemed Shedy of the Constitution. UMongameli waseNdiya ufungela iJaji eliyinhloko leNkantolo Ephakeme eRashtraptatiban. Isifungo siqukethe izinqumo ezimbili eziyinhloko [1] ezineziphakamiso “egameni likaNkulunkulu” nenye njengesiqinisekiso esingcwele.

[FLT:]] `I, [Igama], ngifunga egameni likaNkulunkulu / ngokugcizelela ukuthi ngizothwala ukholo lweqiniso nokwethembeka kumthetho-sisekelo wase-Indiya njengoba kumiswe, futhi ngizofeza imisebenzi yehhovisi likaMongameli ngangokusemandleni ami.”

Umkhosi waseNdiya uhlanganisa amasiko acebile: umthandazo (ngokuvamile ovela ezinkolweni eziningi), iculo lesizwe, umqaphi wodumo, nekheli eligcizelela ubunye ngokuhlukahluka. Ukusetshenziswa kwezilimi eziningi (isifungo sithathwa ngesiHindi noma ngesiNgisi) kubonisa isimo sezwe sezilimi eziningi. Umongameli ufeza igama leminyaka emihlanu, futhi isifungo siqinisa isimo sezwe, sombuso waseNdiya.

IJalimane: Isithembiso Se - Chancellor Kuhulumeni Wentando Yeningi

I-Chancellor yaseJalimane , umphathi kahulumeni, hhayi umongameli wemikhosi − uthatha isifungo esimiswe yiSiphakamiso 56 soMthetho oyisisekelo. Siqondiswa nguMongameli weBundestag (paresa). Amagama ahlukile:

] ngifunga ukuthi ngizonikezela imizamo yami enhlalakahleni yabantu baseJalimane, ngithuthukise izinzuzo zabo, ngigweme ukulimala kwabo, ngisekele futhi ngivikele uMthetho oyisisekelo nemithetho yeNhlangano, ngifeze imisebenzi yami ngobuqotho, futhi ngenzele ubulungisa kubo bonke. Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu.

]

Ukufakwa kwe- “ngakho Nkulunkulu” akunakwenzeka; i-Chancellar ingakukhipha ngaphandle komthetho. Okushaqisa kakhulu isibopho sokulwela“ ukukhathalela abantu baseJalimane” kanye “nokulimaza” ," nokugcizelela ngokuqondile izibopho zezenhlala - kahle zezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Isifungo siyimpendulo kumthetho wenkosi wenkosi waseJalimane owedlulele, ukulandisa ngentando yeningi nesithunzi sobuntu esingaphansi kwesithembiso somholi. Ngokungafani nomongameli wase-U.S., i-Chancellor ingumholi wepalamende, ngakho isifungo sigcizelela ukuthembeka komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wanoma yimuphi umuntu.

ENingizimu Afrika: Ukuzibophezela Enkululekoni

Isifungo sikamongameli waseNingizimu Afrika sivela kuShedyuli 2 woMthetho-sisekelo. UMongameli ufungwe nguMahluleli oMkhulu eUnion Buildings ePitoli, phambi kwePhalamende nasobala. Isifungo siyaqala:

] "phambi kwabo bonke abahlangene lapha, futhi beqiniseka ngokugcwele ngokubizwa okukhulu engikuthatha njengoMongameli weRepublic of South Africa, [igama], ngifunga / ngiqinisekisa ukuthi ngiyothembeka e-Riphabliki laseNingizimu Afrika, futhi ngizolalela, ngigcine, ngisekele futhi ngigcine uMthetho-sisekelo nawo wonke omunye umthetho weRepublic.”

Ukuphonsa “ebusweni babo bonke abantu abahlangene lapha” kugcizelela ukubonakala nokulandisa komphakathi okuqondile kwenkathi yobandlululo, lapho ukubusa ngasese kudlangile. Isifungo sihlanganisa nesithembiso soku“veza amalungelo ayisisekelo abo bonke abantu” kanye“ nokugcwalisa imisebenzi yami ngawo wonke amandla ami namathalenta.” Lomkhosi uwukubonakaliswa okunamandla kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-South Africa, ukuveza imisebenzi, izingoma, nokuhlanganyela kwabaholi abavamile. Isikhulu sikahulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika sinikeza umbhalo ogcwele. [

EJapane: Ukuzizwa Ukhululekile KoMbusi

IJapane ingumbusi womthetho-sisekelo, futhi umphathi wezwe unguMbusi. Nakuba uMbusi enga “fuphi isifungo” ngomqondo waseNtshonalanga, wenza isimemezelo esingokomthetho emkhosini wokungena esaziwa ngokuthi i- i-“Suitoirei Seiden no Gi”[. Emcimbini ohlanganisa amasiko obuShinto nenqubo yomthetho-sisekelo, uMbusi uthi:

ngifunga ukuthi ngizokwenza ngokuvumelana noMthetho-sisekelo waseJapane nokuthi ngizofeza imisebenzi yoMbusi njengophawu lwezwe nolobunye babantu.”[

Lesi sifungo sithathwa phambi kwe-Imperial Regalia (inkemba, isibuko, netshe eliyigugu) futhi sihlanganisa nomkhosi we- “Daijosai” (Ukubonga Okukhulu), osekelwe empilweni engokwenkolo yasendulo. UNdunankulu nezinye izikhulu bafunga izifungo ezingokomthetho ukuze basekele umthetho-sisekelo. Imikhosi yaseJapane yokungena ihlanganisa iziphakamiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wangemva kwempi namasiko akudala, okuzenza zihluke kakhulu phakathi kwedemocraticism yanamuhla.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo Kwezakhi Eziyinhloko

Isakhiwo Nendawo Ede

Isifungo sase-U.S. sifushane kakhulu kunanoma isiphi idemokrasi enkulu.

  • IsiJamani kanye ne-Afrika yaseNingizimu [ inezifungo ezinde ezibala imisebenzi ethile (inhlalakahle yabantu, amalungelo ayisisekelo).
  • [ Fransa kanye Indiya[ iwela phakathi, igxile ekuthembekeni komthetho-sisekelo nenkonzo.
  • [ yedwa] ihlanganisa ukubhekisela indima yoMbusi ‘ njengomfanekiso,'ochazwa ngokomthetho-mthetho.

Izifungo ezithatha isikhathi eside zivame ukubonisa ukushaqeka okungokomlando noma izinto eziza kuqala: izibopho zezenhlalo zaseJalimane, ukubonakala kwaseNingizimu Afrika okumelene nokuhlukanisa, ukuthembeka kwezwe laseFrance.

Izimo Ezingokwenkolo Nezezwe

Ukunxusa okungokwenkolo kuyahlukahluka ngokuphawulekayo:

  • Izifungo eziyimfihlo: I-U.S. inikeza “ukuqina” kwezwe futhi ayifuni ukuba“ ngisize kanjalo Nkulunkulu.” IFrance iyakunqabela ngokuqondile ukukhomba okungokwenkolo ukugcina i-laïcité. Izwe linikeza uNkulunkulu ukhetho kodwa alikuyali.
  • Imithelela engokwenkolo engokwenkolo: i-Jalimane “isiza uNkulunkulu” ngokuzithandela. I-Afrika eNingizimu ivumela noma“ingubo” noma“ingubo.”
  • Imikhosi yenkolo ye-Intera: iJapane ihlanganisa amasiko obuShinto angahlukani nomkhosi kazwelonke, naphezu kokuhlukaniswa kwenkolo nombuso ngokomthetho.

Isifungo sase - United States siphakathi kwezincwadi ezingekho emthethweni, nakuba ngokuvamile lo mkhosi uhlanganisa imithandazo neBhayibheli.

Abahlanganyeli Nezimpawu

  • Isikhulu esikhonzayo: E-U.S., nguMahluleli Oyinhloko; eFrance, uMongameli woMkhandlu woMthetho-sisekelo; eNdiya, uMahluleli Oyinhloko; eJalimane, uMongameli weBundestag; eNingizimu Afrika, eJaji; eJapane, eClanurs kanye nabapristi.
  • Izindawo: Capitol (U.S.), iSigodlo esiPhakathi (France), iRashtrapati Bhavan (Indiya), i-Bundstag (IJalimane), i-Union Builles (South Africa), i-Imperial Palace (Japane).
  • Izinto eziwubugqila: U.S. uvame ukusebenzisa iBhayibheli; iFrance isebenzisa iButho leHonour; iJapane isebenzisa i-Imperial Regalia; iNingizimu Afrika inefulege lesizwe nebhantshi lezikhali.
  • Ukuhlanganyela kobuPubism: U.S. kunodwebo olukhulu lomphakathi; iNdiya ihlanganisa amakheli omphakathi; imikhosi eyinhloko yaseJapane iyimfihlo emkhayeni wombuso, nakuba kamuva kuba nombukiso womphakathi.

Indawo Ephambili Yesihlwathi

  • IConstitution-centrime:[[FL:1] U.S., iNdiya, iNingizimu Afrika, iJapane (umsebenzi woMbusi ukwenza ngokwemithetho-mthetho).
  • Ubukhulu bezwe: iFrance igcizelela ukukhululeka kwesizwe kanye nobuqotho bendawo.
  • Abantu abaphakathi:[ IJalimane ne-South Africa kuhlanganisa izibopho ezicacile enhlalakahleni nasemalungelweni abantu.

Imicu Evamile Nokubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona

Naphezu kokuhlukahluka kwazo, zonke lezi zifungo zifeza imisebenzi eminingana emhlabeni wonke:

  • Ukubekwa kwegunya: Isifungo sidlulisela amandla angokomthetho kumphathi ongaphambili noma ohlu lozalo lombusi kumholi omusha.
  • Inqubo yokukhokha izimali: Isifungo sidala uphawu lwendlela yokuziphatha neyomthetho lapho izenzo zomholi zingalinganiswa khona. Ukuphula umthetho kuvame ukubangela ukujeziswa, ukususwa, noma ukulahlwa.
  • Isiko lobunye besizwe:[ Umkhosi uhlanganisa izakhamuzi, izikhulu, nezempi ngesikhathi esisodwa sokuqinisekisana komthetho-sisekelo.
  • Ukuzinza nokuzinza: Ushintsho olungokwesiko luqinisekisa izingqapheli zasekhaya nezezizwe zonke ukuthi umbuso usasebenza.

Ukukhethwa kolimi ezifungweni akunakwenzeka ngengozi. Ukugcizelela “ukuvikela, ukuvikela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo” kubonisa isimiso esiklanyelwe ukuqapha ubushiqela. Ukukhetha kweFrance“ nokuthembeka kanye nokuthembeka kwendawo” kuveza ukuvikela imingcele yamakhulu eminyaka. Ukubekwa kwaseNingizimu Afrika “kuwukulahlwa ngokuqondile komthetho wemfihlo nomthetho wesigungu. Le mibono emincane ikhuluma kakhulu ngezindlela zomlando nemithetho yesizwe ngasinye.

Isiphetho

Imikhosi yokuqamba izifungo nezifungo ezisezinhliziyweni zabo yizincwadi eziphila ngeDNA yezombangazwe. Isifungo esifushanisiwe, somthetho-mthetho we-United States siyisibonelo sokuzilawula nokucacisa kodwa akusona ukuphela kwendlela esebenzayo. Ezinye imibuso yentando yeningi iye yakhetha izindlela eziningiliziwe, ezicacile kakhulu noma ezingokwenkolo, noma ezifakwe kakhulu ezingeni eliphansi lezesizwe. Okuzihlanganisayo yisithembiso esiqotho sokukhonza umthetho-sisekelo, abantu, noma isizwe (a) esithembisa ukuthi, lapho sihlonishwa, itshe lento eqinile yokubusa nokushintsha amandla ngokuthula. Njengoba izakhamuzi zibona lemikhosi, zikhumbuza ukuthi ukuhola akuyona inqubo engokwesiko kodwa kuhlalayo ngokuphathelene nezimiso ezihlanganisa isizwe.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngomthetho-mthetho oqhathanisayo namasiko okusungula, bheka i- Constitute Project noma Libary of Congress for the Congress to U.S..