Isingeniso: Ababaleki Nabafuni Be - Asylmu eNdiya

Izwe laseNdiya sekuyisikhathi eside liyindawo ababaleki nabafuna isikhoselo ababalekela ushushiso, izingxabano, nokungantengi emazweni angomakhelwane nangalé. Izwe linezakhamuzi ezinabantu abathutheleka ngokuphoqelelwa eTibet, Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, futhi muva nje, ezindaweni ezinjenge-Iraq ne-Siriya. NgokweZizwe Ezihlangene eziphethe abanqolobane ababaleka ezindaweni ezihlukene, i-UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ikhotha amakhulu ezinkulungwane zababaleki nabafuni bezindawo, nakuba kunzima ukuqaphela ukuthi amaqembu amaningi angekho isimiso sokubhalisa esingokomthetho. Ukuqonda amalungelo angokomthetho alaba bantu akuyona nje kuphela indaba yokukhathalela kokusiza abantu kodwa futhi okubucayi ekulondolozeni isivikelo sabo, isithunzi, futhi nokuhlanganisa umphakathi wamaNdiya.

Ngokungafani nezizwe eziningi, iNdiya ayinawo umthetho wasekhaya obanzi. Kunalokho, uhlelo olungokomthetho olulawula ababaleki eNdiya luyiqoqo lemikhankaso yomthetho-sisekelo, umthetho wezwe jikelele, imithetho yezomthetho wesiko, nezindlela zokuphatha zobuhoki. Lesi sakhiwo esihlukene sidala amathuba nokungaqiniseki kulabo abafuna isivikelo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okuqinile kwamalungelo angokomthetho ababaleki nabafuna indawo yokukhosela eNdiya, sihlola izinselele ababhekene nazo, futhi sihlola imizamo eqhubekayo yokuqinisa isikhundla sabo.

Izakhelo Ezingokomthetho Ababaleki Abalawulayo eNdiya

Isimiso esiyinhloko somthetho sokuvikela ababaleki embulungeni yonke yi-951 Isivumelwano se-UN Community kanye nomthetho wayo [[FLT:] 197]. INdiya ayiyona i-osayindayo kunoma yisiphi ithuluzi. Naphezu kwalendlela engagunyaziwe, i-Indiya iye yanamathela ngokusekelwe emisweni eyisisekelo ye- i-oulementment [ — ukunqabela ukubuyela komba umbango ensimini lapho ibhekene nezinsongo ezingathi sína khona ekuphileni noma inkululeko. Lesi simiso siqapheleka kakhulu njengengxenye yomthetho wezizwe zonke futhi sibopha zonke izigaba zesivumelwano.

Indlela ye-Indiya ithonywe izibopho zayo zomthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya uqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo kubo “bonke abantu,” hhayi nje izakhamuzi. Izihloko 14 (ilungelo lokulingana), 21 (ilungelo lokuphila nenkululeko yomuntu), ne 22 (ukuvikelwa ekuboshweni nokuboshwa ngokungemthetho) ziye zachazwa iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba zinwebelele kubantu ababaleki nabafuna indawo yokukhosela. Ngokwesibonelo, ecaleni lengqoko yesifunda [[FLT: 0] iNational Human Rights Commission v. State of Arunacharal Pradesh[[[FLT:] [196], iNkanto Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi ilungelo lokuphila ngaphansi kweSiphakathi 21 lisebenza kubantu bonke, kuhlanganise nababaleki.

Kungekho mthetho onikezelwe, isimo sababaleki sifezwa yizinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zamaqembu ahlukene. I-UNHCR iqhuba i-RSD yabafuni bezindawo zokukhosela abangekho emazweni aphethwe ngokuqondile uhulumeni wamaNdiya (njenge-Tibetan neSri Lankans). INkonzo yezindaba zasekhaya iqondisa izindaba zababaleki, ne-RSD Act, 1946, kanye ne-Rebitation of Porternal Act, 1939, ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukungena, ukuhlala, kanye nokuhamba kwabo bonke abantu bakwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nabaleki bakwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nokwenza i-presethi esemthethweni.

Izingxenye Zababaleki Nokwelashwa Kwazo Okuhlukile

Isimo sababaleki esingokomthetho nesingokoqobo siyahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuye ngokuthi bavela kuphi nakumazwe abahlala kuwo nangesimo sezombangazwe.

Ababaleki BaseTibet

AmaTibetan afika eNdiya ngemva kokuvukela kuka-1959 aphakathi kwemiphakathi esungulwe kakhulu yababaleki. Bakhishwa “Izitifiketi zokubhalisa” nguhulumeni waseNdiya futhi bavunyelwe ukusebenza, amabhizinisi, nokungena ezinkonzweni zomphakathi. Nokho, abanikezwa zenzakaleli ukuba babe yizakhamuzi zaseNdiya, futhi isikhundla sabo esingokomthetho sihlala sintentente, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwe-2019 Cotizentizestship Act (CA) eziwakhiphela ngokuqondile enqubeni yokuzimela engokwemvelo yabafuduki abavela emazweni angomakhelwane.

Ababaleki BeTamil ESri Lanka

AmaTamil aseSri Lanka aye afika kusukela ngawo-1980. Abanye bahlala emakamu kahulumeni axhaswe uhulumeni e-Tamil Nadu, lapho bethola khona ukudla, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nemfundo. Abanye bahlala ngaphandle kwamakamu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Ukuma kwabo kulawulwa yiziqondiso zezikhulu futhi akusekelwa imithetho. Abaningi abanazo izincwadi zokwaziswa ezenza ukuba kusebenze ngenkululeko noma umsebenzi osemthethweni.

IMyanmar (iBurmese) ababaleki

I-Myanmar ababaleki, ikakhulukazi abavela ezindaweni zaseRohinga naseChin, babhekene nezinselele ezinkulu. Lapho i-UNHCR iphatha i-RSD yabo, uhulumeni waseNdiya uye wathatha ukuma okumelene neRohinga, ebabiza ngokuthi abafuduki abangekho emthethweni futhi uzama ukuxoshwa. Ngo-2017, uhulumeni wamemezela icebo lokuxosha bonke abaRohinga, ukuveza izinselele ezingokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme isazokhipha isinqumo sokugcina ngokomthetho sokudingiswa okunjalo ngaphansi kwesimiso sokungadingiswa.

I - Afghan, ISomali, Nabanye Ababaleki

Ababaleki base-Ffghan — kokubili amaHindu/amaSulumane ama-Hindu amaqedwana nama-Sulumane afuna isikhoselo — babhaliswa kakhulu nge-UNHCR. Babhekene nobunzima bemvume nemvume yomsebenzi. Ababaleki baseSomalia, e-Iraq, nezinye izindawo zempi ngokufanayo bancike ezincwadini ze-UNHCR, ngokuvamile ezingaqashelwa iziphathimandla zamaNdiya ukuze zingene ezinkonzweni zikahulumeni.

Amalungelo Ababaleki Nabafuni Bomthetho WaseNdiya

Nakuba kungagunyazwanga ukuba kube umthetho owodwa, kunamalungelo amaningana ababaleki nabafuna isiphephelo eNdiya, asuselwa eziqinisekisini ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho nasemacaleni.

Ilungelo lokungaphindiseli

Isimiso sokungangeni ekutholeni imali siyisisekelo sesivikelo sababaleki. Izinkantolo zamaNdiya ziye zaqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke ukwazi ukubuyisela umuntu ezweni lapho ebhekene nengozi enkulu yoshushiso, ukuhlushwa, noma ukufa. Kyaram v. Ubumbano lweNdiya[ [208], iNkantolo Ephezulu yahlala idingisiwe umkhaya wakwaRohinga, iveza ingozi yokuqothulwa kohlanga eMyanmar.

Ilungelo Lokuphila Nenkululeko Yomuntu Siqu (Article 21)

Ababaleki banelungelo lokuphila nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuphila ngesithunzi, okuhlanganisa ukuthola ukudla, indawo yokuhlala, nokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha. K.A. Mathagan v. iSuperintendent, iJail, iTiruchirapli, inkantolo yayithi ngisho nowesifiki ongekho emthethweni akanakuphucwa ilungelo lokuphila.

Ilungelo Lokulingana (I - Article 14)

Ilungelo lokulingana lisebenza kubo bonke abantu. Ababaleki abanakubandlululwa ngenxa yobuzwe noma isimo sababaleki. Nokho, ngokomthetho, ukuphathwa ngendlela ehlukile kwenzeka, njengokukhishwa kweRohinga ezimisweni zempilo yomphakathi noma ukuncishwa kwemisebenzi kuvumela ababaleki basemadolobheni.

Ilungelo lokusebenza

Ilungelo lokusebenza aliqiniseki ngokusemthethweni kubabaleki. ababaleki baseTibet abanezitifiketi zokuBhalisa bangasebenza ngokomthetho. Abanye kumelwe bathembele ekuphaneni kwabaqashi noma emsebenzini owenziwa ngokwethukela, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwesivikelo esingokomthetho. i-Fernormark Act ibeka imingcele emsebenzini, futhi ababaleki abangenazo izimvume ezingokomthetho zokufaka izingozi zokuboshwa noma ukudingiswa.

Ukuthola Imfundo Nokunakekela Impilo

ISiphakamiso 21A (ilungelo lemfundo) sisebenza kuphela ezakhamuzini. Nokho, izingane eziningi zababaleki zingena ezikoleni zikahulumeni ngokulawula. Izempilo zikhona ezibhedlela zomphakathi, kodwa ukuntuleka kwezincwadi zokwaziswa kuvame ukuholela ekuphikisweni kokwelashwa. Ababaleki abanamakhadi e-UNHCR bangathola ukusekela okuthile ku-NGOS, kodwa izinkonzo zikahulumeni ziyaguquguquka.

Ukuthola Usizo Olungokomthetho

Ababaleki banelungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho, ikakhulukazi lapho beboshiwe noma bedingiswa. Ama-NGOS aningana, njenge- Law Asty Community Network ne Amnesty International India[, anikeza usizo lwe-probono olusemthethweni. Nokho, ukufinyelela ebulungisani kuhlala kulinganiselwe ngenxa yemingcele yolimi nokuntula ukuqapha.

Izinselele Ababaleki ENdiya Ababhekene Nazo

Naphezu kwesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, ababaleki eNdiya babhekana nezithiyo eziningi ezilulaza ukulondeka nenhlalakahle yabo.

Ukuntuleka Kwesimo Esingokomthetho

Ababaleki abaningi abanaso isimo esingokomthetho esiqashelwa yizwe laseNdiya. Baphila ngemvume yesikhashana, amakhadi e-UNHCR, noma bangawabhali nhlobo. Lokhu kwakha isimo sokuzimela okungalungiseki, lapho noma iluphi ushintsho kumthetho lungaholela ekuboshweni noma ekudingisweni. Ukungabikho kwesimiso esingokomthetho kubenza baxhashazwe abaqashi, abanikazi, ngisho nabaye abasebenzi bomthetho.

Ukuzibopha Nokulahlekelwa

Abafuni be-asylmum, ikakhulukazi uRohinga no-Afghans, bavame ukuvalelwa emajele noma ezikhungweni zokuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Uhulumeni waseNdiya uye wakha amakamu amaningana okuvalelwa, abekwe ezikhungweni zeziboshwa zase-Assam, ngokusobala ngenxa “yabezizwe eziboshiwe.” Izimo zezethukunga zimpofu, futhi ababambeki abaningi abanakho ukufinyelela iseluleko esingokomthetho noma ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene namalungelo abo.

Uhlelo olulinganiselwe lokubhalwa

Ngaphandle kwemininingwane efanele, ababaleki abanakuvula ama-akhawunti ebhange, omakhalekhukhwini, noma indawo yokuqasha. Iziphathimandla zamaNdiya aziwamukeli amabhukwana abhaliwe njalo ama-UNHCR-ixoxile. Ngokwesibonelo, ikhadi le-Aadhaar (i-ID yokuhlukanisa) liboshelwe ebufakazini be-iwold noma indawo yokuhlala ende, ababaleki abaningi abangenayo.

Ukubandlululwa NoXenophobia

Ababaleki, ikakhulukazi uRohinga, babhekene nobandlululo olusakazeke kabanzi nenkulumo ezondayo. Abaholi bezombangazwe nemithombo yezindaba ngokuvamile babaveza njengosongo lokulondeka noma umthwalo onzima wokuhlala kwabantu.

Izakhi Ezisekelwe Emkhunjini

Abesifazane namantombazane ababaleki babhekana nezingozi ezikhudlwana zobudlova obubangelwa ubulili nabesifazane. Ukungahambisani nezingane, imiphakathi enabesifazane, ne-LGBTQ+ ababaleki babhekene nezinga elikhungethwe kakhulu, ngoba isimiso somthetho asibanikezi sivikelo esikhethekile.

Imizamo Ye - NGO Neyamazwe Ngamazwe Yokuthuthukisa Amalungelo Ababaleki

Izinhlangano eziningana zisebenza ukuze zigcwalise igebe lesivikelo elishiywe ukuntuleka komthetho wesizwe.

I- INdiya ye-UNCR [ inikeza ukubhalisa, i-RSD, nosizo kubabaleki abawela ngaphansi komthetho wayo. Isebenza emahhovisi angu-11 kulo lonke elaseNdiya futhi inikeza usizo lwemali, i-operal, i-operations, nemfundo. Nokho, amandla ayo alinganiselwe, futhi ababaleki abaningi, ikakhulukazi baseSri Lanka, abakhonjwa yi-UNHCR.

Izinhlangano ezingezona zezohulumeni ezinjenge BAOSCO , [[FLT:] Josuit Inkonzo yababaleki (JRS], [[FLT:]]] Refuge Rights India [, [[FLT]]] ne inikeza usizo olungokomthetho, ukuqeqesha umsebenzi, nokukhipha umphakathi. [[FLT] Imithetho ye-FLT] Izethulogis ezimo ezingokokubalekisiweyo nakwethulile. [[FLT:]] Izenethi ye-FLT] ifake izihloko ezimbalwa zezindawo ezingokokubaleka. [[FLT]

Kuye kwaphindaphindwa izingcingo zomphakathi ze-Indiya zokuba kumiswe uMthetho woMfuduko no-Astylum . Izindleko zedraft, njengoMthetho we- we-Ivisions [uMthethweni we-2015 olungiselelwe yi-Lawybiers’s Collegiated, ubekwe kuhulumeni kodwa uhlale ungasetshenziswa.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Izindawo ezingokomthetho ababaleki eNdiya ziye zaba nentuthuko ethile ebalulekile eminyakeni yamuva.

ISichizelo soMphetho se-Curtified Act (CAA) 2019 yanikeza iziyalezo ezingokwemvelo kubantu abavela e-Pakistan, e-Afghanistan, naseBangladesh, kodwa yawakhipha ngokuqondile amaSulumane nabo bonke ababaleki eMyanmar, eSri Lanka, nakwamanye amazwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-CAA yephula isimiso sokungathathiwenziwa yizinto ezingokwenkolo. I-A i-A ibekelwe inselele eNkanto eMthethweni Ephakeme, futhi umsebenzi wayo uyaqhubeka.

I- National Register of Citizens (NRC) e-Assam, eyayihlose ukuveza abafuduki abangekho emthethweni, yadala ukwesaba okukhulu phakathi kwababaleki, ikakhulukazi amaSulumane namaHindu akhuluma isiBengali aseBangladesh. Isihlongoso sikahulumeni sokukhipha izixwayiso ezweni lonke nge-NRC mayelana nokukhishwa nokuvalelwa kwababaleki.

Endulo yokwahlulela, iNkantolo Ephakeme iMohammad Saleem v.Union of India (2021) yakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuxosha umuntu ngaphandle kokulandela inqubo efanele nokuhlola ingozi yoshushiso. Nokho, inkantolo ayikasinikezi isinqumo esiqinisekile ngomthetho wenkambiso kahulumeni wokususa iRohingya.

Ngo-2022, uMnyango we-Home Affairs wamemezela i-Explorating Procedire (SOP) esebenzelana nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe [, kuhlanganise nabafuni besivikelo. Nakuba i-SOP ihlose ukulandela izinqubo zomjaho, iye yagxekwa ngokuvumela ukuvalelwa okunganqamukiyo nokunganikezi inqubo engokomthetho yokuzimisela isikhundla sababaleki.

Ukubheka phambili, isidingo somthetho onikezelwe siphuthuma kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Ukungabikho komthetho wababaleki kushiya i-Indiya ingena ezimisweni zomhlaba wonke futhi kudala ukungaqiniseki kwayo kokubili inqubo ye-RSD kanye nombuso. Izazi nabasekeli baye bahlongoza ukusondela [ okulinganayo okuhlobana nokulondeka kwe-Indiya lapho isekela amalungelo abantu. Izici eziyinhloko zomthetho wesikhathi esizayo kufanele zihlanganise: inqubo ekhanyayo ye-RSD, isikhundla esilondekile esingokomthetho sababalekiyo, isimiso somsebenzi esivumela ukuba bangabaleki, ukufinyelela izinkonzo zomphakathi, nokuvikela ekuboshweni okungenayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda amalungelo angokomthetho ababaleki nabafuni bezikhoselo eNdiya kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni isivikelo sabo nesithunzi. Nakuba iNdiya inesiko eliqinile lomthetho ngokomthetho elinamalungelo ayisisekelo kubo bonke abantu, ukuntuleka komthetho wekhaya obanzi kubangela ukuswelakala kwesivikelo. Ababaleki baphila esimweni sokungaqiniseki, bethembele ekuqondiseni komthetho nasekungeneleni komthetho ukuze baqhubeke bephila. Izinselele ababhekene nazo — kusukela ekuboshweni kuya ekubandlululwani — zigcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuguqula isimilo esingokomthetho. Ukuqinisa amalungelo ababaleki akuyona nje indaba yesibopho esingokomthetho kodwa futhi kubonisa ukuvalwa kwezindawo zezenhlalo ezimide zaseNdiya. Njengoba ukuthatha indawo esemhlabeni kuqhubeka, iNdiya inethuba lokuhola ngesibonelo futhi yamukela ukwakheka okungokomthetho okuhambisana nokuzibophana kwesizwe nesibopho sokuziphatha kwabantu.

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