I-veto amandla ayithuluzi eliyisisekelo eliphethwe yigatsha elikhulu ``noma umongameli, umbusi, noma umholi wezwe') elibavumela ukuba benqabe umthetho odluliswe yisishaya-mthetho. Ngaphezu kwe- “cha,” leligunya lihlela ukulinganisela kwamandla ezimisweni zentando yeningi, liphoqelela ukuyekethisa, livimbela imithetho esheshayo noma elimazayo, futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi umbono womphathi wokubusa uyahlonishwa. Ukuqonda amandla adinga ukuhlola izisekelo zawo ezingokomthetho, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, onjiniyela besimiso sezesayensi yentando yeningi, nezimpikiswano ezizungezile.

Ayini Amandla E - Veto?

Phakathi nendawo, amandla angokomthetho wesikhulu ukwenqaba ukuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano esidluliswa yigatsha lemithetho, kanjalo kuvinjelwe ukuba sibe umthetho ngaphandle kokuba isigebengu siqoqe amavoti okunqoba i-veto. Igama elivela esiLatinini to, okusho ukuthi “ngiyazenqabela,” futhi beliyisici sokubusa iminyaka engamashumi amaningi. Ebusweni bentando yeningi banamuhla, iveto i-inchpinput ye-checks nezimiso zokulinganisa, eklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukucuphiswa kwemithetho ye-mthetho nokunikeza isikhulu indima eqondile ekwenzeni umthetho.

I-Vito amandla awaphelele. Imithetho-mthetho eminingi ivumela isishaya-mthetho ukuba silawule i-veto nge-majority enkulu − cishe i-35 yegumbi ngalinye `thus iqinisekisa ukuthi umphathi wezomthetho oneziphazamiso ezivimbelayo ezibanzi, i-bipartisan ayixhasi. Imithetho eqondile ebusayo ebusayo iveto amandla ayahluka ngokwezwe futhi, ngaphakathi kwezimiso zikahulumeni, ngombuso noma ngesifundazwe. E-United States, igunya likamongameli u-veto libekwe I, isigaba 7 somthetho-mthetho, ochaza futhi inqubo ekhutshiwe-ku, “ne-ocket project.

Izinhlobo Ze - Vetoes

Abaqondisi bangase basebenzise izinhlobo eziningana ezihlukahlukene zamandla, ngayinye enemiphumela ehlukile. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kubalulekile ekuhlaziyeni indlela amaveto athinta ngayo umthetho.

IVeto Evamile

Inqubo evame kakhulu, iveto, yenzaka uma umphathi ebuyisela isikweleti esingokomthetho esiphethe isishaya - mthetho esinamazwi okuphikisa. Icala alinakuba umthetho ngaphandle kokuba isishayamthetho sivotelwe ukuthatha umthetho ngesikhulu esidingekayo. E-U.S., umongameli ngokuvamile unezinsuku eziyishumi (ngeSonto elidlule) ukusayina noma ukuthatha isimemezelo; uma engathathi nyathelo futhi i-Congress isaqhubeka, umthetho uba ngaphandle kokusayina kwakhe, imvume engekho ngokomthetho qhaza.

I - pocket Veto

I-veto ephaketheni yenzeka lapho umphathi engasayini isikweleti phakathi nenkathi emisiwe futhi isimiso somthetho sesiphelile. Ngenxa yokuthi lomthetho awubuyi ngokomthetho kumphathi wesishaya-mthetho, akukho ukukhona okungenzeka; imali imane iphele. Lokhu kwenza umphathi abe ithuluzi elinamandla lokubulala umthetho phakathi nezinsuku zokugcina zesimiso somthetho, awenqabe ngokuphumelelayo inqubo yokuzilawula. Umongameli we-Pocketvetoes usebenzise i-U.S.

Veto olwenziwe ngolayini

Uhlamvu olunelayini lwe-veto luvumela umphathi ukuba alahle amalungiselelo akhethekile − ngokuvamile achithe izinto ngenkathi evuma ezinye izikweletu. Lolu hlobo lwe-veto lusetshenziswa ezifundazweni eziningi zase-U.S. nakwamanye amazwe amaningana (umz., Brazil, amazwe aseYurophu) ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali nokususwa kwemifantu ethile. Nokho, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yabusa Clinton v. iDolobha laseNew York[[[FLT]][1998] i-1998 ukuthi umngcele we-item wezwelonto obekwe ngonyaka ka 1996 waphula umthetho ka Clauskius.

I - amendito

Abanye abaphathi banegunya lokubuyisela isikweletu esisikiselwe, kunokuba benqatshwe ngokuphelele. Khona - ke isishaya-mthetho singase samukele, senqabe, noma silungise lezo zinguquko. Lesisimo sibizwa futhi ngokuthi “i-veto" noma“izinto ngokutusa” ezisetshenziswa emazweni amaningana, kuhlanganise ne-Italy ne-Poland, kanye namazwe amaningi ase-U.S. (umz., New York, Illinois). Ikhuthaza ukubambisana ngokuvumela umthetho wesikhundla sokuqondisa ngaphandle kokuwuvimbela ngokuphelele.

Umyalo oqondiswe phezulu uVeto

Kwezinye izimiso zephalamende, umphathi wezwe (njengombusi noma umongameli) angase abe ne-veto engokomthetho engavamile ukusetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-monarch yaseBrithani iyakwazi ukuvala ifa lenkosi ukuba ivumele izikweletu ezidluliswe yiPhalamende, kodwa ayikho inkosi eyenze kanjalo kusukela ngo-7088. Kwezinye izimiso ezingathi zikhona, umongameli angakhomba umthetho enkantolo yomthetho-mthethweni ukuze abukeze ngaphambi kokuba i-promugalture //an i-veto engaqondile encike encamini yokwahlulela kunokuba kuncikelwe ukuvinya okungokomthetho.

Inqubo Ye - Veto Ehlelwe Ngemininingwane

Indlela esukela ekudluliseni kwesishaya - mthetho kuya e - veto engenzeka ihlanganisa izigaba eziningana ezihlukene, ngayinye enemithetho eqondile nokucabangela okufanelekile.

Imithetho Yokudlulisa Imithetho Nokunikeza Isikhulu Esiphethe

Uma amagumbi omabili esishaya-mthetho se-bamaral evumela izinqumo ezifanayo zesivumelwano, “asongwe” futhi athunyelwe kumphathi. E-U.S., isamba secala sithunyelwa eWhite House, lapho kuqala khona inqubo yokubukeza. Izisebenzi zikamongameli . .(8) Ihhovisi lokuphathwa kweMali ne-Hbaul, iziphathi-mthetho, kanye nochwepheshe bezezinkampani ezihlobene nemithetho, `ezenzisasikwe ngokomthetho, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kanye nemiphumela yemali.

Ukubukeza Nesinqumo Esiphethe

Isikhulu sinefasitela elilinganiselwe ukuba sithathe isinyathelo. Kumthetho kahulumeni wase-U.S., umongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi (zidlule ngamaSonto) zokusayina isikweleti, sisehla, noma avumele ukuba kube umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina uma uMkhandlu uhlala usesiqephini. Uma umongameli ekhipha lolu phawu, kumelwe akhiphe “umyalezo” ochaza izizathu zokulahlwa. Lo myalezo ubuyiselwa egumbini lapho imvume isuka khona futhi ungene embhalweni wemithetho.

Dlova Imizamo

Lapho i-veto ithola umyalezo we-veto, isishaya-mthetho singazama ukudlulisa i-veto. Lokhu kudinga amavoti amaningi amabili-ntathu kuwo womabili amagumbi. Uma amagumbi amabili-sithathu evoti egumbi ngalinye ukuze adlulise isikhwama somthetho phezu kokuphikisa kukamongameli, kuba umthetho ngaphandle kwesignesha yomphathi. Uma ukuqamba kwemali kuhluleka ngisho nasegumbini elilodwa, umthetho uyafa. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwe-U.S., abangaphansi kwamaphesenti ayishumi kamongameli we-vetoes baye bangena, kubonisa ubunzima bokuhlanganisa i-atmouse jority.

Izikhawu Zesikhathi Nezingxenye Ezikhethekile

Imithetho-mithetho eminingi ibeka imingcele eqinile yesikhathi kuleyo nkathi yokubukeza yomphathi kanye nekhono lesishaya-mthetho lokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo. Kwezinye izifundazwe, isishaya-mthetho singazibiza esiqedweni esikhethekile ukuze sicabangele ukuthatha isinyathelo esikhethekile. Uma umbusi ekhipha isikhokhelo ngemva kokuba isimiso esivamile siphelile, ukuvota kungakwenzeka phakathi nesimiso esilandelayo, kodwa ezinye izifunda zingafuna ukuba kuvotelwe ngokushesha.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwamandla E - Veto

Umqondo wegunya uqala kudala ngaphambi kwenkathi yanamuhla yomthetho-sisekelo. Umsuka walo ungalandelelwa eRoma lasendulo, lapho amaprotheni e-plebs ayenawo amandla okuthatha izenzo zeSigele nezinye izimantshi zokuvikela izithakazelo zabantu abavamile. Kamuva, umbusi waseBrithani wasebenzisa i-vetoto ephelele: uHulumeni wayengayenqaba ukuvuma noma yisiphi isiphakamiso esidluliswa yiPhalamende. Nokho, ngekhulu le-18, lombuso wawusuwile ekungasebenzini; i-deve yasebukhosini eBrithani yasetshenziswa yiNdlovukazi u-Anne ngo-19708.

Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umiswa ngo-1787, abakhi be-flames baphikisana ngesilinganiso esifanele samandla aphethe. Izihlongozo zakuqala zahlanganisa i-veto ephelele, efana neyombusi waseBrithani, kodwa izihambeli ezinjengaye ze-James Madison zasekela i-veto efanelekayo engangavinjelwa yi-democritity enkulu. Ukuhlehliswa kwe-‘a' okungagqamile) okungagqashuki − okungagqashukiswe esigqeshini I, Ingxenye 7. Lendlela yokuklama engokomthetho iye yavezwa ngokuguqula idemocrafikizimu yomhlaba wonke (ult) kaningi (unyaka).

Ukubusa Kwe - Veto E - United States

Omongameli base-U.S. baye basebenzisa i-veto ngemisebe ehluka-hlukene kakhulu. UGeorge Washington wafaka izikweletu ezimbili kuphela, kuyilapho uFranklin D. Roosevelt ephethe umbhalo nge-vetoes 635 (kuhlanganise namavetoes angena ephaketheni angu-63). Enkathini yanamuhla, iveto iye yaba ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu. Abameli bavame ukusebenzisa izinsongozelo ukuthonya umthetho ngaphambi kokuba ufike edeskini labo, umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi “uphawu” noma“ ukusongela” okwazi ukubumba inqubo yokwenza uthengiselwano eSixhulumeni.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwezizwe Zonke

Kwezinye izindawo, ama-veto amagunya ahlukile kakhulu. EFrance, umongameli angafuna ukuba kufundwe futhi noma yimuphi umthetho, akwenze ubambezele ngokuphumelelayo. EJalimane, umongameli wamazwe anganqaba ukusayina isiphakamiso uma ephula umthetho, kodwa ama-veto anjalo ayinqaba futhi ngokuvamile ahlolwa. Emazweni amaningi ase-Latin America, umphathi uphethe i-gasme-fit ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokulawula izimali.

Ukubaluleka Kwamandla E - veto Ekubuseni

Ugesi weVeto ufeza imisebenzi eminingi ehlanganisa okungaphezu kokwenqaba nje umthetho. Uyihlola elicophelelayo ngegunya lomthetho, kodwa futhi ukhuthaza ukuxoxisana, uvikela izithakazelo zedlanzana, futhi uqinisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Injongo eyinhloko ye-veto iwukuvimbela isishaya-mthetho ukuba simise imithetho isikhulu esiyibheka njengengekho ngokwezimiso, ewubuwula, noma ephambene nesithakazelo somphakathi. Lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elingabusa inqubo yokwenza imithetho. Futhi kuphoqelela isishayamthetho ukuba sicabangele umbono womphathi futhi sakhe ukusekela okubanzi kwezicelo zakhe.

I - Veto Njengethuluzi Lokuyibamba

Izikhulu zanamuhla zivame ukusebenzisa usongo ukuze zisebenzise i- njengethuluzi elisebenzayo lokukhipha ukuvunyelwa kwendlu yomthetho. Ngokuphawula ukuthi zizokwehlisa isikhala ngaphandle kokuba amalungiselelo athile ashintshwe, omongameli bangamisa umthetho ngemva kwezigcawu. La mandla ethukela angaba namandla kakhulu kuneveto ngokwawo, ngoba athonya okuqukethwe izikweletu ngaphambi kokuba bafike edeskini lesikhulu. I-veto ehlangene kakhulu ne-odocument ingaphoqa abalawuli ukuba baxhumane noma baqaphele i-partrock.

Ukuhlawuliswa Kwesimiso Nokulandisa

UVetoes uvumela izikhulu ukuba zigcine inqubo engaguquki ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli angafaka imali edlula izisulu ezibangwayo, kanjalo abonise ukujezisa okungokohlelo. Imiyalezo ye-Vito futhi inikeza umlando obala wezinto eziza kuqala nokwenqabela kwesikhulu, okungathonya izihlongozo zemithetho nemibono yesikhathi esizayo.

Izimpikiswano Nokugxeka

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, amandla kavito awanakuphikiswa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi angasetshenziswa kabi ukuze kuzuze abashokobezi, ukuthi anengxenye ekubekeni imithetho engokomthetho, nokuthi izinhlobo ezithile ze - veto ziphula izimiso zokuhlukana kwamandla.

Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla E - Veto

Uma umphathi esebenzisa iveto ukuze avimbele umthetho othandwayo ngenxa yezizathu zezombangazwe kuphela, noma ukuze athathe izimvume ezingahlobene nemali, kungalulaza ukulandisa ngentando yeningi. Kwezinye izimo ezingokomlando, izikhulu ziye zasebenzisa amajeke ephakethe ukubulala izikweletu ngaphandle kwencazelo engokomthetho, zisusa inqubo yokuzilawula ngokuphelele. Abagxeki futhi baphawula ukuthi usongo lweveto lungaphoqelela i-partior ukuba inciphise izinguquko ezidingekile, kuholele emithethweni ebuthaka.

I - gridlock Nokuwa

Ezimweni ezihlukene kakhulu, izikhulu zingakhipha cishe zonke iziphakamiso ezinkulu zendlu yomthetho elawulwa yiqembu eliphikisayo. Lokhu kungaholela ekungasebenzini kwemithetho, lapho kumiswa khona imithetho embalwa ebalulekile. Nakuba i-U.S. ibone i-griplock enjalo phakathi nezikhulu zikaBill Clinton (ngemva kwenkathi yonyaka ka-1995) kanye noBarack Obama (ngemva kwezinsuku zonyaka ka-2010), lapho bobabili bebhekene nezinsongo ezithiwayo ezithintimba ezinkulu. Nakuba i-veto iyithuluzi lomthetho-mthetho, ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokweqile kungaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi ekhonweni likahulumeni lokusebenza.

Impikiswano Ye - voto Ebhalwe Emgqeni

I-fomethi-item transmet ihlala ingenye yezindlela eziphikisana kakhulu zamandla okulawula. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi ivumela abaphathi ukuba banqume udoti futhi baqede “umphanda wepektheki” ochitha ngaphandle kokwenqaba zonke izikweletu. Abaphikisi bathi inikeza umphathi amandla amakhulu kakhulu phezu kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, ikwazi ukujezisa noma ukuvuza abamisi-mthetho ngemisebenzi eshaqisayo. Clinton v. City of New York isinqumo saqeda ngokuphumelelayo i-metho-item-maton, kodwa izigaba eziningi ziyaqhubeka nokuyisebenzisa, ngokuvamile ngemingcele yokuvimbela ukuxhasha.

Ukubukezwa Kwama - Vetoes

Kwezinye izikhulu, izinkantolo ziye zacelwa ukuba zibukeze ukuthi umthetho-mthetho usebenza kanjani. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zanquma ukuthi ababusi baweqisa yini amandla abo ngokusebenzisa izintambo zohlu ukuze basuse ulimi ezikweletini ngezindlela ezishintsha injongo yomthetho. Lezi zinqumo zokwahlulela zithuthukisa imingcele yamandla eveto, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ihlala ivumelana nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwamandla E - Veto Esenzeka

Ukuhlola izimo ezithile lapho kwasetshenziswa khona amandla e - veto kwembula ithonya lawo langempela ezindaweni zomthetho nezombangazwe.

UGeorge W. Bush noFiscal Srite

Umongameli uGeorge W. Bush wasebenzisa i-veto kancane phakathi nenkathi yakhe yokuqala kodwa waba nesibindi kakhulu ngemva kokuba amaRepublican elahlekelwe ukulawula koMkhandlu ngo- 2006. Wafaka izikweleti ezihlobene nokucwaninga nge-jomenti, impi ye-Iraq ngezikhathi ezithile, nokwanda komshuwalense wezempilo wabantwana (SCIP). Isigijimi sakhe sagcizelela ukubhekana necala nokumelana nalokho akubona njengokungakhokhwa imali ekhona. I-veto ye-SCHIP yayinempikiswano enkulu, njengoba yayivimbela umzamo we-bipartarian wokwethungss.

I - Barack Obama Nomthetho Wokunakekela Ongadungantengi

UMongameli Barack Obama wasebenzisa iveto ukuvikela umthetho we-CUT Ongenakudunyiswa womthetho wokunakekela [[FT: 1] [ACA] emizamweni eminingi yokulawula yeRepublican Congress. Wakhipha amaveto ngo-2015 no-2016 ngenxa yezikweleti ezazizosusa imicimbi ye-ACA, kuhlanganise nemvume yokusiza abantu ngabanye. Le minyuswano yaqokomisa indima yesikhulu ekulondolozeni impumelelo enkulu yenqubo ngokumelene nokuphikiswa kwe-Grounic.

UDonald Trump Nomnyombo Wesizwe

UMongameli uDonald Trump wakhipha i-vetoes ngezindaba eziningana, kuhlanganise nokhuseleko lomngcele, izimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe, kanye nokuthengiswa kwezikhali. Ngokuphawulekayo, wakhipha isinqumo esihlangene esasifuna ukuqeda ukumemezela kwakhe isimo esiphuthumayo sombuso emngceleni oseningizimu, kanye nesinqumo sokuvimbela ukuthengiswa kwezikhali eSaudi Arabia. La mavetoe agcizelela ukungezwani phakathi kwamandla aphethe amamo aphuthumayo kanye nokuphathwa kwenhlangano.

Izibonelo ze - tables kaHulumeni: “Fradenstein Veto” kaWisconsin

Kulelozinga lombuso, ababusi ngezinye izikhathi basebenzisa umugqa obanzi kakhulu. EWisconsin, umbusi angasusa izinhlamvu, izinombolo, namagama avela ku-appropriation izikweleti ukuze adale imisho emisha ngokuphelele .umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi “Fradenstein vhato." Lombuso wasetshenziswa nguMbusi Tommy Thompson ukuphinde ahlele amalungiselelo ngendlela engahlosile. Nakuba kuphikiswana, kubonisa ukweqisa kwegunya eliyingxenye ye-veto futhi kuye kwaholela ekubizeni inguquko.

Isiphetho

U-Vito uhlala ungenye yamathuluzi alandela kakhulu enqolobaneni yezisebenzi eziphethe, esebenza njengesivikelo sokumelana nokucushwa kwemithetho kanye nenkemba yokuqhubekela phambili kwesimiso. Ukuziphendukela kwayo okungokomlando . kusuka kumaRoma i-tribune kuya kuhulumeni wentando yeningi wanamuhla //iveza inselele ehlala njalo yokulinganisela amandla phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni. Nakuba izimpikiswano ngokusetshenziswa kabi, ukubekwa kwe-gridrock, i-glockbock, ne-rock-metal ment, igoboscle, ne-screat ments ment, ispectal, ission, i-mostionsmostionstion, ismosmos as as ass sholorders arcired arrent (ienced) i-mone yempilo yesimiso sombuso sobuthonga-delinizimuzimu. Njengoba izimo zezombangazwe zezombangazwe ziveza ukusetshenziswa ngokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezisemthethweni, ukulawulwa kwezimiso zomthetho, ukubusa, nokuphikisana komphakathi, nokuphikisana komphakathi.