Ukuqonda Amandla Alawula Ukusakazwa Kwezindaba Kuyini Okusha?

Enkathini yokwaziswa okuningi, ubandlululo lwezokuxhumana luye lwaba yikho kokubili iphiko elicushiwe nokukhathazeka okukhulu ezakhamuzini. Phakathi nako, ubandlululo lwezindaba lubhekisela ekuhlohlweni okuhlelekile kokuhlanganisa izindaba okuvumelana nemibono ethile, ukulandisa, noma imiphumela. Le bhaskathi ingaba ngenhloso noma ngephutha, ngokucashile noma ngenkani. Ukuqaphela ukuthi idinga ukuqapha kuphela kodwa futhi nokuqonda okuqinile kwezindlela izinhlangano zezindaba ezisebenza ngayo kwezombangazwe, ezomnotho, nempucuko.

Ubandlululo lwezindaba alusona isenzakalo esifana nesabanye. Luvela ekukhetheni komhleli okwenziwa nsuku zonke yizintatheli nezikhangiso zezindaba, okumelwe zibhalwe, imithombo okumelwe ibhalwe kuyo, izihloko eziphethe, naziphi izithombe ezizosakazwa. Lezi zinqumo zilolongwa yimikhakha yobuni, izingcindezi zokukhangisa, izingcindezi zezilaleli, izinkolelo zomuntu siqu zabacosheli nababhali. Emkhakheni wentando yeningi, lapho umbono womphakathi ufaka khona umthetho nokhetho, ikhono lokuhlola imithombo yezindaba ngokunemba akuyona into engenziwangabo bonke; kungumsebenzi wezembuthanga.

Umsuka Womlando Wezindaba Ezinkulu

Izindaba ezikhathazayo ngobandlululo lwezezindaba azizintsha. Ezinsukwini zakuqala zerepublic yaseMelika, amaphephandaba ayehlukanisa obala, ngokuvamile exhaswe amaqembu ezombangazwe. apartic] inkathi yokunyathelisa [ yathatha indawo yenkathi [ icindezela kuma-1830], eyayihloselwe ukusakaza abantu abaningi kodwa isaba nemibono eguquguqukayo. Ikhulu lama-20 laletha izindinganiso zobusaziwayo nenzuzo yezentengiselwano, kodwa ubandlululo lwaqhubeka ngezindlela ezicashiqela. Namuhla, izigaba zezindaba zezezenhlalo , imithombo yezokuxhumana, iprojectivess , iprojectals proces processssss process obona kakhulu.

Ukuqonda lomlando kusisiza ukuba sibone ukuthi ubandlululo aluyona into esungulwe muva nje. Luyisici sokwakha okumelwe siqondiswe. I-Pew Research Center ifakazele ukuthi ukwethemba imithombo yezindaba kuye kwehla kakhulu kangakanani, neDemocrats neRepublicans manje ephila cishe engokwakhiweni kwezimiso zezindaba ezihlukene ngokuphelele. Le ngxenye ye-athorication igcizelela ukuthi kungani ukuhlaziya imithombo yezindaba ibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Izinhlobo Zemithonje Yezindaba: Ukuwohloka Okuningiliziwe

Ukuqaphela uhlobo ngalunye lwezindaba kuvumela abafundi ukuba bahlaziye ngokunembe ukusakazwa kwezindaba.

Ukhetho

Ukukhetha izinto kwenzeka lapho imvume yokuzikhipha ikhetha ukuhlanganisa izindaba ezithile kuyilapho ingazinaki ezinye ezifanelekela ukusakazwa. Ngokwesibonelo, isiteshi esikhuluma kakhulu ngehlazo lezombangazwe elihilela iqembu elithile kodwa silulaza ihlazo elifanayo elihilela ukuphikiswa ukuthi ukukhetha. Lokhu kuthonya uhlelo lomphakathi ngokunquma ukuthi iziphi izindaba ezibhekwa njengezibalulekile.

I - bias Ephothayo

Ukukhetha ubandlululo kubhekisela endleleni indaba enikezwa ngayo. Isenzakalo esifanayo singabikwa ngokuthi “iprojekthi” noma“inguquko,” noma“ intela ebhaliswe abacebile.” Ukukhetha kwesakhelo kuthonya indlela izilaleli eziwachaza ngayo amaqiniso. Framing ihlanganisa ukukhetha ulimi, izithombe, nomongo. ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlanganisa ukufuduka kungayibeka njengendaba yokhuseleko noma njengendaba yomphakathi, kuye ngokwesimo somhleli we-'ikhasimende.

Ulimi I - Bias

Amagama anezisindo esingokomzwelo. Ubandlululo lolimi luhlanganisa ukusebenzisa amagama athwele [1] njenge- “radia,”“ mease,” noma “umqondo ovamile,” noma“ ukuhluleka” ukuvusa ukusabela okuqondile. Ngisho nezenzo ezingathathi-hlangothi ezinjengo-“ared” kanye no-“daid” zingasikisela umuzwa wecala. Abafundi kufanele babheke izisho nezigqi ezibala ukulandisa.

Ukubekwa Kwezindawo

Ukukhetha izinto kubhekisela ekuveleleni kwendaba. Isihloko sendaba esiphambili noma indaba eholayo emaphephandabeni akusihlwa isho ukubaluleka. Ukungcwaba indaba ekujuleni kwengosi noma ukuyinyathelisa ekhasini elingemuva kusikisela ukuthi ayibalulekile. Izinhlangano zezindaba zivame ukusebenzisa ukugcizelela noma ukuthatha izinto kalula.

Umthombo IBias

Ukukhetha imithombo kubangelwa ukuncika ngokungenakulinganiswa ezinhlotsheni ezithile zemithombo — ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu zikahulumeni zimelene nochwepheshe abazimele, noma zicabanga ukuthi imithombo ekhethweyo ithinta ukuthenjelwa nokulinganisela kwalendaba ngokuqondile.

Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Allides ireyithiss yobandlululo lwezezindaba inikeza ithuluzi eliwusizo lokubona ukuthi izingeniso ezihlukene zihlanganisa indaba efanayo ngezimo ezihlukene.

Okwenza Imithombo Yezindaba Ibaluleke Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Idemokrasi ixhomeke ekukhetheni uhulumeni ngolwazi. Uma ubandlululo lwezezindaba lungaqashelwa, izakhamuzi zingadukiswa, futhi impikiswano yomphakathi isontwa. Ukuhlanganisa inqwaba kungabangela ukuhlukana, ukusakaza amanga, futhi kuqede ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni. Ukucwaninga kwe- Nieman Journalism Lab eHarvard kubonisa ukuthi abantu badla izindaba eziqinisa izinkolelo zabo ezikhona, zidala amagumbi okunanela. Endaweni enjalo, kuba nzima ukuthola isisekelo esifanayo ngamaqiniso, kungasaphathwanga ngamakhambi enqubo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubandlululo luthinta okhethweni. Ukuhlola kuye kwathola ukuthi ukusekela kwemithombo yezindaba, indlela yokufaka isikhombo, nomthamo wokubika okuphambene kungashintsha lokho okuthandwa yivoti, ikakhulukazi izinhlanga ezisondelene. Ukuqonda ubandlululo akukona ukulahla zonke izindaba njengezingathembekile; kungokokwakha amakhono okucabanga abucayi ukuze kuhlukaniswe ukubika okunokwethenjelwa nokuguquguquka.

Amathuluzi Okusakaza Izindaba

Ngenhlanhla, kunemithombo eminingi esiza abafundi ukuba bahlole ukuthembeka nobandlululo lwemithombo yezindaba.

Ama - webhsayithi Ahlola Iqiniso

Izinhlangano ezihlolayo ziqinisekisa izisholo ezenziwa abezombangazwe, amapesenti, nezihloko zezindaba. Phakathi kwezethenjwa kakhulu kukhona Snopets, FactC.org[, kanye [[FLT]P]Politact [[[FLT:]Plat:5]. Zinikeza izicubu nezilinganiso eziphelele ezingaveza ukuthi indaba isekelwe ebufakazini obuqinile noma amanga.

Amashadi Nezilinganiso Eziyimithombo Yezindaba

Amashadi anjenge Ades Medi Bias Chart ne AllSides Media Bias Indices [ indawo ekhipha imibiko ehlukene kusukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla futhi ilinganise ukuthembeka kwayo. Lamathuluzi awaphelele, kodwa anikeza isiqalo sokuqonda ukuthi incwajana iwelaphi. Umsebenzi kufanele aqaphele ukuthi ukuheha kwemithombo yezombangazwe akukwenzi ukuba ingabi nakwethemba ngokuzenzekelayo kodwa kusho ukuthi abafundi kufanele bahlole ukuhlanganisa kwayo neminye imithombo.

Umthombo wokubona ngale

Izinhlangano zezindaba ezidumile ziveza ubunikazi bazo, imithombo yezimali, nezimiso zomhleli. Bheka amakhasi athi “Ngethu” achaza izitatimende zezithunywa kanye neziqondiso zezimiso. Kuhlolele ukuthi indawo yokuphuma ingeyenhlangano enkulu yini, isisekelo esingazuzisi, noma inhlangano yezombangazwe. I-ofisi ingathonya ukuzimela komhleli.

Imibono Ehlukahlukene

Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokubona ubandlululo iwukusebenzisa izindaba ezihlukahlukene ezisezinhlabeni zezombangazwe. Funda umhleli ongaguquki ohambisana nowamadlanga; qhathanisa indlela indaba ehlanganiswa ngayo inkonzo yocingo njenge Associated Press nesikhungo sokuguqula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuqeqesha iso ukuba libone ihlazo futhi lazise ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwanoma iyiphi impikiswano.

Isiqondiso Esilandelanayo Sokusakaza Isihloko Sezindaba

Lapho uthola isihloko sezindaba, hlela indlela yokuhlola ukuthembeka kwaso.

  1. Qonda umthombo. Lencwadi yaziwa kahle ngokunemba? Ingabe inomlando wokuzisola? Bheka idumela le-pakedis ezingosini zezokubuka i-oga.
  2. chaza umlobi. Sesha igama lomqambi. Ingabe banolwazi kulendaba? Ingabe baziwa ngokuqamba amaphutha? Gwema izihloko zabalobi abangaziwa noma abaqambi benkohliso ngaphandle kokuba i-past inedumela eliqinile.
  3. hlola ubufakazi. Ingabe isihloko sikhomba imithombo eyinhloko(madocuments, umniningo, izingxoxo nochwepheshe abathiywe? Ungabaza ukusho okusekelwa kuphela “imisuka ithi” noma ukulandisa kwendabuko.
  4. Bheka ukulinganisela. Ingabe isihloko sihlanganisa imibono ehlukene? Uma sinikeza umbono owodwa, kungaba umbono noma ukuqamba, hhayi izindaba eziqondile. Izingcezu zemibono kufanele zibhalwe kanjalo.
  5. Uhloniphisa ulimi. Aluthathi hlangothi, noma ingabe kukhona amagama athukuthele ngokomzwelo? Izihloko zithambekele kakhulu ekukhetheni − zibhalelwe ukufaka ingcaca ukuchofoza, hhayi ukunemba.
  6. Qonda usuku. Izindaba ezindala zingaphinde zisetshenziswe ukuze kwakhiwe ukulandisa okungamanga. Qiniseka ukuthi isihloko sisasebenza futhi sisasebenza namanje.

Lendlela elula isiza ekuhlungeni okuqukethwe okungathembekile futhi yakhe umkhuba wokugxeka ukufunda.

I - Psychology of Bias: Isizathu Sokuba Singaqondakali

Ubandlululo lwezindaba alukona nje lokho okwenziwa imithombo yezindaba; futhi luphathelene nendlela ubuchopho bethu obusebenzisa ngayo ukwaziswa. Ukukhetha okusemqoka okungabangela amaphutha, okusenza sixakeke kakhulu.

Ukuqinisekisa I - Bias

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubandlululo luyikho ukuthambekela kokwazisa okuqinisekisa izinkolelo zethu ezikhona. Uma sifunda indaba evumelana nombono wezwe lethu, akuvamile ukuba singabaze ukunemba kwayo. Yingakho izikhangiso zezindaba ezikhishwa abashokobezi zichuma: zinikeza izilaleli lokho ezifuna ukukuzwa. Ukulwa nalokhu, ukufuna ngenhloso imibono ebekela inselele eyakho inselele.

Imiphumela Enobudlova Yemithombo Yezindaba

Imiphumela ephikisayo yemithombo yezindaba yenzeka lapho abantu bebheka ukungathathi hlangothi noma ukulinganisela njengokucwasana kwabo.

Ukukhetha ukudazululwa

Abantu bathambekele ekukhetheni imithombo yezindaba evumelana nentando yabo. Kulenkathi yenombolo, imithetho igcizelela lokhu ngokutusa okuqukethwe okusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwesikhathi esidlule. Umphumela u- “iqamu lokufinisa” lapho eminye imibono ingabonakali. Ukugqashula kudinga umzamo wangamabomu.

Ukufundisa Ukufunda Okufundwayo Kwemithombo Yezindaba Ekilasini Nakwamanye Amazwe

Ukufunda imithombo yezindaba kuyikhambi lokwaziswa okunganembile okuthathelwanayo. Abafundisi, abazali, nabaholi bomphakathi bonke banendima abangayidlala ekuhlomiseni izakhamuzi ngamakhono okuhlola.

Izingxoxo Ezibucayi

Cela abafundi noma amaqembu axoxayo ukuba aqhathanise indlela izindawo ezimbili ezihlukene ezabika ngayo isenzakalo esifanayo. Xoxani ngokuthi kungani kunomehluko nokuthi yini eyembulayo ngesimo somhleli ngamunye.

Imisebenzi Yokucwaninga

Yabelani imisebenzi lapho abafundi kumelwe bahlole khona ukusakazwa nokuxhaswa kwenhlangano yezindaba. Bangahlola isihloko esisodwa besebenzisa iziqondiso ezichazwe ngenhla. Ukunikeza ontanga lokho abakutholile kugcizelela izifundo.

Izabelo Zokuhlaziya Imithombo Yezindaba

Khuthaza abafundi ukuba babhale indaba ngesonto, babhale ukuthi ushintsho olukhona lapho kuvela amaqiniso amasha. Lokhu kufundisa ukubaluleka kokubekezela nokungabaza, okuyimibiko ehambisana nezindaba.

Abakhulumeli Abayizivakashi

Izazi zezindaba, abahleli, noma abezindaba baqaphele ukuba bakhulume ngezindinganiso zabo zobuchwepheshe nezingcindezi ababhekana nazo.

Ukufunda i media akusona isifundo esisodwa; kuyinto ethatha isikhathi eside. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-'Endaweni ye-Media Librigic inikeza imithombo yemisebenzi yokwakha isikole kuwo wonke amazinga.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokudla Izindaba Ezinempilo

Ngaphandle kokuhlola izihloko ngazinye, ungashintsha imikhuba yakho yokusebenzisa ukudla ukuze unciphise ithonya lobandlululo.

  • [ Inza kube lula ukudla kwakho. Landela okungenani ingcaphuno eyodwa kwesobunxele, enye kweyakwesokunene, neyokuthi ipestritt noma i-partisan. Sebenzisa isigebengu njenge [ Izindaba eziwubuningi ukubona ukuthi imithombo ehlukene ihlanganisa kanjani indaba efanayo.
  • [[[NTL:0] hlela imithombo eyinhloko. Uma kungenzeka, funda imibiko kahulumeni, ukucwaninga kwezesayensi, noma amabhukwana asenkantolo ngokuqondile. Gwema ukuncika kuphela efushaneni yezindaba ezingase zifake i-octive.
  • Qaphela imithombo yezindaba. Izindaba ezihlanganyelwa kumapulatifomu anjenge Facebook, Twitter, ne TikTok ngokuvamile azinamongo. Qinisekisa ngaphambi kokuba uhlanganyele. Sebenzisa amathuluzi okwakha-evikethiwe anikezwa amanye amapulatifomu manje.
  • Ukuthembisana okungokomzwelo. Uma indaba ikwenza uthukuthele noma yesabe, yima. Imizwelo enamandla ngokuvamile iyisibonakaliso sokuthi ubandlululo luyasebenza, kungaba emthonjeni noma ekusabeleni kwakho.

Indima Yemithombo Yezindaba Ekuqiniseni Intando Yeningi

Naphezu kwezinselele ezibangelwa ubandlululo, iphephandaba elikhululekile nelizimele lisebalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Izintatheli ziveza ukonakala, ziphendulela amandla, futhi zazise impikiswano yomphakathi. Umgomo awukona ukuqeda konke ubandlululo olungenakwenzeka, kodwa ukubhekana nalo ngokubona, ngezindinganiso, nangokusebenzisa izinto ezibucayi.

Lapho izakhamuzi zicabanga ngezindaba, ziba nengxenye ekhuthele ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kunokuba zithathe ijubane lokulawula izimoto. Zibuza imibuzo engcono, zenze ukukhetha okungcono ebhokisini lebhola, futhi zibe nengxenye ekwakheni umphakathi obheka iqiniso njengelibalulekile ngaphezu kokuhlukaniswa. Ukuqonda ubandlululo lwemithombo yezindaba akubangelwa ukugxeka; kungenxa yokuthola amandla.

Isiphetho: Ukuba Umthengisi Wezindaba One - Savvy

Ngamafuphi, ubandlululo lwemithombo yezindaba luyisici esiyinkimbinkimbi nesisakazeke yonke indawo sezindaba zanamuhla, kodwa akunzima ukumelana naso. Ngokufunda ukuqaphela izinhlobo zazo ezihlukahlukene − u-alfagion, i-framion, ulimi, ukuhambisa, nokukhetha okubangelwa yimithombo (ne-i-impela), nangokusebenzisa amathuluzi akhona afana nama-checkers namashadi okukhetha, noma ubani angaba umfundi onokuqonda ngokwengeziwe. Indlela yokuhlola ngenkani, ihlangene nokuqaphela ukuthambekela kolwazi lwethu, iqinisa ngokwengeziwe isivikelo sethu.

Imizamo yemfundo ezikoleni nasemiphakathini ibalulekile ekusakazeni lamakhono. Ekugcineni, impilo yentando yeningi ixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezingaqondisa izindaba ngendlela ecacile nenokuqiniseka. Umthwalo wemfanelo ungaphakathi kithi ngabanye ukufuna iqiniso, ukubuza ukuqagela kwethu, nokuhlanganyela ekuqondeni izinto ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwenza kanjalo, sisekela inhloso yentando yeningi yomphakathi onolwazi.