E-United States, okhetho oluyinhloko lusebenza njengendlela amaqembu ezombangazwe akhetha ngayo abazokhethwa ukuze bakhethe i-opera. Imithetho ebusayo engahlanganyela kulamaqembu aqalayo iyahluka kakhulu ngokwezimo, inezimo ezimbili ezivelele: ukuvula amaprime futhi ukuvala amapulatimende. Isimiso ngasinye sinezici ezihlukene ngokuhlanganyela komvoti, ukuvota, ukuhlangana kweqembu, imibono yomfundi, nempilo yentando yeningi. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo; kunemiphumela yangempela yezwe yendlela inqubo yokumelela nendlela yokulawula inqubo esetshenziswa ngayo. Lokhu kuhlola okunweba okukhudlulwayo kuhlola izinzuzo nezithiyo zezimiso eziyinhloko, ukuhlola ukuguqula nokuguqula izinhlobonhlobo, futhi kucabangela izinhlelo zezombangazwe zezentengiselwano zezwe ngayinye.

Ukuqonda Izinhlobo Zokhetho Eziyinhloko

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezingeni eliqondile nasenseleleni yokungena obala nevaliwe, kubalulekile ukucacisa izincazelo eziyisisekelo nendawo abasebenza kuyo. Ukhetho oluyinhloko luyimincintiswano ethatha isigaba esinquma ukuthi imuphi umjoyinane ozomelela iqembu lezombangazwe okhethweni oluvamile. Imithetho yokuhlanganyela ibekwa ngokuyinhloko umthetho kahulumeni, okusho ukuthi kunomehluko omkhulu ezweni.

Okushiwo Izincwadi Ezivulekile

Esimisweni esiyinhloko esivulekile, noma yimuphi umvoti obhaliwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungophi umkhandlu wezombangazwe, angavota kunoma yiluphi ukhetho oluyinhloko lweqembu. Amavoter awadingeki ukuba amemezele ukuthi akhona eqenjini endaweni yokuhlola; amane akhetha ibhodi elilodwa lokhetho ngosuku lokhetho. Lomklamo uhloselwe ukuveza imvume eqinile futhi avumele bonke abavoti, kuhlanganise nabazimele namalungu abanye amaqembu, ukuba babe nezwi elikhethwe ngokwesigaba. cishe uhulumeni wamanje usebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwezikhundla zabo eziyinhloko okungenani esinye sezikhundla ezinkulu zokhetho, nakuba imithetho eqondile ihlukahluka (ngoko, ezinye izimo zivumela ukuba abavoti abavoti bashintshe izigaba ngosuku lokhetho, kuyilapho abanye bengadingi ukubhalisa iqembu lonke).

Imininingwane Yezenzakalo Ezivalekile Ichazwa

Amaprimenti avalelwe avimbela ukuthatha igalelo kubavoti ababhaliswe neqembu elithile lezombangazwe. Yilabo kuphela abaye bamemezela ukuthi bahlanganyela phambili abakanye nabo abangavota engxenyeni eyinhloko. Lesi simiso siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu azinikezele kuphela athonya ukukhethwa kwama-nominee. Isizathu siwukuthi abavoti-minees kufanele babonise izindinganiso nentando yesigaba esithile, hhayi eyesinye esingaphandle okungenzeka ukuthi anezithakazelo eziphikisanayo. Cishe amazwe angu-15 asebenza ngokuvala izikhundla zawo wonke amahhovisi kahulumeni, kanye nabanye abaningi abasebenzisa amahrensitisi avalelwe okungenani eqenjini elilodwa elikhulu.

Izinzuzo Zokuvula Izimali

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuhlangana Okuthuthukisiwe Kwezindiza

Inzuzo evame ukuvezwa kakhulu yemisebe evulekile yithuba lokuveza ivoti. Ngokuvumela abazimeleyo − abakha ingxenye enkulu nekhulayo yabavoti---(--*"ukuhlanganyela, amaprimering avula izakhamuzi eziningi ezingeni lokuqala lenqubo yokukhetha. Ngokwemininingwane esukela ku- i-National Conference of State Legistration [, isho ukuthi ngezimiso ezivulekile zithambekele ekubeni nezingalawuleki eziyinhloko ezingcono kakhulu, nakuba umphumela ngokuvamile ulula uma ulawula ezinye izici ezifana nokuncintisana nempucuko yezombangazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abavule izigebe zingezwa behluliwe ngezimiso ezivalekile, ikakhulukazi labo abathola isimiso sokuzinzisayo futhi babonise ukukhetha okuko ngaphandle kokukhetha okuko.

Amandla Okuthola Izindlela Ezilinganiselwe

Ngoba amaprimishini avulekile adinga abangenisi ukuba badlulisele izikhalo hhayi nje kuphela ezisekelweni eziphambili zomcimbi kodwa futhi nasezingeni ezilinganiselwe, futhi ngisho nasezinhlanganweni zabavoti abaxhunyiwe, lesimiso singazivumelanisa izikhundla zemibono ezeqisayo. Ofuna ukuwina izivumelwano ezibanzi phakathi kwengxenye enkulu kusungulwa ukusekela imithetho ehambisana nokuncintisana kokhetho. Lokhu kunganciphisa ithonya lemibono yeqembu futhi kuveze abanyuswayo ukuba bafake izikhundla ezingcono ekudluliseleni i-voti. Abanye ososayensi bezombangazwe baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sizathu esiwumphumela sisobala esingoko kukhulu ngokomlando baye babona ukhetho oluvamile oluncintisanayo futhi olunciphile kakhulu ezindaweni zokuvota.

Ukuhlanganyela Okukhulu Nokulandisa

Amaprimp avule izigebengu zingathuthukisa umqondo wenhlangano yezombangazwe phakathi kwabavoti abangase bazizwe behlukanisiwe. Ngokuvumela ukuba bahlanganyele ezingeni eliphakathi kwamaqembu amaningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abavoti bangahlanganyela ezindaweni ezihlukene zezombangazwe futhi benze amaqembu alandise amacala abo. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukunganaki kwabavoti futhi kwandise isigxobo esicatshangelwayo enqubeni yokuvota. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaprista avulekile anikeza ithuba lokusekela umlandeli onamandla kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ilena ilebuladi elithile eqenjini elithile, elingakhanga ngokukhethekile ezindaweni ezibuswa iqembu elilodwa.

Izithiyo Zezigebengu Ezivulekile

Ingozi Yokusebenzisa Izindlela Ezikahle Noma Ukuthutha Imali

Ukugxekwa okuphawulekayo kokuvuleka kwezindawo zokuvota okungabangela ukuvota okuvamile, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ukuvota." Lokhu kwenzeka lapho amalungu elinye iqembu ewela ukuvota ngokuyinhloko, ukukhetha umphikisi obuthakathaka kakhulu wombango womunye umkhandlu noma ukukhetha ngamabomu umphumela womunye umkhandlu ongase ukhethwe yizikhundla zawo siqu zokuvota. Nakuba ubufakazi obuyindiwe bokuhlasela ngenhloso buxubene ne-"namess) umphangi womunye umjonisi obonakala ekhetha nje omunye umkhakhakha weqembu ngenxa yezizathu zakhe. Umelwano luhlala lukhona oluthi cishe lungakhethwa yiqembu lawo elingewona amalungu angena kuqala. Izifunda eziningi ezinhlandlayo ezisebeni eziphezulu lapho kubekwe khona icala lokuvota.

Ukubambisana Neqembu Elibuthakathaka

Amaqembu ezombangazwe eUnited States ayizinhlangano ezizimele, futhi izigebengu ezivulekile zingaphazamisa ikhono lawo lokuchaza amalungu nokulawula iziphakamiso zawo siqu. Ngokuvumela noma ubani ukuba avote kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowayiphi ilungu, amaprimpa avula amandla abashisekeli beqembu nabathembekile abasebenzisa isikhathi nemali ekwakheni isigaba. Lokhu kungaholela kubantu abathatha isigaba esiqinile noma abangenabo ubuhlobo obuqinile nethuluzi leqembu. Ekuthatheni isikhathi eside, amapropati avulekile anganciphisa ukufaneleka kweqembu futhi anciphise ukuphathana kweqembu njengemifelandawo.

Ukudideka Kwezinto Eziyinkimbinkimbi Nokuyinkimbinkimbi Kokubusa

Imithetho yezindawo zokuvota ingadida abantu abavoti, ikakhulukazi ezizweni lapho imithetho ihluka khona ngohlobo lokhetho (umz., abanye banezandulela zikahulumeni kodwa hhayi amahhovisi esizwe). Abavoter bangase bangaqondi ngokugcwele ukuthi ngokuvota eqeleni elivulekile leqembu elithile, bangase bangakufanelekeli ukuvota emincintiswaneni yamuva yeqembu (uma ikhona imingcele enjalo). Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kungaholela ekubhaliseni amaphutha nokungena okungafanele phakathi kwenhloso nemfuno ye-copper nolug. Abanye bathi lokhu kungagcinwa ngemikhanka yemfundo, kodwa ukudidelwa kuhlale kuyimpikiswano eqhubekayo.

Izinzuzo Zokuvala Izimali

Ukulondoloza Ubuni Beqembu Nokwethembeka

Amaprimishini aqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe kuphela anquma ukuthi ubani omelela leliqembu, aqinise ukuhlobana phakathi kwama-parti nomphakathi wawo. Leli lungiselelo liqinisa ukwethembeka kweqembu futhi likhuthaza abavoti ukuba bathathe isiqondiso seqembu. Amaprimishini akwenza kube lula futhi ukuba amalungu abambelele ekulondolozeni ukuvumelana kwemibono futhi athuthukise amapulatifomu, ngoba abafuna ukubhapathizwa kumelwe baphendule esisekelweni esikhethwe ngokunempumelelo ukuba bahlangane neqembu. Kubantu abaningi abashisekela iqembu, lesi isici esiyinhloko senhlangano yezombangazwe.

Okuthandwa Ukwehlukanisa Nokweqisa KukaHandidi

Ngoba ukhetho oluvaliwe lwakhiwa abavoti ababoshiwe, imiphumela ivame kakhulu ukubonisa lokho okuthandwa ngempela amalungu eqembu. Abathathi-nxaxheba babekwa icala ngokuqondile kubantu abazokwakha abasekeli babo abayinhloko okhethweni oluvamile. Lokhu kucacisa kunganciphisa umsindo owenziwe ngabavoti abangaphandle kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso, ukuveza imiphumela eyinhloko eveza abameleli bentando yeqembu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasu avala inqubo yomkhankaso elula: abafuni ukugxila ezindabeni ezithinta umphakathi wabo ngaphandle kokufuna ukulinganisela ukuze bakhange abantu abangewona amalungu.

Ukuba Netheku Elincishisiwe Lokuzitika

Amahhala avalayo avimbela izinhlobo zokuvota ezingekho emthethweni kakhulu ngoba amalungu eqembu elibhalisweyo kuphela athola izimvume. Lokhu kuqeda ithuba lokuthi iqembu elihleliwe elivela embangweni ongabhalisa isikhashana njengelungu ukuze athonye umphumela oyinhloko(nakuba ukuhlasela okunjalo kusengakwenzeka uma umvoti eshintsha ukubhaliswa kwawo kusengaphambili (indlela engavamile nebiza kakhulu). Ngokuvimbela ukuhlanganyela, ukuvala inqubo yeqembu lokuvimbela ukuthatheka kweqembu ekuthatheni imingcele yangaphandle, ukulondoloza ubuqotho bomphumela womthetho womphakathi.

Izithiyo Zezigebengu Ezivalekile

Ukuqothulwa Kwezindiza Ezizimele Nezingafifi

Ukugxekwa okuvelele kakhulu kwezindawo ezivulekileyo kuwukuthi ezingeni eliphansi bahlukanisa ingxenye enkulu nekhula ngokushesha kakhulu ye-votorta: abavoti abazimele. Ngokwe- Pew Research Center[, cishe amaphesenti angu-40 amaMelika achaza ukuthi azimele. Kuyisimiso esivaliweyo, laba bavoti bavalwa enqubeni yokukhetha ngaphandle kokuba babhalisa neqembu elithile ngaphandle kokuba babhalise. Lokhu kungaholela ekunciphiseni isithembiso sovoti nemibono yokuthi isimiso sigunyazwa kulabo abalahla izimpawu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi abafuni abathathi abathathi abathatha i-mbharki emalini ngokungenayo ekwayo.

Ukuwohloka Kwezombangazwe

Ngoba abakhokhi abavalelwe abaphoqelelwa ukuba bafake isikhalo ngokuyinhloko kulowo mcimbi ozinikezele kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile kakhulu, bangandisa ukuhlaliswa kwezindawo. Abasekela ukubekwa kwemifantu phakathi nesisekelo sokuqala bangathatha izikhundla ezikude kakhulu kuvotiwe wemithombo yezindaba, okukwenza kube nzima ukuwina ukhetho oluvamile futhi ulawule ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu "ukubhebhebhezela" kubhalwe kahle: izifundo zesayensi yezombangazwe ezifana iBrennan Center yeJaji [ ix] ixhumene nomthetho ovalekile owengeziwe wokuvota futhi inciphe kakhulu. Lokhu kungaveza ukuthi i-ekhodi engcono lapho i-propatitiventiance efunwa khona kakhulu, izinhlangano ezisahlukene ngokuqhubekayo.

Amandla Okuthola I - voter Turkut Ephansi

Nakuba amaprime avaliwe eqinisekisa ukuthi abaxhasi beqembu bangabakhi besinqumo, futhi bathambekele ekukhiqizeni i-pastor ephansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezimiso ezivulekile. Abavoti abazimele nabangenazo i-flaviflif, abangase bahlanganyele, bayakhishwa. Kwezinye izifunda, ukuvala okuyinhloko phakathi kwabaxhasi ababhalisiwe kuphansi futhi ngenxa yokuthi iqoqo labavoti abafanelekayo lilinganiselwe kakhulu futhi izinhlanga azinciphi. I-asterout ingasho ukuthi ingxenye encane kakhulu yelungu leqembu (ngokuvamile) lamalungu akhuthele kakhulu namalungu emibono ekhona, okungabangela ithonya elingapheli phezu kokukhetha okungakhonziwa, okunganciphi kweqembu elifuna ukuvota.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo Nezinkinga Zezwe Langempela

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezintambo Nemininingwane Evelayo

Ubufakazi obukhona obungafani phakathi kokuvulwa nokuvalwa kwezindawo ezivulekile butholakele. Ukuhlolwa kuka-2020 [u-Fairvote] u-Fairvote [[FLT: 1] inhlangano yathola ukuthi ngezindawo zokuvula eziyinhloko zinesilinganiso samazinga aphakeme acishe abe-3-5 kunalawo anezinga eliphezulu lapho elawula ukuncintisana. Nokho, umphumela awukho ukulingana: izinhlanga ezincintisana kakhulu zingasheshisa igebe kuzo zombili izimiso, kuyilapho izihlalo ezilondekile zingena ngokungena ngokungeniswa nganoma yiluphi uhlobo oluyinhloko. Okusobala ukuthi amaqoqo aphezulu aphakeme kunalawo anezingeni eliphezulu lapho evalekile lapho ethatha iqhaza ekuhlanganyeleni komthetho. Ibhizinisi lentando yentando yeningi liphakathi kokuhlanganyela nokuzibophana kwesibopho.

Ithonya Ekwelapheni Kwesayensi Yesayensi Yezinqubo Nezinqubo Ezivamile

Ama-primmage avamile ukukhuthazwa njengendlela yokulungisa ukuhlaziywa okungabangelwa yizigelekeqe ezivalekile. Ngokuphoqelela abazokufaka isicelo sokudlulisa izikhundla zokukhetha ezibanzi, ama-primmering angaveza izimpondo ezinamandla futhi ezikwazi kakhulu ukuphumelela ukuvota. Ngokuphambene, ama-primporing angaholela ekubeni abanumfens abalwa kakhulu kakhulu ngokwengqondo abalwa ngokhetho oluvamile kodwa bajabulele ukusekelwa ngokuqinile. Nokho, umphumela wangempela uxhomeke ekwakheniseni imibono yamaqembu kahulumeni kanye nokuncintisana kokhetho oluvamile. Kwezinye izigaba ezinkulu, ama-prigrim angase angaholeli abaza kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi abavoli abayinhloko abalwayo kakade bathandwa kakhulu eqeke kakhulu eqeke kakhulu eqenjini elilodwa. Nokho, i-ashmsmotey iyinkimbinkimbi ikhona, kodwa inqubo ebanzi encike kakhulu ehambisana nenkolelo ebanzi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Ahlelekile: Ukuphindaphinda Nemiphumela

Ukukhathazeka ngokuvota okunendawo yokuvota eqeqeshiwe kuvame ukuphakanyiswa kodwa akuvamile ukuqinisekiswa ngokwesilinganiso. Ukucwaninga ngezindawo ezivulekile kubonisa ukuthi abavoti abaningi abavoti abaxhunyiwe baqotho ekukhetheni kwabo omunye umbhanqwana; abahileli ekuncipheni imingcele enqunyiwe. Nokho, kunezenzakalo ezibhalwe kahle lapho ukuhlasela okuhleliwe kuye kwenzeka khona, njengaseRepublic Republican enkulu lapho iDemocratic Republication kubikwa ukuthi yasiza khona ukukhetha umphikisi obuthakathaka kakhulu weqembu labo. Izenzakalo ezinjalo azifani, kodwa zibangela impikiswano eyanele yokugcina le mpikiswano iphila. Izindawo ezishicilo zikhipha lengozi ngokuphelele kodwa ngezindleko zokuzicukuthunga abantu abaningi.

Ukuba Ngowodwa Nomthetho Wentando Yeningi

Kungokombono wenkolelo-ntando yeningi, amaprim avulekile avumelana kakhulu nombono wokhetho njengenqubo yokukhetha kwezakhamuzi, kanti amaprim avalayo agcizelela ukuncintisana kweqembu. Ezizweni ezinezikhawu ezinkulu, amaprimind angadala ukuhluleka okusemthethweni, ngoba izakhamuzi eziningi azinakusho ukuthi ubani ovela ekukhetheni kwazo okuvamile. Lokhu kunenkinga ikakhulukazi kumasifunda azimele lapho ukhetho lungancintisani khona, okusho ukuthi impumelelo enkulu inqumo ikhona i-primmerymery inguquary. Kulezo "zihlalo eziphephile", ukukhishwa kwezihlalo eziyinhloko kufana nokukhishwa kwazo ngokuphelele.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokwelapha I - shydrid Ezandulelayo

Ngaphandle kwezici ezimbili ezivulekile nezivulekile, izifundazwe eziningana ziye zasebenzisa izimiso ezixubile ezizama ukuhlanganisa amandla azo zombili lezi zimo.

Semi-evula amaPrimita

Kusici esiyinhloko, abavoti bangakhetha ngosuku lokhetho ukuthi yiliphi iqembu eliyinhloko elizovota kulo, kodwa kumelwe bameme obala ukukhetha kwabo endaweni yokuvota. Ubudlelwane ababukhethayo bube sebubhaliwe futhi bungathinta imithetho yokuhlanganyela esikhathini esizayo. Lesimiso sinikeza ukuguquguquka okufanayo nokuvula amaprimm kodwa sigcine ezinye izikhombi zeqembu zilandela. Isetshenziswa ezindaweni ezimbalwa nakuzilinganiso ezihlukene kanye nezingaqondani zokulandisa kweqembu.

Ama - semi - Primicrial Avalekile

Ama-Semi-primted avumela abavoti abazimele noma abangafifiki ukuba bahlanganyele kwezesigaba esiyinhloko ngisho noma bengabhaliswanga nalowombuthano, kodwa abafaki ababhaliswayo nanoma yimuphi omunye umkhakha. Lokhu kunikeza izwi ngokuzimele kuyilapho kuvimbela ukuvota kwabameleneyo. Cishe amazwe angu-15 asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwesiqalo esivalekile. Lesimiso sivame ukubonakala njengesephula umthetho owephula umthetho ophathelene nokuthembeka kweqembu kuyilapho kunweba kunomkhethi ozibusayo okhulayo.

Izindlu Zomshinyana Eziphezulu Ezimbili Nezingaphakamisi

Ezinye zisho ukuthi “‘ ngokuphawulekayo iCalifornia, iWashington, ne-Alaska ziye zasebenzisa izimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko lapho bonke abacela ukuvota, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangenele iqembu, bevela khona ebhodini elilodwa eliyinhloko, futhi abavoti ababili abaphezulu baqhubekela phambili kukhetho oluvamile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlangene nabaphi. Lesi simiso siqeda ngokuphumelelayo iziphathi zezindawo ze-pringansities futhi siye sathuthukiswa njengendlela yokunciphisa ukukhisa ngokukhuthaza abavoti ukuba basekele abazokwehlela eqenjini. Futhi siphinde sifake i-calculus eqophelweni, njengoba abavoti abamele ukunxusa bonke abavoti kunokuba bakhethe iqembu elilodwa. Ukucwaninga kusuka ku-[Ft: 0] Calbridge University [[FLT] Prence:1]

Isiphetho

Impikiswano phakathi kwezindawo ezivulekile nezivaliwe ngokuyinhloko iyimpikiswano ngenjongo yokhetho oluyinhloko ngokwalo. Ukuvula amaprimenti kubeka kuqala ukuthatheka, ukuthatha isinyathelo esibanzi, kanye nethuba lokulinganisela. Amaprimend agcizelela ukuthembeka kweqembu, ukuvumelana, namalungelo amaqembu ahleliwe ukuze anqume ukuma kwawo. Asikho isimiso esingenaphutha; ngalinye lithatha ukudayisa okuthinta ukuma, ukuthatha isigaba, kanye nokuthatha isikhundla sedemokrati.

Othisha nabafundi abahlaziya lezizimiso kufanele bacabangele umongo wezombangazwe , ubukhulu bokhetho oluzimele, amandla ezinhlangano zeqembu, kanye nezinga lokuhlalisana kwezinga-kanye (izindawo ezisebenzayo). Ukuthambekela eminyakeni yamuva bekulokhu kubhekiselwa ezimisweni ezivulekile ngokwengeziwe, neziphethe njengeColorado ne Utah eziqalayo zivaleke zivule izikhundla zokhetho. Ngaso sinye isikhathi, amanye amazwe aye ashintsha, aqinisa izimfuneko zokubhalisa amaqembu ukuze avikele i-partum. Ukuqonda ubufakazi obungokwesiko nezimpikiswano ezivamile ezilandela indawo ngayinye kubalulekile kubaluleke nganoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela abaholi bawo abakhetha ngayo abaholi bawo noma abavule izakhiwo zezombangazwe.

Ekugcineni, ukukhethwa kwesimiso esiyinhloko akuyona nje imininingwane yobuchwepheshe kodwa kuwuphawu lwezindinganiso ezigxile kakhulu ngentando yeningi, ukumelelwa, nendima yamaqembu ezombangazwe. Njengoba ivoti iqhubeka ibheduka, impikiswano phakathi kwezindaba ezivulekile nezivaliwe iyohlala iyingxenye eyinhloko yezingxoxo zenguquko yokhetho lwaseMelika.