Table of Contents

Ukuthunyelelwa Emaphephani Ohlelo Lokulwela Uhulumeni

Amaphaphu e-Federalist ameleliwe njengenye yeqoqo elibaluleke kakhulu lemibhalo yezombangazwe emlandweni waseMelika. Lezizincwadi ezingu-85, ezabhalwa phakathi nenkathi enzima ekusungulweni kwezwe, zimelela okungaphezulu kakhulu kwezincwadi ezingokomlando − ziyifasitela ezingqondweni zabaklami besimiso sombuso wentando yeningi waseMelika nesiqondiso sokuqonda isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esisabusa i-United States namuhla.

Njengoba yabhalwa phakathi kukaOctober 1787 noAugust 1788, amaFederalist Paper adalwa ngenjongo eqondile nephuthumayo: ukukholisa izakhamuzi zaseNew York ukuba zibuyisele uMthetho - sisekelo weUnited States osanda kuhlongozwa. Ngesikhathi lapho ikusasa lesizwe esincane lilenga esilinganisweni, lezizindaba zaveza icala likahulumeni onamandla kakhulu kuyilapho zikhuluma ngokwesaba nokukhathalela kwalabo ababekhathazekile ngamandla aphakeme.

Namuhla, amaFederalist Paper asalokhu efundwa nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda uhulumeni waseMelika, umthetho womthetho-mthetho, nezimiso zombuso. Ayaqhubeka ecashunwa amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, ahlolwa yizazi, futhi abhekiswe ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe kulo lonke uhlaka lwemibono. Kubantu abafuna ukuhileleka ngokunenjongo emibuzweni ephathelene namandla kahulumeni, amalungelo abantu ngabanye, nendima efanele yezinhlangano zikahulumeni, lezi zincwadi zinikeza umongo nokuqonda okubalulekile.

Umlando: Okwenza Kwabhalwa Amaphepha AngokobuFederal

Ubuthakathaka Bezihloko Zokuhlenga

Ukuze uqonde i-Federalist Papers, umuntu kumelwe aqale aqonde isimo sezombangazwe esafuna ukusungulwa kwazo. Ngemva kweNguquko yaseMelika, izifundazwe eziyishumi nantathu ezasebenza ngaphansi kweTheats of Confederation, incwadi ebusayo eyasungula ngamabomu uhulumeni obuthakathaka. Isizukulwane sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, sasanda kulwa impi nalokho esasikubheka njengokubusa kweBrithani okunonya, sasisola kakhulu ukubusa kukahulumeni ophakeme.

Nokho, iZihlokwana zeConfederation zabonakala zingafaneleki ukubusa isizwe esasisakhula. Uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe wawungenawo amandla okukhokha izintela ze-levy, ulawula ezentengiselwano ezisezweni ezizimele, noma usebenzise imithetho yawo siqu. Umbuso ngamunye wasebenza cishe njengesizwe esizimele, wakha imali yawo nezimiso zokuhwebelana. Uhulumeni ophethe wayengeke amise ibutho ngaphandle kokucela amabutho ezwe, futhi wayengenalo igatsha eliphethe ukuphoqelela izinqumo zenhlangano noma igatsha lokwahlulela ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano.

Isiyaluyalu sezomnotho, izingxabano zezwe, nezenzakalo ezifana neSadukeyi eMassachusetts zabonisa ukuthi isivumelwano sasihluleka. Isizwe sabhekana nethuba langempela lokuhlukana sibe amazwe ahlukene noma ukuwela izisulu zemibuso yangaphandle. Kwacaca ukuthi uhlelo oluqinile lukahulumeni lwaludingeka ukuze kusinde ukuzama kwaseMelika.

Isivumelwano Somthetho - sisekelo Nempikiswano Yokuchayeka

NgoMay 1787, izihambeli ezivela ezifundeni eziyishumi nambili zahlangana ePhiladelphia ngenxa yalokho okwabizwa ngokuthi iConvention of Constitution. Phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa, labameleli baphikisana, bahlehla, futhi ekugcineni bamisa uMthetho - sisekelo omusha owawuzothatha indawo yeZiphakamiso Zokuhlanganisa. UMthetho - sisekelo ohlongozwayo wasungula amagatsha amathathu ahlukene, wanikeza uMkhandlu amandla okukhokha intela nokulawula ezohwebo, futhi wamisa isimiso sokuhlola nezilinganiso eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma igatsha elilodwa ukuba libe namandla kakhulu.

Nokho, ukwakha uMthetho-sisekelo kwakuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela. Ukuze kusebenze, okungenani isishiyagalolunye sezifunda eziyishumi nantathu ezazidinga ukuwenza uvuselelwe ngemihlangano ekhethekile. Lokhu kwabangela impikiswano enkulu yesizwe phakathi kwamaFederalist, asekela uMthetho-sisekelo omusha, nabaxhasi be-Anti-Federalist, ababewuphikisa ngezizathu zokuthi wawunika uhulumeni omkhulu kakhulu futhi wawungenazo isivikelo esanele samalungelo abantu ngabanye.

INew York yayiyindawo yempi enzima kulempikiswano yokudukisa. Njengenye yezifunda ezinkulu kakhulu nenethonya elikhulu, ukuvunyelwa kwayo kwakubalulekile ukuze uMthetho-sisekelo uphumelele. Kodwa iNew York futhi yayinobukhona obunamandla be-Anti-Federalist, eyayiholwa uMbusi uGeorge Clinton. Kwakukulokhu lapho u-Alexander Hamilton acabanga khona ngomqondo wokunyathelisa uchungechunge lwezindaba ukuze enze icala lokufuna ukuhlanekezelwa.

Abaqambi Bengomuva "Publius"

U - Alexander Hamilton: Umklami Oyinhloko

U-Alexander Hamilton, ummeli waseNew York nowayengummeli kaGeorge Washington phakathi neMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, wayengumshoshozeli oshukumisayo we-Federalist Papers. Wathatha isakhiwo, wathatha abanye ababhali, futhi wabhala eziningi zezincwadi zengqikithi engu-85. UHamilton wayengummeli oshisekayo kahulumeni onamandla futhi wayehileleke kakhulu eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo.

Izindaba zikaHamilton zivame ukugxila ezindabeni zegatsha eliphethe, zejaji, zentela, nezempi. Indlela yakhe yokubhala yayinamandla futhi iqondile, ibonisa ukuqiniseka kwakhe ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla wawubalulekile ekuchumeni nasekulondekeni kwesizwe. Iminikelo kaHamilton ihlanganisa ezinye zezithiyo ezivame ukucashunwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezikhuluma ngamandla aphezulu kanye nokwakheka kwejaji likahulumeni.

UJames Madison: UYise WoMthetho - sisekelo

UJames Madison, isihambeli saseVirginia esasinendima eyinhloko ekubhaleni uMthetho-sisekelo, wanikela ngezincwadi ezingu-29 eqoqweni. Ngokuvamile ubizwa ngokuthi "uBaba woMthetho-sisekelo," uMadison waletha ulwazi olungenakuqhathaniswa ngamalungiselelo alo nolusekelwe kulo. Izincwadi zakhe zibonakala ngokuhlaziywa ngokucophelela, izibonelo ezingokomlando, nezingxoxo ezihleliwe.

Umnikelo kaMadison odume kakhulu ngu Federalist No. 10, okhuluma ngenkinga yamaqembu ahlukene eriphabliki futhi uthi irepublic enkulu, ehlukene ihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuvimbela noma iliphi icebo elithile ekubuseni kunento encane, efanayo. Wabhala futhi kabanzi ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, isimo sombuso, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni nohulumeni. Izincwadi zikaMadison zivame ukubhekwa njengezazi kakhulu zefilosofi ze-Federalist Papers.

UJohn Jay: Umbono Wombono Wodiplomat

UJohn Jay, owayesebenza njengoNobhala wezindaba zangaphandle ngaphansi kweZihloko zeConfederation, wanikela ngezindaba ezinhlanu kulomsebenzi. Ukuhlanganyela kukaJay kwakulinganiselwe ngenxa yokugula, kodwa izimhlomelo zakhe zazigxile ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe nasekulondekeni kwesizwe (apho wayenolwazi olukhethekile. Waphikisa ngokuthi isizwe esinobunye ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo sasingakwazi ukuxoxa kangcono nemibuso yangaphandle, silwele izinsongo zangaphandle, futhi silondoloze ukuthula phakathi kwezifundazwe.

Nakuba incane ngenani, iminikelo kaJay yanikeza umbono obalulekile ngezilinganiso zomthetho sisekelo wezwe lonke kanye nezinzuzo eziwusizo zobunye ngaphandle kokwehlukana.

Kungani kubizwa igama lenkohliso elithi “Publius"?

Abalobi abathathu banyathelisa izindatshana zabo ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa elithi propenim "Publius," ukubhekisela kuPublius Valerius Publiola, umsunguli weRiphabliki yamaRoma owaziwa ngemizamo yakhe yokulinganisela amandla nokuvikela inkululeko. Lokhu kwabonisa kokubili imfundo yakudala eyayivamile phakathi koFata abaFundi beSibalo kanye nesifiso sabo sokuveza impikiswano ehlangene kunokuba kube imibono yabo ngabanye. I-Publius Valeriolaus, umsunguli weRiphabliki wamaRoma owaziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe yokulinganisela amandla nokuvikela inkululeko.

Ukuhlelwa Nokusakazwa KweziNkathi Zokuthula

AmaPhepha eFederali akhishwa kuqala njengezindaba ezikodwa kumaphephandaba aseNew York, ngokuyinhloko i-Infinsificity Journal[FLT: 1], , iNew York Packet, ne [[FLT] i-Daily Adverchiserr[. Indaba yokuqala yavela ngo-October 27, 1787, futhi yaqhubeka ikhishwa njalo ezinyangeni ezilandelayo. Izindaba kamuva zahlanganiswa futhi zanyatheliswa ngezincwadi ngevolithi ezimbili, iqala ukuvela ngo-1988 kanye ngo-May 17888.8.

Indaba ngayinye yayikhuluma ngezici ezithile zoMthetho-sisekelo ohlongozwayo noma yasabela ekugxekweni okuthile okungaqondakali kwe-Anti-Federalist. Nakuba zingafundwa ngazinye, lezi zindaba zihlanganisa zonke, zakhe indaba ebanzi ukuze zihlotshiswe. Ababhali babhala ngejubane eliphawulekayo, ngezinye izikhathi baveza izintathelo eziningi ngesonto kuyilapho beqondisa eminye imithwalo yabo yemfanelo yobuchwepheshe.

Izindaba zanyatheliswa kabanzi emaphephandabeni kuzo zonke izifundazwe, zidlulela ithonya lazo ngalé kweNew York. Nakuba kunzima ukubona ithonya lazo eliqondile ezimpikiswaneni zokuhlobisa, ngokuqinisekile zanezela esimweni sokuhlakanipha lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wahlolwa futhi ekugcineni wavunyelwa.

Izindikimba Ezinkulu Nezimpikiswano Emaphephani Ohlelo Lomphakathi

Ukudingeka Kobunye

Izindaba zokuqala zeFederalist Papers, ikakhulukazi lezo ezabhalwa nguJohn Jay noAlexander Hamilton, zigcizelela ukubaluleka kokulondoloza ukuhlangana okuqinile phakathi kwezwe. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlukana kungaholela empikiswaneni phakathi kwezwe, kwenza isizwe sibe sesimweni esibucayi emibusoni yangaphandle, futhi kunciphe ukuchuma kwezomnotho.

Lezi zindaba zikhuluma ngezinkinga eziwusizo eziphathelene nokuvikela, ukuhwebelana, nokusebenzelana kwezindaba, okwenza kube yiqiniso ukuthi izwe elinobunye lalizoqina, lilondeke futhi lichume kakhulu kunezifunda ezihlukene eziyishumi nantathu noma izinhlangano eziningana zezifunda.

Uhulumeni WaseRepublic Nenkinga Yeqiniso

Enye yezimpikiswano ezinethonya kakhulu kuyiFederalist Papers kuMadison's Federalist No. 10, ekhuluma ngenselele yamaqembu eRepublic. UMadison uchaza iqembu lezakhamuzi ezihlanganiswe yisithakazelo esihlangeneyo esimelene namalungelo ezinye izakhamuzi noma izithakazelo zomphakathi uwonke. Uphikisa ngokuthi amaqembu awumphumela ongenakugwenywa wemvelo yomuntu nenkululeko, futhi lowo ozama ukuwaqeda uyodinga ukuqeda inkululeko ewavumela ukuba amise.

Kunokuba azame ukuqeda amaqembu, uMadison uveza ukuthi ukulawula imiphumela yawo ngokwakhiwa kukahulumeni. Uveza ukuthi irepublic enkulu, ehlanganisa izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene nendawo enkulu, iwufanele kangcono lo msebenzi kunesimiso sentando yeningi esincane, esiqondile. Erpabhulikini enkulu, kuba nzima kakhulu nganoma isiphi isigaba esisodwa ukuba sizuze iningi, futhi ukuhlukahluka kwezithakazelo kwenza ukuba abameleli bangabanjwa yizinkathazo ezilinganiselwe. Lempikiswano yaguqula ukuhlakanipha okuvamile ekhanda layo, njengoba izazi eziningi zezombangazwe zangaleso sikhathi zikholelwa ukuthi amarepublic angasebenza kuphela emiphakathini emincane, engu-Angline.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

Isihloko esiyinhloko kuyo yonke i-Federalist Papers sibalulekile ukuhlukanisa imibuso kahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene nokwakha izimiso zegatsha ngalinye ukuze lihlole amanye. U Federali No. 51 uqukethe okunye kokuhlela okudumile kwalesimiso, uphikisa ngokuthi "isikhundla kumelwe siwenzelwe ukulwa nokufuna isikhundla" nokuthi isimo sikahulumeni kufanele siklanywe ukuze igatsha ngalinye libe nakho kokubili ukukwazi nokuzimela ukugxambulela ezinye.

Abalobi bachaza indlela uMthetho-sisekelo ohlukanisa ngayo amandla phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho, abaphathi, nabezokwahlulela, nendlela igatsha ngalinye elinamathuluzi akhethekile ngayo okuhlola amanye. ISishaya - mthetho singayidlulisa imithetho, kodwa uMongameli angayigunyaza, futhi izinkantolo zingayimemezela ngokungemthetho. UMongameli uyayala ibutho, kodwa uKhongolo ulawula ukuxhasa ngezimali futhi unamandla okumemezela impi. Abahluleli bamiselwe ukuphila ukuze baqinisekise inkululeko, kodwa bamiswe nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswe yiSigebe.

Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sasiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ubushiqela ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elinganqwabelana amandla amaningi kakhulu. iFederalist Papers iphikisa ngokuthi lesisakhiwo, sihlangene nohulumeni (ukuhlukana kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni), sinikeza izingqimba eziningi zesivikelo senkululeko.

Uhulumeni Nokulinganisela Phakathi Kwamandla Ezwe NoMbuso

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nemibuso buyisihloko esiphindaphindwayo kuyiFederalist Papers. Labalobi kwadingeka bahambe ngokucophelela, bephikisa ngokuthi uMthetho - sisekelo wanikeza uhulumeni wombuso amandla anele okusingatha ukukhathazeka kwesizwe kuyilapho uqinisekisa abafundi ukuthi awusongelanga ubukhosi bombuso noma ukudala uhulumeni wesizwe oqinile ozominza imibuso.

Izindaba zichaza umqondo wemibuso ekhona ngokuhlukanisayo − umqondo wokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni unikwe wona kuphela ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo, nawo wonke amanye amagunya agcinelwe izifundazwe noma abantu. Baxoxa ngeSipremacy Claus, eyenza umthetho kahulumeni ube mkhulu kakhulu kunemithetho ephikisanayo kahulumeni, kodwa baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuba amazwe angalulazi isimiso sombuso ezindaweni lapho uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza igunya kuhulumeni.

Abalobi bagcizelela futhi ukuthi izifundazwe zaziyogcina amandla abalulekile futhi zifeze indima ebalulekile esimisweni sikahulumeni. Ohulumeni boMbuso babeyoqhubeka besingatha izindaba eziningi ezithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke, futhi babezomelela uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ngoSigeqe nange-Electoral College.

Izakhiwo Namandla Omhlangano

Izindaba eziningi zikhuluma ngokwakhiwa kwegatsha lemithetho, zichaza izizathu ze-bidameralism (isishaya - mthetho sasendlini ezimbili) nezindlela ezihlukene zokumelela eMzini naseSikhungweni seNdlu. Abalobi bavikela ukuhleba okunikeza ukumelela okulinganayo eSigqeni seSigeqe kuyilapho besekela izakhiwo ze House kubantu, beveza ukuthi lesi sakhiwo silinganisela izithakazelo zezwe elikhulu nelokubusa kuyilapho sinikeza imibono ehlukene enqubweni yemithetho.

Ama-Federalist Papers akhuluma futhi ngezikhulu ze-commiliation, ikakhulukazi amandla okukhokha intela nokulawula ezohwebo. Izindatshana zika Hamilton eziphathelene nentela ziphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni kumelwe ube nemithombo yenzuzo ezimele ukuze usebenze ngokuphumelelayo futhi uthembele ekucelweni imibuso (njengangaphansi kweZihlokwana ze-Confederation) zibonise ukuthi azinakusebenza. Ababhali balwela ukukhokha intela nomthetho ofanele, onika uMkhandlu igunya lokushaya imithetho edinga ukukhipha imibuso yawo ehlukene, bethi ngaphandle kokuvumelana okunjalo, uhulumeni ngeke ukwazi ukuvumelana nezimo ezishintsha izimo.

Igatsha Eliphethe Namandla Omongameli

Izintatheli zikaHamilton egatsheni eliphethe, ikakhulukazi iFederalist No. 70, ziphikisa isidingo sika "umthetho owenziwe kumphathi" `````Isikhulu esizimele''''''''''''." isikhulu esiyisisebenzi esiyisidlakela esingathatha isinyathelo esiqinile futhi esinegunya. Lesi kwakuyisimo esiphikisanayo, njengoba amaMelika amaningi ayesaba ukuthi umphathi onamandla angafana nenkosi. Hamilton uxoxa ngalokhu ngokuchaza imingcele emandla omongameli kanye nezinqubo zokulandisa, kuhlanganise nenqubo yokuvota, ukuphatha kwe-conogate, nokungagunyazi.

Izindaba zichaza indima kaMongameli njengesikhulu, umphathi we-compal, nomphathi omkhulu, kuyilapho egcizelela ukuthi lamandla acindezelwa igunya lobuphathi nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Hamilton uphikisa ngokuthi isikhulu esisodwa siphakeme kumkhandlu ophethe noma isikhulu esiphethe ngokuba sinikeza ubunye ngenjongo, ukulandisa, nekhono lokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha lapho kuphuthuma.

Ukubukezwa Kwegatsha Lokwahlulela Nokwahlulela

Izindaba zikaHamilton ezikhuluma ngejaji, ikakhulukazi u-Federal List No. 78, zinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngendima ehloselwe izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Uchaza ijaji ngokuthi "igatsha elingenangozi" ngoba alinawo amandla esikhwama semali (iSikhwama) noma amandla enkemba (uMongameli), kodwa isahlulelo kuphela. UHamilton uveza ukuthi ukuphila konke kwabahluleli bamazwe kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzimela kokwahlulela nokuvikela amajaji ekucindezelweni kwezombangazwe.

Ngokuphawulekayo, u-Federal List No. 78 uchaza isimiso sokubukeza kokwahlulela ngo----.Igunya lezinkantolo lokumemezela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho. Hamilton uphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho oyisisekelo owadalwa abantu, nokuthi ungumgomo wabahluleli ukusekela umthetho-sisekelo phezu komthetho ovamile lapho izimpi ezimbili zikhona. Lesi simiso, nakuba singashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni-sisekelo ngokwawo, kamuva saqinisekiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme .

Ukusabela Ezinkingeni Ezilwa Nohlobo Olulwa Nohlobo

Kuyo yonke iFederalist Papers, abalobi basabela ekugxekweni okukhethekile okuphakanyiswe abaphikisi boMthetho-sisekelo. Bakhuluma ngokuntuleka kwemvume yamalungelo, ubukhulu berepublic, imibuso enikwe uhulumeni, indlela yokumelelwa, nezinye izindaba eziningi. Nakuba ekugcineni abalobi bavuma ukusekela ukwenezelwa kweBill of Rights njengentenganiso kuMthetho-sisekelo, ekuqaleni baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho onjalo wawungadingekile ngoba uhulumeni uphethe uhulumeni ubala imibuso kuphela futhi ungenagunya lokuphula amalungelo anganikezwanga.

Lezi zincwadi zisabela nasekwesabeni ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo uyoholela ezikhulwini noma emakhosini, ukuthi uyobhubhisa ohulumeni bombuso, ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni wawuyoba kude kakhulu nabantu, nokuthi izwe lalilikhulu kakhulu futhi lihlukile ukuba lingabuswa njengeriphabliki elilodwa. labalobi basebenzisa izibonelo ezingokomlando, izimpikiswano ezinengqondo, futhi banxuse ukuba babhekane nalokhu kuphikisa okungokoqobo.

Izincwadi Ezibalulekile Zezakhamuzi Zonke Kumelwe Zazi

Nakuba zonke izincwadi ezingu - 85 zinezela empikiswaneni ephelele yoMthetho - sisekelo, amanye amaphepha avelele ngenxa yethonya lawo, ukuqonda nokusebenza kwawo.

Uhulumeni Wesizwe No. 10: Amaqiniso Nohulumeni WeRepublic Republican

UMadison's Federal List No. 10 mhlawumbe ungowaziwayo futhi unethonya kakhulu kuzo zonke izindaba. Ikhuluma ngenselele eyisisekelo yokulondoloza inkululeko kuyilapho ivimbela ubushiqela beningi noma ukubuswa kukahulumeni ngezithakazelo ezilinganiselwe. Impikiswano kaMadison yokuthi irepublic enkulu, ehlukene ifanele ukulawula imiphumela yamaqembu kunawo amancane, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwakuyinguquko futhi kuhlala kusemqoka ekuqondeni inkolelo yezombangazwe yaseMelika.

Lendaba ivame ukucashunwa ezingxoxweni eziphathelene nokumelelwa, isithakazelo seqembu lezombangazwe, nokwakheka kukahulumeni wentando yeningi.

Uhlelo Lwezokuhlalisana Nohlu Lwamashadi Nokulinganisa

UMadison's Federal List No. 51 uchaza isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha likahulumeni ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Ukuphawula okudumile kwalendaba ukuthi "uma abantu beyizingelosi, akukho hulumeni ongaba yimfuneko" uthatha umbono ongokoqobo wesimo somuntu owazisa umklamo womthetho-sisekelo. UMadison uphikisa ngokuthi isimo sikahulumeni kumelwe sibangele ukufisa komuntu nokuzithakazelela, esebenzisa zona kanye lezi zimfanelo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucindezelwa kobushiqela.

Le ndaba ibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso okusebenza ngayo nokuthi kungani abasunguli babekholelwa ukuthi izakhiwo, kunokuba bathembele ebuhleni babaholi, kwakuyisihluthulelo sokulondoloza inkululeko.

Uhlelo Lwezemisebenzi No. 70: Amandla Esigungwini

UHamilton's Federal List No. 70 wenza icala kumphathi oyedwa, onamandla. Ngesikhathi lapho amaMelika amaningi esaba amandla okulawula, uHamilton waphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ophumelelayo ufuna umongameli ongenza ngokuzimisele, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zokulondeka kwesizwe nakwezangaphandle. Uphikisa ngokuthi umphathi oyedwa unikeza ukulandisa, njengoba izakhamuzi zazi kahle ukuthi ubani onecala ngezinqumo zobukhulu, kanti umphathi ophethe noma umkhandlu womphakathi ungenza kube nzima ukubeka icala kunoma ubani.

Le ndaba isasebenza ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo eziphathelene namandla kamongameli, igunya lokuqondisa ezimweni eziphuthumayo, nokulinganisela phakathi kokubusa okuphumelelayo nohulumeni abalinganiselwe.

Umbangi Wezomthetho No. 78: Igatsha Lokwahlulela

I-Hamilton's Federal List No. 78 iyindaba ebaluleke kakhulu ejajini nakumthombo wesimiso sokwahlulela. Impikiswano kaHamilton yokuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zibe namandla okumemezela imithetho engekho emthethweni ilolonge isimiso somthetho sase-Melika nendima yeNkantolo Ephakeme. Lendaba ivame ukukhonjwa emibonweni engokomthetho nasezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nendima efanele yezinkantolo emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda Umbambeli Womthetho - sisekelo No. 78 kubalulekile kunoma ubani onesithakazelo emthethweni - sisekelo, indima yeNkantolo Ephakeme, noma izimpikiswano eziphathelene nezenzo zokwahlulela ngokumelene nokuzibamba kokwahlulela.

Amanye Amazwi Aphawulekayo

Ngaphandle kwalamaphepha amane abalulekile, amaningana afanelwe ukunakwa. Umbaleki we-Federal No. 1 (Hamilton) uqala wonke umsebenzi kanye nezigxobo zengxoxo yokuhlukanisa. U-Federalist No. 39 (Madison) uchaza isigaba sikahulumeni nohulumeni kahulumeni ohlongozwayo. Federalli No. 47 (Madison) ukhuluma ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Federalst No. 62 no 63 (Madison) achaze isakhiwo nenjongo yeSigebethi. U-Sterist No. 84 (Hamilton) uphendula umbuzo wesimende samalungelo nezinye izimendo zomthetho.

Amaphepha Angokomthetho Nakwezombangazwe ZaseMelika

Ukusetshenziswa YiNkantolo Ephakeme

AmaPhepha ahlangene nawo aye afeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme avame ukucaphuna lezizinkcaza lapho echaza uMthetho-sisekelo, eziphatha njengobufakazi obuqashelwe bezinhloso zabasunguli. Nakuba lamaphepha engewona umthetho ngokwawo, abhekwa njengaphakathi kweziqondiso ezithembeke kakhulu zokuqonda lokho okwakuhloswe ngabahleli boMthetho-sisekelo namaratifiers.

Amalunga kuwo wonke amaqembu emibono aye ancike ezincwadini zezincwadi ezithi Federalist Paper emibononi yawo. Labo abasekela izindlela zokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo noma ukuchaza imibhalo ngokuvamile bacaphuna lezi zindaba njengobufakazi bencazelo yokuqala, kuyilapho abanye bezisebenzisa ukuze baqonde izimiso nezinjongo ezingaphansi komthetho - sisekelo. Lamaphepha aye acashunwa ezimweni ezihilela ukubusa, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, amalungelo abantu ngabanye, kanye nanoma iyiphi ingxenye yomthetho womthetho.

Ithonya Ngempikiswano Yezombangazwe

Ngaphandle kwezinkantolo, amaFederalist Paper ayaqhubeka ethonya impikiswano yezombangazwe nenkulumo yasobala. izazi zezombangazwe, abahlaziyi, nezakhamuzi bacela lezindaba lapho bephikisana ngobukhulu obufanele bamandla kahulumeni, incazelo yamalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo, nezimiso okufanele ziqondise uhulumeni waseMelika. Lamaphepha anikeza iphuzu elivamile lezingxoxo ngemibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo, ngisho nalapho abantu bengavumelani ngezincazelo zawo.

Izindaba ziye zathonya futhi umklamo womthetho - sisekelo kwamanye amazwe. Izizwe ezihlela imithetho - sisekelo emisha ziye zabheka kuyiFederalist Papers ukuze ziqonde ukuthi imibuso ikhona, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nohulumeni werepublic. Lamaphepha amelela esinye sezisekelo eziphelele neziyinkimbinkimbi zentando yeningi.

Ukutadisha Nokuchaza

Izazi zesayensi yezombangazwe, umlando, umthetho, nefilosofi ziyaqhubeka zihlola futhi ziphikisana ngama - Federal List Papers. Izincazelo zezokukhulekela ziye zavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, nezizukulwane ezihlukahlukene zezazi zigcizelela izici ezihlukahlukene zezindaba. Ezinye zigxila emaphephani njengemisebenzi yenkolelo - mbono yezombangazwe, ezinye njengezincwadi zomlando ezibonisa ukukhathazeka kwesikhathi sazo, kanti ezinye njengeziqondisi eziwusizo ekuchazeni umthetho - sisekelo.

Impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngemibuzo enjengokuthi amaphepha amelela ngokunembile yini imibono yabo bonke abasekeli boMthetho-sisekelo, ukuthi kufanele anikezwe ubunzima obungakanani ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo, nokuthi izimpikiswano zawo zihlala zisebenza yini ezimweni zamanje. Lezingxoxo zezazi zithuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu kokubili amaphepha ngokwawo kanye nemibuzo ebanzi kahulumeni womthetho-sisekelo ezixoxa ngayo.

Indlela Yokufunda Nokutadisha Amaphepha Abahleli Bomphakathi

Ukufinyelela Umbhalo

Ukufunda amaPhepha angokoFederal kungaba yinselele kubafundi banamuhla. Lezizindaba zabhalwa ngendlela engokomthetho, eyinkimbinkimbi eyayivame ukusetshenziswa ekhulwini le - 18, enemisho emide, izikhombo zamagama avamile, namagama angase angajwayelekile.

Qala ngezindaba ezidumile nezifinyelelwe kakhulu, njengo Federalist No. 10, 51, 70, no- 78. Lezi zinikeza isiqalo esihle kwizihloko ezinkulu nezimpikiswano. Funda ngoMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo oseduze, njengoba izindaba zibhekisela njalo kumalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ungazizwa ubophekile ukufunda zonke izincwadi ezingu-85 ukuze zifundwe, futhi ungagxila kulezo ezihlobene kakhulu nezithakazelo zakho.

Cabangela ukusebenzisa uhlelo olunolwazi olunikeza umongo ongokomlando, uchaze izikhombo, futhi ucacise izikhombo. Izinguqulo eziningi ezinhle kakhulu zenza lamaphepha atholakale kakhulu kubafundi besikhathi samanje. Imithombo ye-inthanethi, kuhlanganise naleyo evela ku- Libary of Congress[ nezinhlangano zemfundo, kunganikeza futhi umongo nenhlaziyo.

Ukuqonda Umlando

Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele ama-Federalist Paper, kuyasiza ukuqonda umongo ongokomlando abhalwa kuwo. Funda ngobuthakathaka bezihloko zeConfederation, izimpikiswano eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo, nezinkathazo ezaphakanyiswa yizazi ze-Anti-Federalist. Ukuqonda lokho abalobi ababesabela ngakho ukuze benze izimpikiswano zabo zicace futhi zibe nengqondo ngokwengeziwe.

Khumbula ukuthi lezi zindaba zabhalwa njengezingxenye ezithonyayo, hhayi izincazelo ezingathathi hlangothi. Abalobi babesekela ukwenza icala lokuhlunga, okusho ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi babezimisa ngokweqile izimpikiswano zabo noma izinkinga ezingase zincishiswe. Ukufunda imibhalo e-Anti-Federalist Papers kanye nezincwadi ze-Federalist memorial kunganikeza umfanekiso ophelele wempikiswano ye-ratiation nezinkinga abantu ababenazo ngoMthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuxhumana Nezinkinga Zangesikhathi Esidlule

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlolwa kwe-Federalist Papers ukuhlanganisa izimpikiswano zazo nezindaba zezombangazwe nezezomthetho zamanje. Lapho ufunda ngokuhlukana kwemibuso, cabanga ngezimpikiswano zamanje zegunya eliphethe noma ukuphatha izinhlangano. Lapho ufunda ngobuzwe, cabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngobuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni nohulumeni. Lapho ufunda ngamaqembu, cabanga ngamaqembu afuna isithakazelo sanamuhla kanye nokuhlukana kwezombangazwe.

Lendlela yenza lezi zindaba zibaluleke kakhulu futhi isiza ekuhlakuleleni ukucabanga okugxekayo ngendlela izimiso zokusungula ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni zanamuhla. Iveza futhi kokubili ukuhlakanipha okuhlala njalo nokulinganiselwa kombono waBasunguli, njengoba ezinye zemibono yabo nezinkathazo ziye zabonakala zikhona ngesikhathi abanye beye bathathwa yizenzakalo ezingokomlando ababengeke bazilindele.

Ukusabela Koluhlu Olumelene Nesigaba Somlando

Ukuze baqonde ngokugcwele ama-Federalist Papers, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ayeyingxenye yempikiswano enkulu. Abalwa no-Anti-Federalist, ababemelene nokudukiswa koMthetho-sisekelo, baphakamisa izimpikiswano ezingathi sína nezinengqondo ezifanele ukucatshangelwa. Nakuba ekugcineni balahlekelwa yimpi yamagilasi, okuningi kwezinkinga zabo kwabhekiswa kuyi-Bill of Rights futhi kuyaqhubeka kuzwakala emcabangweni wezombangazwe waseMelika.

Izazi zokulwa nombuso zazikhathazekile ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wakha uhulumeni onamandla kakhulu futhi oqhele kakhulu kubantu. Babesaba ukuthi irepublic enkulu yayizozishaya indiva izidingo zezakhamuzi nokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni uzothatha kancane kancane amandla ezwe. Bakuphikisa ukuntula kwezivikelo ezicacile zamalungelo abantu futhi bekhathazekile ngokuthi amalungiselelo oMthetho-sisekelo wokuwamelela ayengafaneleki.

Abalobi abanjengo-"Brutus," "Cato," "Umphangi," noPatrick Henry babhala izicatshulwa nezinkulumo ezazibekela impikiswano yabaFederal umfutho. Imibhalo yabo inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ezinkathazweni zalabo abesaba amandla ayinhloko futhi ababewazisa uhulumeni wendawo. Izingxabano eziningi ababeziveza `phakathi kombuso nombuso onamandla nohulumeni olinganiselwe, phakathi kokubusa okuningi namalungelo amancane'. Zihlala zisemqoka enkulu empikiswaneni yezombangazwe yaseMelika.

Iqiniso lokuthi abaqondisi bamaFederal bavuma ukusekela iBill of Rights njengesimo sokungaqiniseki kwezikhali libonisa ukuthi i-Anti-Federalist critique yayinokubaluleka nethonya. Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo zikhuluma ngezinkinga eziningi eziphakanyiswa abamelene nokuhlaziywa, ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, kanye nokunyathelisa; ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali; isivikelo ekuhlolweni okungacabangeli nokuquleka; amalungelo afanele; futhi imingcele egunyaza amandla angagunyaziswanga kuhulumeni wezwe noma kubantu.

Ukulinganiselwa Nokugxekwa Kwamaphepha Okulwela Umphakathi

Nakuba amaPhepha angokobuFederal ayizisekelo eziyigugu zokuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo, anemingcele okufanele abafundi bayiqaphele. Okokuqala, amelela imibono yabantu abathathu kuphela, futhi akubona bonke abasekeli boMthetho-sisekelo abavumelana nazo zonke izimpikiswano ezishiwo kulezincwadi. Lamaphepha akufanele abhekwe njengamazwi aqinisekile alokho wonke umuntu owayesekela ukudukiswa komthetho - sisekelo ayekukholelwa.

Okwesibili, izindaba zazibhalwe njengeziqeshana zezindaba ezihloselwe ukunxenxa, hhayi ukuhlaziya okungathathi hlangothi. Ngezinye izikhathi abalobi babeveza izimpikiswano ezifuna ukuzuzisa ngokwezombangazwe kunokuba zithembeke ngokuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, balulaza izinga loMthetho-sisekelo owawumelela ngalo ukwephulwa kweZiphakamiso zeNhloko futhi banciphisa izinkinga ezingase zivele esimisweni esisha.

Okwesithathu, abalobi bamukela ubugqila nokulinganiselwa kwesikhathi sabo, bawaphika amalungelo ezombangazwe kwabesifazane, futhi bathatha indima elinganiselwe kakhulu kuhulumeni uma kuqhathaniswa namathemba anamuhla.

Okwesine, ezinye zezibikezelo nezimpikiswano ezicashiwe ezisemaphepheni azizange ziphikelele. labalobi balulaza ukusungulwa kwamaqembu ezombangazwe, ukwanda kwamandla kahulumeni, nokuziphendukela kobumongameli. Ezinye zemibono yabo mayelana nendlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo iye yabonisa ukuthi ayilungile.

Okokugcina, kunemibuzo ngokuthi amaPapa afuna ukuchazwa ngomthetho-sisekelo angakanani. Nakuba enikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokucabanga kwabanye abasekeli boMthetho-sisekelo, incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ekugcineni itholakala embhalweni ngokwawo nasekuqondeni kwalabo abawugunyaza, hhayi ezimpikiswaneni ezenziwe ukuze baqinisekise ukuthakathwa. Izazi nabahluleli bayaphikisana ngendima efanele yamaphepha ekuhlaziyweni komthetho-mthetho.

Izincwadi Zezibalo Nemfundo Yesibalo

Isizathu Sokuba Izakhamuzi Zitadishe Lamazwi

Enkathini yokuhlukana kwezombangazwe nolwazi lomphakathi olunciphayo, amaFederalist Paper anikeza izakhamuzi indlela yokuhileleka emibuzweni eyisisekelo ngohulumeni, amalungelo, nenhlangano yezombangazwe.

Kungani iUnited States ineElectoral College? Kungani iSishaya - mthetho sihlukaniswa zibe izindlu ezimbili? Kungani amajaji kahulumeni esekela ukuphila? I - Federalist Papers ichaza izinjongo eziklanyelwe ukukhonzwa kwalezi zinhlangano futhi izinkinga ezazihloselwe ukuzixazulula.

Lezi zindaba zilingisa uhlobo lwenkulumo yezombangazwe engavamile kakhulu: ukuphikisana okungajwayelekile, okungaqondakali ngezindaba zezimiso kanye nemiklamo ehleliwe. Nakuba impikiswano yezombangazwe yamanje ivame ukugxila kubantu, inzuzo yokuhlukanisa, kanye nezinkathazo zesikhashana, amaFederal Paper ahlanganyela imibuzo ehlala njalo ngokuphathelene nesimo sikahulumeni omuhle. Ukuwafunda kungaphakamisa inkulumo yomphakathi futhi kukhuthaze ukuhlobana okunengqondo ngokwengeziwe ngemibuzo yezombangazwe.

Imithombo Nezinhlelo Zokufundisa

Kukhona imithombo eminingi yemfundo yalabo abafuna ukutadisha i-Federalist Papers. Izikole eziningi zaphezulu namakholiji zihlanganisa lezindaba ezifundweni zesikole, futhi izinhlangano zemfundo yomphakathi zinikeza izinhlelo nemisebenzi yokuzifundela ngokwazo. Bhill of Rights Institute[[FLL:1], iNational Constitution Center, nezinye izinhlangano zinikeza amasu, iziyalezo zokutadisha, kanye nezinto zokufundisa ezigxile kumaFederalist Papers.

Amayunivesithi amaningi anikeza amaphephandaba amahhala nge - Internet e - Communist and Federalist Papers, futhi izazi eziningi ziye zasungula iziteshi nama - video achaza futhi ahlaziya lezi zincwadi ezizofundwa abantu abaningi.

Ama - communment, amaqembu ezingxoxo, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ngokuvamile zifunda ndawonye ama - Federalist Papers, okungathuthukisa ukuqonda ngezingxoxo nangenkulumo - mpikiswano. Ukuxoxa ngalezi zindaba nabanye abanezimo ezingafani kungaveza ukuqonda okungase kuphuthelwe ekufundeni kodwa.

Ukusebenzisa Izifundo Esabelweni Sezakhamuzi Sangesikhathi Esidlule

Lezi zindaba zikhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zicabangisise ngegunya likahulumeni, ziqonde ukubaluleka kokuklanywa kwezinhlangano, futhi ziqonde ukuthi kuyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani ukulinganisela izindinganiso eziphikisanayo njengenkululeko nokulondeka, ukubusa okuningi namalungelo amancane, uhulumeni ophumelelayo nohulumeni abalinganiselwe.

Lamaphepha asikhumbuza futhi ukuthi isimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika sasiklanywe ngemibono engokoqobo mayelana nobuntu. Abasunguli babengalindele ukuba abaholi babe yizingelosi noma izakhamuzi zibe nobuhle obuphelele. Kunalokho, badala isimiso esisebenzisa izakhiwo zomphakathi nezisusa zokuqondisa ukuvelela kwabantu nokuzithakazelela okunenzuzo. Lombono ungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole abaholi bezombangazwe nezinhlangano ngokungaqiniseki okufanelekile kuyilapho zilondoloza ukholo kuleso simiso ngokwaso.

Ukuqonda amaPhepha angokomthetho kungathuthukisa nokwazisa ngobunkimbinkimbi bukahulumeni womthetho - sisekelo nobunzima bezinselele abaQhingi ababhekana nazo.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zezakhamuzi Zanamuhla

Amaphephandaba anikeza izifundo eziningi ezisasebenza ezakhamuzini namuhla. Nazi ezinye zezinye zezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuthatha izihambi:

  • Umklamo wobuzwe. Isimo sikahulumeni sihlela imiphumela yezombangazwe. Ukuqonda indlela izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo nokuthi kungani zaklanywa ngendlela eyiyo ukuze kube nempumelelo ukuba nezakhamuzi.
  • Amandla kumelwe ahlukaniswe futhi ahlolwe. Amandla ahlanganisayo kunoma isiphi isikhungo esisodwa noma umuntu edala izingozi zobushiqela. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nokuhlolwa nezilinganiso kuhlala kunezisivikelo ezibalulekile zenkululeko.
  • I-Federalism ilinganisa ubunye besizwe nokuhlukahluka kwendawo. Ukuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni kuvumela kokubili ukuhlangana kwesizwe nokuhlukahluka kwendawo, nakuba ukulinganisela okufanele kusancintisana.
  • Ikhulu, amarepublic ahlukene angasebenza. impikiswano kaMadison kuFederalist No. 10 yokuthi irepublic enkulu ingawalawula kangcono amaqembu kunasebuthweni eliphansi elincane elihlala libalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi imiphakathi ehlukene ingazibusa kanjani.
  • Uhulumeni okhipha imiphumela udinga amandla nokulandisa. Uhulumeni kumelwe ukwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu uma kudingekile, kodwa kumelwe futhi alandise kubantu ngemingcele yokhetho, yokuqondisa, nomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Amalungelo nohlelo kokubili kubalulekile. Nakuba iBill of Rights ibalulekile, amaFederalist Paper asikhumbuza ukuthi isimo sikahulumeni ngokwawo sinikeza izivikelo ezibalulekile zenkululeko.
  • Ingxoxo yezezombangazwe kufanele igxile ezimisweni nasezinhlanganweni. Impikiswano yesibonelo se-Federalist Papers ngemibuzo kahulumeni eyisisekelo, ikhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke kwezombangazwe ngesilinganiso esijulile kunamaphuzu okukhuluma abashokobezi.
  • Uhulumeni we-Constitution ufuna izakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Ubunkimbinkimbi bezimpikiswano kuFederali Papers bubonisa inkolelo yabaQhingi yokuthi uhulumeni weRepublic uxhomeke esazini esikwaziyo ukuqonda nokuphikisana ngemibuzo yezombangazwe.

Ukufinyelela Nokufunda Amaphepha Abahleli Bomphakathi Namuhla

Amaphaphu a-Federalist atholakala kabanzi ngamafomethi amaningi, okwenza ukuba atholakale kunoma ubani ofuna ukuwafunda. Amahlelo aphelele akhona anyatheliswa ngabamemezeli abaningi, ngokuvamile ngezingeniso eziwusizo, ama-parters, kanye nama-asendice. Izinguqulo eziningi zihlanganisa uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, imibhalo emelene no-Fedalist, kanye nezinye izincwadi ezihlobene nawo.

Izindaba zitholakala ngokukhululekile futhi ngemithombo ehlukahlukene. I- Library of Congress, i-Yale Law School’s Avalon Project nezinye izinhlangano ezinedumela elihle zinikeza imibhalo ephelele, ephenyekayo. Amawebhusayithi amaningi anikeza lamaphepha ngokuhlaziya nokuhlaziya ukuze asize abafundi banamuhla baqonde umongo nokubaluleka kwalezimpikiswano.

Kulabo abakhetha amafomethi aqophayo, kunezinguqulo eziningana zezincwadi eziqoshiwe, kanti ezinye iziteshi zinikeza ukufundwa nokuxoxisana kwezincwadi ezithile. La mafomethi angenza ukuba atholakale kangcono amaphepha kubantu abafunda kangcono ngokulalela noma abafuna ukufunda izindaba lapho bebhala noma bevivinya umzimba.

Lapho ukhetha uhlelo noma ikhophi, funa izinguqulo ezinikeza umongo ongokomlando, chaza izikhombo ezingajwayelekile, futhi faka noMthetho-sisekelo ukuze ukhombe. Izinhlelo ezicacisiwe ziwusizo kakhulu kubafundi besikhathi sokuqala, njengoba zicacisa izindima ezingase zidida futhi zinikeze ukwaziswa okuthuthukisa ukuqonda.

Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lamaphepha Asemasikweni

Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngemva kwencwadi yayo, amaPapa asebalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda izimiso zomthetho-mthetho waseMelika. Lezi zindaba zinikeza ukuqonda okungenakulinganiswa kokucabanga kwabasekeli boMthetho-sisekelo nezinjongo zencwadi ezaziklanyelwe ukuzisebenzisa. Baxoxa ngemibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nendlela yokuhlela uhulumeni, ukuvikela, nokulinganisela izindinganiso ezincintisanayo ezisalokhu zikhona namuhla.

Izimpikiswano zabo mayelana nokubusa kukahulumeni, ukuhlukana kwemibuso, nohulumeni werepublic ziye zawuchaza umklamo womthetho - sisekelo emazweni amaningi futhi ziyaqhubeka zithuthukisa izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokubusa kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Kubantu baseMelika, amaFederalist Paper anikeza indlela yokusebenzisa isimiso somthetho - sisekelo aphila kuso. Ukuqonda lezi zindaba kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zichaze izenzakalo zamanje, zihlaziye izimpikiswano zezombangazwe futhi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Lamaphepha asikhumbuza ukuthi isimiso somthetho - sisekelo waseMelika saklanyelwe ngokucophelela ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile nokufinyelela izinjongo ezithile, nokuthi ukuqonda lo mklamo kubalulekile ekuzilondolozeni nasekuzithuthukiseni.

Nakuba amaPhepha angokobuFederal engaphelele futhi engamelwe abhekwe njengemibhalo engcwele, amelela esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu emqondweni wezombangazwe emlandweni waseMelika. Abonisa ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo wawungesona ingozi noma ukuhlehla okulula, kodwa umkhiqizo wokucabangisisa ngendlela yokukha uhulumeni ophumelelayo nolinganiselwe, kokubili ukusabela kubantu nokuvikela amalungelo, kokubili anobunye nanohulumeni.

Njengoba izakhamuzi ziqhubeka ziphikisana ngemibuzo ephathelene namandla kahulumeni, amalungelo abantu, indima yezinkantolo, nesimiso esifanelekile sikahulumeni, amaFederalist Paper anikeza iphuzu elivamile nesisekelo sokucabanga ngalezindaba.

Kulenkathi yokuluma okuzwakalayo nezokuxhumana, i-Federalist Papers iwubufakazi benani lempikiswano eqinile, engathi sína ngemibuzo yezombangazwe. Ibekela abafundi banamuhla inselele ukuba bacabange ngokujule ngokwengeziwe, bacabangele imibono eminingi, futhi baqaphele ukuthi uhulumeni omuhle udinga kokubili ukuhlakanipha ekuklameni nasekuqapheni okulungiswayo. Kubantu abamukela lenselele, amaFederali anikeza imivuzo edlulela ngalé kolwazi olungokomlando, inikeza amathuluzi okuqonda nokuhlanganyela ekuzameni okuqhubekayo kwaseMelika ekuzilungiseni nasekuzilungiseni.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Amaphepha Angokobuhlanga Abaluleke Kuzo Zonke Izakhamuzi

AmaPhepha azimele nje njengezincwadi ezingokomlando noma imithombo engokomthetho, kodwa ayisiqondiso sokuqonda izimiso nezinjongo zikahulumeni womthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.

Ngokufunda i - Federalist Papers, izakhamuzi zithola ukuqonda ngokuthi kungani uMthetho - sisekelo wakhiwe njengoba unjalo, ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga owawuklanyelwe ukuzixazulula, nokuthi iziphi izindinganiso okwakuhloselwe ukuzivikela. Lokhu kusiza ukuba umuntu akwazi ukuhileleka ngokwengeziwe ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe, ukuhlaziya okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe izenzo zikahulumeni, nokusekela izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo okuphumelela ngokwengeziwe.

Izindaba zisikhumbuza futhi ukuthi uhulumeni womthetho - sisekelo uyimpumelelo eyinkimbinkimbi edinga ukunakwa njalo nokuqonda. Abasunguli abazange badale isimiso esiphelele, kodwa badala esiye sabonakala siqinile futhi sivumelana nezimo. Ukuqonda ukucabanga kwabo kusisiza ukuba siqonde amandla nokulinganiselwa kohlelo lwethu lomthetho - sisekelo futhi kusihlomisele ukusingatha izinselele zamanje kuyilapho sihlala sithembekile ezimisweni eziyisisekelo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, uthisha, ummeli, umenzi wezimiso, noma nje isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda uhulumeni waseMelika kangcono, amaFederalist Paper anikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo nokuhlakanipha okuhlala njalo. Asibekela inselele ukuba sicabange ngokuhluzekile, siqonde ukuba yinkimbinkimbi, futhi sihileleke ngokungathi sína ngemibuzo yokuthi abantu abakhululekile bangazibusa kanjani ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, basiza ekugcwaliseni isithembiso sobuzwe bomthetho-mthetho ngokudala isakhamuzi esinolwazi, esinengqondo esifunwa uhulumeni onjalo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi nomzamo odingekayo ukuze kufundwe lezindaba kuletha izinzuzo ekuqondeni ngokujulile, ekubeni isakhamuzi esiphumelela ngokwengeziwe, nokwazisa okukhulu ngesimiso somthetho-sisekelo esisalokhu silolonga ukuphila kwaseMelika. Kunoma ubani ozimisele ukuqonda nokulondoloza umbuso wentando yeningi waseMelika, amaPapa abalulekile okufundwa (hhayi njengezinsalela zesikhathi esidlule, kodwa njengeziqondisi eziphilayo eziqondiswe ezimisweni nasemikhubeni yokuzibusa.