Isingeniso

Isimiso sokuhlola sangemva kwe-Latin America sinikeza ukucwaninga okucebile kokuqonda indlela izakhiwo ezibusayo ezihlela ngayo imiphumela yentando yeningi. Ngemva kokukhululeka ekubuseni kwe-Spanishi namaPutukezi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, amaRepublic aphambili azuza ifa lezimiso zokulawula ze-colonia, ama-hiecharist, kanye nezomnotho ezincike ekukhipheni kwamanye amazwe. Le midanti ihlangene nezinselele zokwakha izwe ukuze iveze izinhlobonhlobo eziphawulekayo zemibuso yezombangazwe — kusukela kumongameli wemibuso eqinile yemibuso yesizwe kuya kuzokuphindaphindelela imibuso yezempi nezimiso ze-propulistism. Lesi sihloko sihlola izakhiwo ezinkulu zokubusa ezivela eLatin America ngemva kokuzibusa, ukuhlaziya ukuziphendukela kwayo, nokuhlola imiphumela yayo emide ekuhlanganeni kwentando yentando yentando yeningi, ukuhleleka kwenhlangano yenhlangano yenhlangano yezezwe, nezingalo.

Umlando Wokubusa ELatin America

Izinhlangano zokuzibusa ezakhukhula i-Latin America phakathi kuka-1810 no-1825 zaqeda amakhulu amathathu eminyaka yokubusa kwamakoloni kodwa azidalanga ngokushesha izifundazwe eziqinile. Amazwe amasha abuza imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nendlela yokuhlela amandla ezombangazwe. Ingabe ayezothatha izimiso zikahulumeni noma zohlelo? Ingabe abaphathi bezikhulu babeyoba namandla noma babebuthakathaka? Ingabe i-fransene ingaba mikhulu noma ilinganiselwe? Lezimpikiswano zaqala ngokumelene nesizinda sezwe eliqinile [[FLT:]caudillo[ismismo [ — ukubusa kwabalandeli bendawo ababebuthene abalandeli abahlomile abahlomile — nesizwe ababuthakathaka.

Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi yakuqala yayiboleka kakhulu eUnited States noma emibonweni ekhululekile yaseYurophu, kodwa amaqiniso endawo ayevame ukubhidliza lemibono. Ukuzingela kwezikhulu, iSonto lamaKatolika, kanye nezempi kwaqhubeka kunethonya elikhulu. Umphumela waba umjikelezo wokucwaninga ngomthetho ngokomthetho, impi yombango, nokuthatha imingcele yempoqo okwaqhubeka kuze kube sekhulwini lama-20. Ifa lamakoloni lokubusa okubusa okuphakathi, ukukhipha nokungabi khona kwesigaba esiqinile kwenza kwaba nzima ukwakha izinhlangano zomphakathi ezisekela idemokrasi ezisekela idemokrasi kwezinye izindawo.

Izakhiwo Zokubusa Ezivamile

Amazwe aseLatin America aye azama izigaba eziningana ezibanzi zokubusa. Isakhiwo ngasinye sinezici ezihlukile zentuthuko yentando yeningi.

Izimiso Zobumongameli

Isimiso sokubusa esakazeke kakhulu e-Latin America yisimiso esisobala, lapho umphathi ozimele okhethwe ekhonza khona njengomphathi wezwe nomphathi kahulumeni. Amazwe anjengeBrazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, neColombia athathe izinguquko zalendlela. Ukukhanga kwakusobala: isikhulu esiqinile singanikeza ubunye besizwe kanye nokuphela, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zenhlekelele. Nokho, isimiso sobumongameli eLatin America ngokuvamile sigxile kakhulu e-Facean, ikakhulukazi lapho sihlangene nemishini ebuthakathaka. Izazi eziningi ziye zathi amagama aqinile nokunqoba konke okungakho kwe-presidentialism kwanikela ekuhlelekeni kwezombangazwe nakwehleleke, njengoba kuphindaphinde kuwe e-Aritherian nase-R74) kanye nase-Brazil.

Izimiso Zephalamende Nezobuhlanya

Izimiso zePhalamende, lapho umphathi ethola khona ukufaneleka kwayo kumthetho-mthetho, zazingajwayelekile e-Latin America. I-Uruguay yazama kafushane isikhulu esiphethe i-collegial (ISizwelo soMkhandlu Kahulumeni) kusukela ngo-1959 kuya ku-1967, ihlose ukusakaza amandla nokugwema izingozi zesimiso sobucudilism. IPeru yamukela isimiso esixubile, esithatha isikhathi esingesibili, esiwumthetho ka-1993. Noma kunjalo, imizamo eminingi yokubusa kwephalamende yayiphila kafushane noma ilinganiselwe. Isibonelo sikamongameli sasala sisehlulekile, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yefa elinamandla lesimiso sobubhishobhisipanisi nesifiso sobuholi esiqinile sezindawo ezihlukene.

Abasekeli Bezempi Nobugunya

Imibuso yezempi yayiyisimiso esiphindaphindwayo sokubusa phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ngawo-1960 phakathi nawo-1980 kwaba negagasi lombuso wezikhulu ze-bureaucracy eBrazil, e-Argentina, eChile, e-Uruguay, nakwezinye izindawo. Labhulumeni bacindezela amaqembu ezombangazwe, baqeda ukhetho, futhi basebenzisa ukwesaba kwezwe ukuze baphoqelele ukuhleleka — ngokuvamile ngokusekela okuvela kuhulumeni wezikhulu ze-ogarbarchicism kanye nemibuso yangaphandle enjenge-United States phakathi neMpi Yomshoshane. Ukubusa kwempi ngokuvamile okuhlobene nesimiso sentando yeningi yentando yeningi, nakuba eminye imibuso (umz. iPinocheetetet) yathatha izinguquko zezomnotho ukuthi ohulumeni bentando yeningi kamuva abangazange bawuphendumise. Izinkantolo zobushiqela — amalungelo abantu, amalungelo abantu, ukuxhaphaza kwezentando yentando yentando yeningi ngemva kwesikhathi eside — ukuguqulwa kwemithetho enkathi ende.

Ababheki Bemathikithi Nohulumeni Bokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

I-Latin America futhi yaveza isiko elihlukile ukubusa kwe-populist, kusukela kuJuan Perón e-Argentina (46-9555, 1973-1974) ukuya kuHugo Chávez eVenezuela (1999-2013). Abaholi be-Populist abasebenzisa amandla aphezulu, badlula izinhlangano ezisunguliwe, futhi bahlongoza ukusekela okukhulu ngokunxusa okuqondile kwabampofu nangokususa i-Chranchze. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kwandisa ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe esikhathini esifushane, i-populism ivame ukudambisa izikhungo zedemokhrasi ezikhululekile — izinkantolo ezizimele, iziteshi zezindaba ezikhululekile, neziqinile — eziholela embusweni zemibusweni yemibuswayo noma ekubusweni kwe-curiasterism. I-Venezuela i-trakievs isuka ekuhdmodensi ye-Chvárárár futhi iphethe kakhulu.

Ithonya Ekwaphuleni Kwentando Yeningi

Ukukhethwa kwesimiso sokubusa kuye kwathonya kakhulu ingcebo yeningi yaseLatin America, kodwa izakhiwo kuphela azinqumi imiphumela; zisebenzelana nezinhlangano zezenhlalo, izimo zezomnotho, nezingcindezi zomhlaba wonke.

Amandla Ezinhlangano Nokuqiniswa Kwentando Yeningi

Amazwe akha izinhlangano eziqinile, ezizimele — izigebengu ezizimele, izishaya - mthetho ezingochwepheshe, izinkonzo zomphakathi eziphumelelayo, kanye nemithombo yezindaba ekhululekile — ayesengozini enkulu yokusekela idemokrati. [[FLT: 0]] iCosta Rica[ ivame ukuvezwa njengendaba ephumelela kakhulu kulelizwe: ngemva kokuqeda ibutho lalo ngo-1970, izwe lasungula isimo senhlala kahle, isimiso senhlala kahle engokwenhlalo, i-inhlangano encintisanayo, kanye namazinga aphakeme ethemba ezakhamuzi. [[FLTFL:]] Uruguay[[FLT: 3], naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwesikhashana kwe-FLD [FLD: 3] ezingeniswini oluqinile, futhi oluyelwenziwe ngezinhlangano zezindawo zombuso wangaphandle kwezwe futhi olungcono. [1980] [FT] [FT] [FFFT], umthetho-Elvemose, ngemva kokwenziwa kwemistrustrist, futhi kwamazwe, izinhlangano eziqinile, ezi

Ukuvukela Nokuwohloka Kwentando Yeningi

Ngokuphambene, amazwe anezinhlangano ezibuthakathaka kanye namandla aphakeme obumongameli aye abhekana nokuwohloka okuphindaphindiwe kwentando yeningi. Ngokwesibonelo, iArgentina, ilandelana phakathi kokubusa kwezakhamuzi nezempi izikhathi eziyisithupha phakathi kuka-1930 no 1983. Ukubekwa kwamandla e-demokrati, kuhlangene nezimiso zokusekela nokungatholi khono lokuhlola okuphumelelayo, kwenza isimiso saba sengozini yezinkinga zezomnotho nokusetshenziswa kwe-populastrist. IVenezuela, eyake yabhekwa njengesibonelo sentando yeningi, yabona isakhiwo sayo sokubusa sishintsha kancane kancane kancane ngaphansi kwe-Chávez: umthetho-sisekelo ka-1999 wenza ukuba umongameli we-ree profeance revolution, ne-neutersper commentary, futhi saguqula i-judiary. Ngo-2020, lelizwe lase liwele esimweni esibucayi somphakathinisweni futhi ligcwele emhlabeni wonke njengombuso we-Adcimistism.

Indima Yebutho Lempi Kwezombangazwe

Indima yomthetho-sisekelo wezempi ingumthetho oguquguqukayo wesakhiwo. Emazweni amaningana ase-Latin America, izimpi zalondoloza amagunya aphawulekayo ezombangazwe ngisho nangemva kokushintshela embusweni wentando yeningi — imisebenzi yokulondeka kwangaphakathi, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zokuhlela, nokuthethelelwa kokusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu esikhathini esidlule. Lokhu “kushintshile” (umz. Brazil, Chile) kwashintsha ukulandisa okugcwele kokuzinza, kodwa kwashiya idemocratical isenzweni esiphenjeni sezempi. Ngokuphambene, ukunqanyulwa kwebutho lempi laseCosta Rica kwasusa ibutho lezempi njengelungu likanolwazi lwezombangazwe ngokuphelele, kwaguqula intuthuko engokwentando yeningi.

Izimiso Zokunqoba Nezombangazwe Zeqembu

Umklamo wezimiso ze-votoral systems nawo walololonga izinga lentando yeningi. Izimiso zokumelelwa kwe-propotonel, njengoba zisetshenziswa e-Uruguay naseCosta Rica, zakhuthaza ukuncintisana okuhlukahlukene nesakhiwo esihlangene. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa izimiso eziyinhloko noma ezixubeneyo ezivame ukuhlukana phakathi kwezindlu zomthetho futhi zikhuthaza izombangazwe ezizimele. I-Brazil’s e-Brazil] evulekile inqubo yokumelelwa kwezimiso zomthetho, ihlangene nemithetho ehlukene eqinile ehlangeneyo ephakathi kwamaqembu amaningi amancane, iholele ekungqubaniseni amaqembu amancane, iphoyisa umongameli ukuba bahlanganise izigaba ezibanzi nezivame ezonakele. Lokhu kuye kwabangela izinga eliphakeme lenkohlakalo yezombangazwe nezikhathi ezithile zokubusa.

Ukuhlola Icala

IChile: Ukusuka Ebushiqelani Kuya Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi Eliqinile

Isimiso sezombangazwe seChile siwukuhlola okuphikisanayo. Kusukela ngo-1833 kuya ku-1973, yalondoloza ukubusa okuzinzile okungokomthetho-sisekelo, nesimiso sobumongameli esinempoqo esaqala sibe yintando yeningi egcwele phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ukubusa kwezempi ngo 1973 okuholwa uJenene Augusto Pinochet kwafaka umbuso ononya owenziwe ngenguquko yezomnotho futhi kwabuyisela umthetho wemithetho esemthethweni oqinile phakathi nomthetho-Profesmscracy owafaka amandla kamongameli onamandla kakhulu, izimfuneko ezinkulu ze-ademond zobumongameli, i-asperjorion, nesivikelo sezezezezempi. Lapho idemocrali ibuya ngo 1990, ukubusa kwesakhiwo sezwe ngombuso wezwelo oludemoshila izikhalile ngisho nangezinye izinhlangano zezikhali ezisemfakela ezingeni ezisekwembusweni ze-Chovisine ezingu 2019 ezivunyiweyo, kodwa izikhali ezisenyuselwe ukuba ziholiseke kakhulu zibonise ngisho nezinguquko zeze izinguquko zeze zezenyuko zeze

EVenezuela: IDemocratic Collapse

I-Venezuela kwakudala yadunyiswa njengendawo ehlukile ekuntengantengisweni kwe-Latin America. Kusukela ngo-1958 kuqhubeke, i-Punto Fijo Pact phakathi kwamaqembu amakhulu yamisa idemokrasi eqinile ehlukene namavoti amabili aphakeme futhi ihlelwe ngokunenzuzo kawoyela. Isimiso sokubusa saqokomisa isimiso sobumongameli esinamandla, kodwa ngokuhlola nokulinganisela okwasebenza kahle emashumini eminyaka. Nokho, ukuwa kwentengo kawoyela phakathi kwawo kuma-1980 nawo 1990, kuhlangene nokwanda kwenkohlakalo kanye nesimiso seqembu lezenhlalakahle, kwavula umnyango we-Hugovie, i-Chávez, umholi wezenkampane. Umthetho wakhe we-mviko owenziwe ngokumangalisayo. Unyaka ka-1999 waqeda iSigele, wandisa isikhulu se-Prodenti, wandisa i-Ecurence (eved Revicedmentation) futhi wanikeza umongameli we-Scounity i-Andsswonds. I-And, i-Engleand, i-Engle

EBrazil: UbuPresidenti Nokukhohlakala

Isimiso sokubusa se-Brazil sihlanganisa isimiso esinamandla sobumongameli nengqungquthela ehlukene, ababusi bezwe abanamandla, nesimiso somthetho esiyinkimbinkimbi esidumile. Ngemva komthetho-mthetho ka- 1988, i-Brazil yavela njengesimiso sentando yeningi esinentshiseko, kodwa izinkinga eziphikelelayo zokonakala kwezombangazwe, ukwethembeka okubuthakathaka, nokungalingani kwabangela ukuhlelwa kwayo. Isimiso sikamongameli sakhuthaza abaphathi ukuba bakhe izikhundla ezinkulu, ngokuphambana kwe-Rocelism — ukuguqula izikhundla nokuhlela ngezimali ukuze kusekelwe i-Boomistry. Lokhu “ukubusa kwamongameli we-" kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka, kodwa kwadala futhi indawo yokuzalanisa inqubo yaso, njengoba ukuhlolwa okukhulu kwe-Jato Jato Jeto, njengoba ihluleka ngisho nokuncintiswa kwezombangazwe okungamandla embulwe i-Creamouse. I-Rmausse-Jefaceptrune kuveza ukusekela nokusekela kwemithetho ye-Jirrool kuveza amandla engeziwe kuvukele kuvusemuva ku-2016, i-Brazil, i-Brazil ne-Ebhulikiyo

IMexico: Ingxenye eyodwa yeDomithance Nenguquko

Isimiso sokubusa se-Mexico sengxenye enkulu yekhulu lama-20 kwakuyi-produkthi: isimiso sobumongameli obubusenawo ubudedemokrasi esilawulwa yi-Institutional Rrevolution Party (PRI), esaba namandla kusukela ngo- 1929 kuya ku 2000. IPRI yalondoloza ukulawula ngenhlanganisela yekhasimende, ukulawula nokubambisana kwabaphikisi, ukulwa nokuhlangana kwabaphikisi, kunokuba kube ukulawulwa okusobala kwezempi. Umongameli wasebenzisa amandla amakhulu angokomthetho ombuso — ngokuvamile ubizwa ngokuthi “isimiso se-extennio”, njengoba afeza isilinganiso seminyaka eyisithupha ngaphandle kokunqoba, kodwa angahambisa umlandeli wabo olandelayo. Lesi sakhiwo esidluliselwe izinselele eziqinile zokuzingeni eliphansi, i-Ocendicessss, kodwa ihluleka ukumelana kwezimiso ezinkulu zezentengo yomthetho weze yeze yeze yembubhishobhishobhishobhi. Inqubo ye-Exdracracracki yesigaba esiphambili, i-2014, iveza ihluleka kakhulu, ihluleka kakhulu, ihluleka kakhulu, kodwa i

I - Argentina: Ukungalawuleki Nokungezwani

Umlando we-Argentina wokubusa uphawulwa ukuncishiswa okukhulu phakathi kwentando yeningi nobushiqela bamabutho, okuqhutshwa kakhulu inani elihlukanisayo le-Juan Perón kanye nenhlangano ehlala njalo ayisungula. Izwe lamukela isimiso sobumongameli, kodwa amandla okubusa ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ngendlela eguquguqukayo: amaqembu abuthakathaka, amaqembu anobudlova phakathi kwe-Peronist kanye nombuso wempi, futhi ukungenela kwempi okukhubazeka intuthuko engokwezomnotho. Kusukela ngo-1930 kuya ku-1901, akukho mongameli okhethiwe owaqeda inkathi ephelele ngaphandle kokugumbuqelwa noma ukuhoxa. Izwe labuyela edemoyeni ngo- democrali ngo-1901, futhi kusukela lapho i-Arithe ngisho ne-Arithe, i-Cal mvume ne-Mosmosmoston ephansi kakhulu, kodwa ihluleka ukubusa kwesimiso sombuso wezwe lonke i-Calné, i-Chona, i-Moneonsmoston, i-El ewulawula ngisho nakuston, i-Mosmongle, i-oglorcenside

Izinselele Namathemba Esikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kokuhlanganiswa kwentando yeningi eLatin America yonke kusukela ngo-1990 (ngokushiyeka okuphawulekayo kweVenezuela, eNicaragua, neCuba), amazwe amaningi abhekene nezinselele ezingapheli ezisuka ezimisweni zawo zokubusa ezizuzwe ngefa. Ukubusa ngempatho kuseyimpikiswano eyinhloko: ngisho nalapho idemokrasi ikhona khona, amongameli ngokuvamile badlula izishaya-mthetho zomthetho, ukubusa ngemithetho, noma izinkantolo ezingokomthetho nabaqotho. Izikhungo zokukhokha ezingokomthetho ezisekwe ezindlini zomthetho, amaqembu ezombangazwe, kanye nezigebengu ezisalokhu zikhona phakathi kwezwe ngalinye. Ukuphakama kwezokuphepha kwezentando yeningi [[FLT.[FLD:]]], ukubusa ngemithetho, noma ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa kuye kwaqhubekisela ohulumeni abathile emgqeni wempi, futhi kuqhubekiswe ukubusa kwegunya lezempi.

Enye inselele yokwakha ingxabano phakathi [ku- ukunciphisa nokuhlukana okuhlukahlukene. Njengoba kuboniswa eBrazil, eChile, e-Ecuador, nasePeru, amongameli abakhethwe ngokumayela amancane kumelwe bakhe imifelandawo ehlukene kakhulu. Lokhu kuholela ekugobeni kwemithetho kanye nasemizamweni yokungagunyazi — iPeru iyodwa yabona omongameli abane besuswe noma besuswe ngokuncishiswa phakathi kuka-2016 no-2022. Amanye amazwe ahlola inguquko: iBolivia ishukunyiselwa “ekhoraliti yephalamente ephakathi kwe-cocoatrune" eqeke kakhulu, kanti imizamo yemithetho yeChile entsha (enqatshiwe ngokomthetho ephakathi kwe-2022) ehlotshaliwe kakhulu. Kodwa izinhlangano kakhulu nokushintsha kwezimiso zezimiso.

Izici zangaphandle — ikakhulukazi ithonya elikhulayo lezomnotho nemithetho yangaphandle yase-US — nazo zithinta izakhiwo zokubusa. Abaholi abagunyazi eVenezuela, eNicaragua, naseCuba baye bathembela ekuboleleni amaShayina nasekusekeleni impi yaseRussia ukuze bamelane nokucindezela kwentando yeningi. Okwamanje, izinkinga zezomnotho eArgentina nase-Ecuador ziye zadala amathuba abaholi abakhokhi bezokubusa abathembisa ukuqeda imingcele, bafaka engozini yokuguguleka kwentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Ukuqhathaniswa kwezakhiwo zokubusa ngemva kwe-Latin America yembula ukuthi nakuba izindaba zomklamo womthetho-sisekelo ziwukuhlelwa. Izwe elinamandla, izinhlangano ezizimele njenge Costa Rica, i-Uruguay, kanye nonyaka ka-19990 IChile iye yakwazi ukuqondisa amandla kamongameli eziphethweni zentando yeningi, ngisho nalapho izakhiwo zayo zifana nezingomakhelwane abangaphumeleli kakhulu. Ngokuphambene, ukuba khona kombuso oqinile kumalungu abuthakathaka abuthakathaka, ukungalingani okukhulu, nomphakathi ohlukeneyo — njengaseVenezuela noma e-Argentina — kuye kwaholela kaningi ekuwohlolweni kwedemokhrasi noma ekunciphenisweni. Ithonya lezekelo yezempi, isimo somphakathi, isimo sezimiso ezikhethelwe phansi kanye neqembu eliqinile, kanye nokukhona kwezindlela ezisebenzayo, kubaluleke ngokufanayo. Njengoba i-Latin America ibhekene izinselele ezintsha ekushintsheni kwezimiso ze-demodemodeli — umlando wayo olawula umlando: idinga ukuvikelwa kwe-demosekuhluzeka kakhulu, kodwa ukuncika okuqhubekayo kwezimiso eziqinile.[10] [eziningi] [ezi ezinamandla],

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-V-Democracy Institute imibiko yaminyaka yonke yentando yeningi, i [[FLT:] House yenkululeko [ nezinqumo zesifunda, nemisebenzi yemfundo enjenge-“Predictionism and Democracy in Latin America” ngu-Scott Mainwaring noMat Shugart ([[FLT:]]] Cambridge University Press[]]).