Ukuchaza Imikhosi Yezombangazwe

Iqembu lezombangazwe liyiqembu lezakhamuzi elihlelwe ngokusemthethweni elihlanganyela imibono eyodwa noma izimiso futhi elisebenza ndawonye ukuze lithonye isimiso somphakathi ngokuthola ukulawulwa kukahulumeni ngokhetho. Umqondo wanamuhla weqembu lezombangazwe wavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nasekuqaleni kwele-19, lisuka emaqenjini ephalamendeni futhi liba izinhlangano ezihlanganisa ubulungu bomphakathi. Isazi sezezombangazwe uE. E. Schattschneider sathi, “umbuso wentando yeningi awunakwenzeka usindise imibandela yezombangazwe.” Ithala lezindawo lisebenza njengelungu elibalulekile phakathi komphakathi nombuso, izithakazelo zomphakathi, izithakazelo zobulungu obubumbene. USchatschneider uhlela izinqumo zenhlangano, futhi uhlela izikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu zezwe.

Izici eziyinhloko ezichaza iqembu lezombangazwe zihlanganisa imfundiso noma iqophelo elilodwa, inhlangano eholayo namalungu, umgomo wokuzuza ukhetho ukuze kuzuze amandla, nendima ekuxhumaniseni izakhamuzi nohulumeni. Ngokungafani namaqembu enzalo noma izinhlangano zezenhlalo, amaqembu afuna ukubusa ngokuqondile ngokubeka amalungu awo ezikhundleni zomphakathi bese esebenzisa izimiso zawo.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando

Amaqembu okuqala ezombangazwe ayekhona e-Athene yasendulo naseRome Republic, kodwa amaqembu ezombangazwe okuqala aziwayo amiswa eNgilandi phakathi nekhulu le-17 leminyaka, namaWhigs namaTories. E-United States, amaFederalist namaDemocratic-Republicans avela e-1790. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaqembu asungula iziteshi zesizwe, imishini yokuvota, nezakhiwo zombuso zangaphakathi. Ngekhulu lama-20, amaqembu asekelwe kakhulu namalungu amakhulu namagatsha endawo aba yi-democratic aqala ukubusa emhlabeni wonke.

Imisebenzi Yemikhosi Yezombangazwe

Lezi misebenzi zidlulela ngalé nje kokufuna izikhundla futhi zibalulekile empilweni yentando yeningi engokwentando yeningi.

  • Ukudlulisa nesithakazelo: Imicimbi ehlanganisa iziteshi eziningi zomphakathi zibe iziteshi zezimiso ezivumelanayo. Imelela imifelandawonye emikhulu yabavoti futhi inikeza iphimbo ezithakazelweni ezihlukahlukene. Iqembu elilodwa lingamelela abalimi, izisebenzi, nabanikazi bebhizinisi abancane ngokulinganisela izimfuno zabo ezincintisanayo.
  • Imikhosi ehlanganisayo nethatha igalelo: Ifundisa izakhamuzi ngezindaba zezombangazwe, ikhuthaza ukuvota, futhi inikeza imikhondo yokubophana kwezakhamuzi. Ngemibuthano, ngokufaka iminyango yomnyango, nangokukhipha izibalo, basiza abantu ukuba baqonde izigxobo zokhetho futhi bazizwe beyingxenye yenqubo yezombangazwe.
  • Ukukhetha nokulungisa: amadili abonisa, ivet, futhi asekela abantu abazogijima ukuze bathathe isikhundla. Kunikeza ukuqeqesha, imithombo, nenxanxathela yabasekeli. Le nqubo isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuba khona okuqhubekayo kwabaholi abafanelekayo abayolandisa esitejini seqembu.
  • I-Foppy Formation and Agenda Set: Imikhosi iveza iziphakamiso ezinemininingwane ezibonisa umqondo wayo. Imisa umthetho, izinhlelo zokuhlela, futhi ibeke uhlelo lwesizwe lwezindaba kusukela kwezobudokotela kuya ekulondekeni kwezwe. Emazweni amaningi, idili elivelayo noma amapulatifomu ayisisekelo sezenzo zikahulumeni ngemva kokhetho.
  • Uhulumeni ophethe: Ngemva kokunqoba okhethweni, amaqembu ahlela igatsha lomthetho (i-majour and cucuses) negatsha eliphethe (ukumisa amacabinet). Bahlela izenzo zezikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuze zidlulisele izithembiso zomkhankaso futhi zigcine ukuqondisa kweqembu.
  • Ukukhokha icala nokulawula:[ amaqembu aphikisayo abheka iqembu elibusayo njengesibopho sokuhlola izenzo zikahulumeni, ukufuna ukuba sobala, nokunikeza ezinye izimiso. Lo msebenzi wobukhazikhazi ubalulekile ekuhloleni ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokuqinisekisa ukubusa okusabelayo.

Empeleni, amaqembu aguqula umbono womphakathi ube umthetho womphakathi, ayizinqola eziyinhloko izakhamuzi ezingathonya ngazo isiqondiso sikahulumeni wazo ngokungaguquki.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlangano Zezombangazwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe akhona ezimisweni ezibanzi, ezihlukahluka ngenani lamaqembu angazuza amandla angokoqobo. Lesi simiso sishintsha indlela amaqembu aziphatha ngayo nendlela abusa ngayo ngokuphumelelayo.

Isimiso esisodwa-sengxenyeni

Kwenye isigaba, iqembu elilodwa lilawula uhulumeni, futhi amanye amaqembu avinjelwe noma abekelwe imingcele enzima. Lokhu kuvamile ezizweni zempoqo ze-deathority njengeChina (Communist Party of China) ne-North Korea (Iqembu lezisebenzi zomsebenzi zaseKorenean). I-Ecostation, uma liphethwe, alincintisani. Iqembu libusa zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi ukuphikiswa akubekezelelwe.

Isimiso esinezingxenye ezimbili

Izimiso ezinezigaba ezimbili, njengase-United States nase-United Kingdom, ziphawuleka ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu abusa okhetho nohulumeni. Nakuba kunamaqembu amancane, awavamile ukuzuza amandla abalulekile. Izinzuzo zihlanganisa ezinye izindlela ezicacile, ohulumeni abaqinile, nokhetho olulula. Izingozi zihlanganisa ukuma okulinganiselwe kwemibono emincane nokukhuliswa kwezindawo, njengoba amaqembu amabili evame ukuba athathe izikhawu ezinkulu.

Uhlelo olunezingxenye eziningi

Izimiso zengxenye eziningi, ezitholakala ephalamendeni lentando yeningi etholakala ezindaweni eziningi zaseYurophu njengeJalimane, iNdiya, neNetherlands, zinamadili amaningi athola izihlalo njalo. Amakhothalo avamile. Lesi simiso sivumela ukuvela kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi nemibono kodwa singaholela kohulumeni abaguquguqukayo nezingxoxo ezinde. Amavoter anezinqumo eziningi ezicatshangelwe, futhi amaqembu amancane angathonya isimiso ngisho noma engawinanga iningi.

Isimiso seDominitant-part

Esimisweni esiphethe, amaqembu amaningi akhona ngokomthetho futhi ancintiswane akhona, kodwa elinye iqembu liyaphumelela futhi libuse njalo isikhathi eside. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-African National Congress eNingizimu Afrika (kuze kube muva nje) neLiberal Democratic Party eJapane. Lokhu kungadala umthetho we-decodo wokwehlukana okukodwa phakathi kwesigaba esihleliwe, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ekuphikisweni okubuthakathaka nenkohlakalo.

Izigaba Zezombangazwe Ezikhethayo

Indima yamaqembu enqubo yokukhetha idlulela ngalé kwamagama abazobhalisa.

Ukuthunjwa Kwezihambi Nokuhlanzwa Kwesakhiwo

Izindawo zinikela kakhulu ekutholeni inzuzo enkulu yemizamo yokuthola i-antalytics. Zisebenzisa ukwaziswa ukuze zibone abasekeli abangase babe khona, zithintane nabo ngamabhange ocingo nokungqongqoza emnyango, futhi zinikeze izinto zokuhamba eziteshini zokuhlola. Ukuqoqa kubaluleke kakhulu ikakhulukazi ekukhetheni eduze nasemijahweni ephansi. Iqembu lihlela futhi ukuqhudelana kwabantu abaningi, izimpikiswano, namahholo edolobha ukuze kuveze umdlandla.

Imali Yomkhankaso Nelungiselelo Lengcebo

Amaqembu ezombangazwe aphakamisa futhi achithe imali ukuze asekele abazohlolwa bawo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuxhasa imali ngokuqondile ekukhangiseni, ekuhloleni, ekuhambeni nasezisebenzini. Emazweni amaningi, izimali zeqembu zilawulwa ngokusemthethweni ngezimali zomphakathi noma ngemingcele yomnikelo wokuvimbela ithonya elingadingekile labacebi. I-Federal Envotion Commission [ [e-U.S.] kanye nezinhlangano ezifanayo eziqondisa ukubambisana. Amaqoqo anikeza futhi ukusekela kohlobo olulunye, njengokungena kwemithola - zincwadi ezicebile, ubuchwepheshe bezezobuchwepheshe bezezindaba, kanye nokubambisana kwezisebenzi zokuzithandela.

Ukuklabalasa Nokuxhumana

Isigaba ngasinye sokhetho, amaqembu enza indawo yesifundazwe nezindawo zokuhloma. Isikhulumi sisebenza njengesivumelwano seqembu nabavoti, sichaza ukuthi yini iqembu elizoyenza uma liwina amandla. Amapari aveza izikhangiso, izikhangiso zedili, nezokuxhumana ukuze adlulisele isigijimi sawo. Kumanani, amaqembu asebenzisa ukudlulisa imiyalezo nge-Facebook, Google, no-Twitter ukuze afinyelele izigaba ezithile zamavoti.

Ukukhetha Nezigebengu

Inqubo yokukhetha abazobhapathizwa iyahlukahluka. Kwezinye izimiso, abaholi beqembu bakhetha abazobhapathizwa (inqubo yokuvala). Kwezinye, njengamalungu esigaba somongameli wase-U.S., amalungu eqembu ngisho nabavoti abangasetshenziswanga abathatha i-propatine. Indlela yokukhetha ithonya ukuhlanzeka kwemibono yeqembu kanye nezinga ledemokrasi yangaphakathi. Ukhetho oluyinhloko lungaveza abazothatha iziqu ezingaphezulu kakhulu, kuyilapho ukukhetha okuvelele kwe-odmiliter ngokuvamile kuveza ukulinganisela, abaholi abavumelanayo.

Izigaba Zezombangazwe Nokubusa

Lapho esehhovisi, amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlela umsebenzi wohulumeni wezinsuku zonke. Ithonya lawo libonakala ekwakheni imithetho, ezenzweni zezikhulu, nasekumiseni abahluleli nezikhulu.

Ithonya Lomthetho Nesiyalo Seqembu

Kuyintando yeningi yentando yeningi, izishaya-mthetho eziphethe i-propatistion zibopha isigaba esikhulu kakhulu salesi sikhathi. Iqembu lishaya umthetho ukuze liqinisekise ukuthi amacebo adlule. Ezimisweni zephalamende, iqembu elibusayo noma i-scommond lilawula amacebo, izihlalo zekomiti, nekhalenda yomthetho. Ngisho nasezimisweni zobumongameli njenge-United States, i-coucuuses ihlela amacebo futhi ixoxisana negatsha eliphethe. I-Strong i-atting ingenza ukuba kwenziwe izimiso eziphumelelayo kodwa futhi ingakwazi ukuvimbela ukumelana nokwahlulela komuntu ngamunye.

Ukukhethwa Kweqembu Eliphethe Nokumiswa Kwekhabethe

Ezimisweni zephalamende, iqembu elinamalungu amaningi (noma umsizi omkhulu) limisa uhulumeni futhi likhethe undunankulu. Umholi weqembu uba umholi kahulumeni. Izikhundla zeKhabhinethi zisasazwa phakathi kwamalungu eqembu, ngokuvamile zilinganisa izifunda, izithakazelo zemibono, kanye nezinzuzo zobumongameli. Ezimisweni zikamongameli, umongameli ngokuvamile uyinhloko yeqembu labo, futhi ukumiswa kwekomiti ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa abalandeli abaqotho kanye nochwepheshe bangaphandle.

Isakhiwo Esinemibhoshongo Nokudla Impahla

Ezimisweni eziningi, akukho mkhandlu owodwa ongaba neningi. Amadili kumelwe axoxe ukuze akhe umfelandawonye obusayo, ngokuvamile akhiqize isivumelwano esingokomthetho esihlela izinto eziza kuqala ezihlanganyelwe. Lenqubo idinga ukuvumelana: amaqembu angase ashiye ezinye zezimiso zawo ezithandwayo ukuze athonye ezinye izindawo. Ohulumeni bemikhakhakha bangavumelana kakhulu kodwa futhi bangantengantenga uma amaqembu engavumelani njalo. Izibonelo: imifelandawonye eguqukayo kwa-Israyeli, e-Italy, nase-Netherlands.

Indima Yemikhosi Yokuphikiswa

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi elinempilo, iqembu lokuphikiswa lisebenza “njengohulumeni olindileyo.” Bagxeka iqembu elibusayo, bacebisa ezinye izindlela, futhi bahlola amandla kahulumeni. EBritish House of Commons, uBusekeli obuthembekile bukaHermaster bunekhabethe elinikezelwe elibonisa izibuko zikahulumeni. Amaqembu aphikisayo ahlola amahlazo, afuna izincwadi, amavoti. Ngaphandle kokuphikiswa okunamandla, ukulandisa kungenza buthaka namandla agxile.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezidili Zezombangazwe Namuhla

Naphezu kokuma kwazo, amaqembu ezombangazwe abhekene nezinselele ezingathi sína ezisongela ukuphumelela nokufaneleka kwawo.

  • Ukuhlanganisa amalungu kanye neQembu: Ebuthweni lentando yeningi elithuthukile, amaphesenti ezakhamuzi ezisemhlanganweni wezombangazwe aye ehla kakhulu. Amavoter avame ukuveza ukuthi azimele futhi awathembeki kakhulu eqenjini elilodwa. Lokhu kususa izisekelo zezimpande zotshani futhi kuzenza zithembele kakhulu kubantu abanikelayo nakuzikhangiso zeTV.
  • Ukuguqula i-Priglock ne-Grid: Ezimisweni ezimbili ezihlukene, ukuhlukahluka kwemibono kuye kwafinyelela amazinga adlule kakhulu. Imikhosi iye yasuka phakathi, futhi yehlukaniswe neqembu eliphikisayo ibonwa njengokukhaphela. Lokhu kuholela ekubekeni umthetho we-grid, izivingco zikahulumeni, nokuwohloka kwezimiso. Ukucwaninga kusuka Ukucwaninga [[FLT]] Isikhungo sokucwaninga [ kubonisa ukuthi inzondo eqinileyo ikhule phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule.
  • I-Populist kanye ne-Anti Party Sentiment: Izinhlangano namaphathi aphikisana nePopulist ngokuvamile zizibonakalisa zimelene nezindawo ezimisiwe, zithi “izikhulu” ziye zakhaphela abantu. Lokhu kuye kwabhebhethekisa ukunyuka kwabathathi-nxaxheba abangaphandle kanye nemicimbi e-Nyakatho ne-Melika. I-Populist ingaphazamisa izimiso zamasiko zeqembu futhi iholele kwezombangazwe eziyayayaya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya.
  • Ukukhomba nokungaboni kahle: Iqembu lezezimali ezihlasimulisayo, ukufumbathisa, nokuphatha amasuntswana kulimaza ukwethembana komphakathi. Uma amaqembu ebhekwa njengokonakala, abavoti bayadumazeka futhi bangawalahla ngokuphelele. Intengo yezentengiselwano zezwe lonke [[FLT] Indinganiso zezentengiso zezentengiselwano [[ ivame ukuthatha indlela izimali zezombangazwe eziyimboni enkulu yokonakala okucatshangelwayo emazweni amaningi.
  • I-Ialitact of Technology and Social Media:[ Imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo ishintshe indlela izitho zokuxhumana ngayo, kodwa iye yenza futhi kwakwazi ukuzwana okunganembile, amagumbi okunanela, nokuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe. Imikhosi izama ukugcina isiyalo sokuthumela umyalezo endaweni ehlukene yezezindaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakwa kwemininingwane yemicropu kungalawula abavoti. Abanye baye bazama ukuvumelanisa izakhiwo zabo ezihlelayo nezimiso zemishini ezisheshayo.
  • Iphakanyiswa i-Independent Movements ne Non Orgational Acters: amaqembu esithakazelo, ama-PAC, kanye nezinhlangano ezinamandla angahlanganisa imithombo elingana nalawo amaqembu. Kwezinye izinqumo, abantu abacebile (umz. Michael Bloomberg, Andrrej Babiš) athathe izakhiwo zeqembu ngokuphelele. Lenhlangano ibekela inselele isisekelo esisemthethweni senhlangano yomkhankaso.

Ikusasa Lezidili Zezombangazwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe awasaphelelwanga isikhathi, kodwa kumelwe azivumelanise nokusinda. amaqembu amaningi azama ukuthatha idemokrasi yangaphakathi, kuhlanganise ne-inthanethi ehlanganisa ukuthatha iziteshi ze-primethiki nesimiso sokuhlukanisa. Amanye akha ubuhlobo nezinhlangano zomphakathi kanye namaqembu omphakathi ukuze aphinde ahlangane nabavoti abahluliwe.

Ubuchwepheshe bemishini bunikeza amathuba amasha okuthembisana: amatheku angahlanganisa imihlangano, izinqubo zokuqoqa izingqungquthela, nokuqoqa imali ngeminikelo emincane kuyi-inthanethi. Impumelelo yamaqembu anjenge-Five Star Movement e-Italy nasePodemos eSpain ibonisa ukuthi amaqembu amasha asebenzisa izinombolo angaphazamisa izimiso ezindala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amalungu amisiwe athatha amathuluzi amasha okufuna nokuhlela.

Okunye ukuthambekela ukuqashwa kwezisebenzi zeqembu, nabahlaziyi bemininingwane, ochwepheshe bezokuxhumana, nochwepheshe bezimiso esikhundleni somphathi weqembu elidala. Lokhu kungenza amaqembu aphumelele kakhulu kodwa futhi angabi nalusizo emalungwini otshani. Inselele kuyoba ukulinganisela ikhono lobuchwepheshe kanye nokufakwa kwamalungu angempela.

Ekugcineni, ikusasa lamaqembu ezombangazwe lixhomeke ekhonweni lawo lokubuyisela ukwethembana nokubusa okusabelayo. Izindawo ezihlanganisa ukuvuleka kwecala, ukulandisa, nokufakwa kuyo cishe ziyohlala zisemqoka ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Lezo ezimelana noshintsho zingathathelwa indawo uketshezi, izinhlangano ezifuna ukuthonyelwa.

Isiphetho

Amaqembu ezombangazwe asele izikhungo ezibalulekile zentando yeningi yanamuhla esebenzela imibuso yentando yeningi. Akha izithakazelo zezentando yeningi, ukuncintisana kwezezikhundla ze-volution, ukuhlelwa kukahulumeni, ukuhlelwa kwesimiso sokuhlela, nokunikeza indlela yokulandisa. Kusukela esimisweni sezezombangazwe esivamile esinezigaba ezimbili e-United States kuya ezindaweni eziningi ze-Scandinavia, amaqembu ayazivumelanisa nempucuko yezombangazwe asebenza kuyo. Nokho, izinselele zokuwohloka kwezindawo, ukuncipha kwamalungu ezombangazwe, nokuphazamisa kwezobuchwepheshe kuyinto yangempela nenkulu. Ukuqonda ukuthi isigaba sezombangazwe yimisebenzi, izinhlobonhlobo, nemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuhamba ngezombangazwe futhi sihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo. Ukubusa kuyakhula, izinhlangano zezombangazwe kumelwe zizenze noma zifake izingozi kakhulu. Ikhono lazo lokuzimela ukusinda kuphela kodwa futhi nokubusa kwempilo yomhlaba wonke.