Isiqalo se-E.S. Singaphezu nje kokuqala isigwebo; isimemezelo esiyisisekelo senjongo yesizwe, ukuhlangana phakathi kwezakhamuzi, kanye nento ephindaphindwayo emicimbini yomphakathi ehlanganisa abantu baseMelika. Samiswa ngo-1787 futhi sagunyazwa ngo-1788, iSimemezelo soMthetho-sisekelo simemezela igunya lomthetho-sisekelo njengowavela emikhosini engokwemvelo, efundiswa emakhelini omongameli, ezindaweni zokufundela noma kohulumeni abakhona. Lenkulumo iyodwa eyaguqula inkolelo yezombangazwe ngokusho ukuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uthola imvume yokubusa. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ukugxazululwa kwemini, ukwakhiwa kwemidatha eMelika ezindaweni ezivamile, ekhuthani lemiciselwayo, ezinkonzweni zemvelo, ezifundiswa emakilasini, nasemibonweni eNkasweni ephakeme. Isebenza isikhumbuzo esiyinhloko sesizwe sokuzibondlobo.

Umbhalo Wesethulo

Umbhalo ophelele wesihloko esithi Presedge ufundeka kanje:

“Thina bantu base-United States, ngokulandelana ukuze sakhe i-Union ephelele kakhulu, simise ubulungisa, siqinisekise ukuvikelwa kwenani lasekhaya, sinikeze i-Welfare, sithuthukise i-Welfare, futhi sivikele izibusiso zenkululeko kithi ngokwethu ne-Poster, simisa futhi simise loMthetho-sisekelo we-United States of America.”

Inkulumo ngayinye inesilinganiso esijulile esingokomlando nefilosofi. Isiqalo, “Thina bantu,” sasiyisinqumo sangamabomu sabahleli sokugcizelela ubukhosi obuthandwayo, sithathela indawo isimo esivamile “Thina Zwe” ulimi oluye lwavela ngaphambili emishinini. Lokhu kuphawula ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wathola ngokuqondile ilungelo lawo kusuka ku-sakhamuzi kunokuvela kuhulumeni wendlu yomthetho. Amazwi athi “UMyalo wokwakha i-Train Union ephelele” wavuma ubuthakathaka beZigaba zeNhloko-Propunithi ze-Confederation futhi waveza isifiso sokwakha i-octive, futhi waveza ukulondeka kwesizwe okunamandla kakhulu, nakuba uhulumeni ovamile unikeza inzuzo engcono kakhulu, ngisho neyawoM. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezisembusweni zasekhaya, nakuba izikhululiwe yizinye imibuso ephakeme kakhulu. [Nkakhulu yeze yalenze izikhulu zeze yakhona, izikhulu zeze yale mpiko yomphakathi, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhuluze yaphawula izikhulu zeze yale i

Indima Emicikilishweni Yemibimbi

Indima ye - Pregagery emicimbini yomphakathi ingokomfanekiso futhi iyasebenza. Ishiwo ngekhanda, icashunwe, futhi ibhekiswe emikhosini ephawula ukushintsha kwezikhundla zomphakathi, ubuzwe, nobunye besizwe.

Ama - ceremonium Okuzenza Angokwemvelo

Enye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokusebenzisa i-Pregnation yenza imikhosi yemvelo, lapho abafuduki baba izakhamuzi zase-United States. Izinkonzo zobuNgangamele nezokuthutha ngokuvamile zihlanganisa isiqalo sesifungo semikhosi noma njengengxenye yezinto zokufundisa. Ukubhekisela kwesithi “Thina bantu” sixhuma izakhamuzi ezintsha ebhukwini lokusungula isakhiwo futhi sigcizelela ukuthi manje ziyingxenye yaleso siqu esiphezulu. Kubantu abaningi, kuyisikhathi esingokomzwelo esifanekisela kakhulu ukwamukelwa kwabo izindinganiso zaseMelika. Inkulumo ka-Pregatoring ethi“ Preary" ihlanganisa izakhamuzi zemvelo nezizukulwane ezizayo, ifaka indima yazo ekuthuthukiseni izifiso zesizwe.

Ukumiswa Kobumongameli

Ukunikezelwa komongameli kuphakathi kwemicikilisho ebonakala kakhulu yomphakathi e-United States, futhi i-Pregsion ivela kaningi ekhelini lokuqala noma ezicini zemikhosi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uBarack Obama waqala ikheli lakhe lokwahlulelwa ngo-2009 ebhekisela ePregagery, ethi, “Thina bantu siye sahlala sithembekile ezimisweni zethu zabathwali bethu.” Ngokufanayo, uMongameli Joe Biden uvela ekhelini lika-2021 elicela isaziso sokuthi i-Preagend’s sihlanganise“ ukuguqula i-Uni ephelele ngokwengeziwe” njengesimiso esiqondisa ukuhlukana kwesizwe. Inkonzo yokufunga ngokwayo, kuyilapho isekelwe esifungweni somongameli, ngokuvamile ibekwa ngezinjongo zomthetho. I-Pregayday asebenza njengendimendeli ehlanganisa izilaleli, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ihlangene besizwe sesizwe sesizwe, i-Mdumesekukho, isisekelo sesithembiso sesizwe sesizwe sesithembiso sesizwe sesithembiso sesizwe.

Izivumelwano Zehhovisi Zezikhulu Zombuso Nezasembusweni

Ngasinye isikhulu sikahulumeni nohulumeni, kusukela kumalungu eSishaya-mthetho kuya kuzikhulu zezempi, sifunga ukusekela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba isifungo esiqondile singesho njalo isiqalo, izimiso zaso zicacile. Imikhosi eminingi ihlanganisa ukufundwa kweSingeniso ukuze kukhunjulwe iziphathi zemigomo yazo ephelele. Ezindlini zombuso, iSigqekezo ngezinye izikhathi sishiwo ngezikhathi zokuvulwa kwemibuthano, siqinisekisa isibopho sokwahlulela, ukuthula, nenhlala - kahle. Lemikhosi iqinisa ukuthi isikhundla somphakathi siyilungelo lokukhombisa inzuzo ebekwe ngenxa ka “Thi thina bantu.”

Imikhosi Yokuzijabulisa Nemibuthano Yasobala

NgoSuku Lwenkululeko, uSuku loMthetho-sisekelo (Septebrul 17), namanye amaholide esizwe, isaziso sishiwo kaningi ezigijimeni zomphakathi. Izikole, amaqembu omphakathi, kanye nezinhlangano zomakad’ikhomkha bahlela ukufundwa okukhuthaza ukuthatha iqhaza lomphakathi. ISibonelo somlando sivame ukuhlanganisa inqubo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo, ehilela izakhamuzi zaso zonke iminyaka. Lemicikilisho iguqula isiqalo somboni engokomlando sibe incwadi ephilayo eqhubeka ikhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo esibumbene. Isenzo sokuyiphindaphinda ngokuzwakalayo sidala umqondo wobunye nenjongo efanayo, inanela inqubo yokuqala yokuhlanganisa izakhamuzi ngezingxoxo nokuthatha uMthetho-mthetho.

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo

I-Preggy iyisisekelo semfundo yomphakathi e-United States. Kusukela esikoleni samahlalo kuya ekholiji, abafundi bafunda amagama nezincazelo zayo njengengxenye yezifundo zabo. Consitution Day yomthetho kahulumeni [ (2004) idinga izikhungo zemfundo ezithola imali kahulumeni ukuze kugcinwe izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo njalo ngoSeptember 17, futhi i-Pregnation ivame ukuba isiqalo. Othisha basebenzisa isiqalo sokuveza imiqondo enjengentando ethandwayo, izinjongo zikahulumeni, kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye nokuhle.

Ukuphinda Ubhale Ikhanda

Ezikoleni eziningi, abafundi babamba ngekhanda i-Pregaget njengendlela yokuhamba. Lokhu kukhumbula kusebenza njengesisekelo solimi, kuhlanganisa izimiso zoMthetho-sisekelo ezingqondweni zentsha. Ukubekwa kwe-Preggy kwenza ukuba ikhumbuleke, futhi ukuhlelwa kwayo okuyisisekelo kwemigomo kunikeza uhlelo olunengqondo lokuqonda imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni. Nokho, abafundisi bagcizelela futhi ukuhlaziywa okucatshangelwe ngokuhluzekile: “Inhlangano ephelele kakhulu” isho ukuthini enkathini yokuwohloka kwezombangazwe? “i-general Welfare". ichazwe kanjani ezingxabeni zezenhlalo? Ngokuxabana nalemibuzo, abafundi bashukumisa ngokungenakucatshatisisa imibandela ejulileyo.

Izincazelo Eziphikisanayo Ekilasini

I-Pregagery ayigonyiwe ekuxabaniseni. Impikiswano ngencazelo ye- “gallerl Welfare” iye yabhebhethekisa izimpikiswano eziphathelene nobubanzi bamandla kahulumeni. Abanye othisha baveza isiqalo njengencwadi eqhubekayo esekela isenzo sikahulumeni sokusingatha izidingo zezenhlalo, kuyilapho abanye begcizelela injongo yayo yokuqala njengeyikho ukubala imibuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkulumo ethi “Thina bantu” siye sagxekwa ngokukhipha abesifazane, abantu abagqilaziwe, namaMelika Omdabuni ngesikhathi sokubhala kwayo. Othisha basebenzisa lesi simo esibucayi ukuze bahlole imvelo ehlanganisa i-democracy, i-Pregation ku-andmentmentationstions kamuva nezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukucabanga okugxeka futhi kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde incwadi ephilayo njengombhalo wemithetho esemthethweni.

Umphumela Ongokomlando Nokunconywa Kwanamuhla

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, iSingeniso siye sasetshenziswa ezikhathini zenhlekelele noshintsho.Izimiso zaso ziye zaba isikhalo sokunxusa ubunye nendinganiso izenzo zikahulumeni ezilinganiswa kuyo.

Impi Yombango Nokuvuselelwa Kwayo

Phakathi neMpi Yomphakathi, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wayevame ukubhekisela ezimisweni ze-Pregardstings ezinkulumweni zakhe, edume kakhulu eGettysburg Address, lapho akhuluma khona ngesizwe “esibekwe eNkululeko, futhi esinikezelwe emyalezweni wokuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana.” Nakuba uLincoln engashonga nge-intergagry serratime, ulimi lwakhe lwasho izihloko zalo zobunye nenkululeko. I-Pregday-avenmentations (intenten, 1450th, ne-15) yazinyelela ekufezeni isithembiso sokwahlulela ngokulunga namalungelo abo bonke, kuhlanganise nabantu ababekade begqiliwe. Amazwi eSikhalo se-Pregarba athatha izincazelo ezintsha zesizwe sethu thina esifuna ukuba sifinyelele kubo bonke abantu.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, abaholi bamalungelo omphakathi banxusa isikhulumi ukuba sifune ukuba uhulumeni aphile ngokuvumelana nemibono yakhe eyisisekelo. UDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. wayevame ukucaphuna isiqalo sezinkulumo zakhe, sigcizelela “Ubulungisa” futhi“ ufaka i-Welfare” njengegunya lokulingana kwezinhlanga. Ngonyaka ka-1963 eWashington, lapho iNkosi yanikeza khona “Inamazwi” ayo, abekwa njengesicelo sokukhulula izithembiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Ulimi lwe-Pregatoring lwavela futhi ezinqumweni zeNkampathi ezithuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi, njengange[FLT:] Brown. Ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo [FOLD:1] [195], eyayikhonjwa njengesicelo sezenhlalakahle. Umthetho weNkakhulu leNkakhulu leNkakhulu leNkakhulu wasebenzisa ukuphikisa kakhulu ngokuthi i-Promony.

Impikiswano yePost-9/11 ne-Contemporary

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, 2001, ukubhekisela kwe-Pregary ku- “Social Welver” kwaphawulwa kabanzi ukuthethelela ukulwa nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uGeorge W. Izinkulumo zikaBush zazivame ukuhlanganisa ulimi olusukela ekusunguleni ukukhuthaza ubunye besizwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, izimpikiswano zokuqapha, ukuthuthwa kwabantu, nenkambiso yezomnotho zivame ukuxhomeke ekuchazeni incazelo ye-“general Welfare” kanye ne-“Libertry.” Ngokwesibonelo, izimpikiswano zenguquko zempilo ziye zanxusela isiqalo sokuphikisana noma ukuhileleka kukahulumeni. Inkulumo ethi “ikhomgathelo ye-Tranquential" isetshenziswa ezingxoxweni eziphathelene, ukubhikiselana nokubhikisha. I-Pregayle ihlala iyindawo ephilayo, ivumelana nencazelo yayo entsha.

Isiqalo Sencwadi Ephilayo

Nakuba isiqalo ngokwaso singawaniki amandla, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngezikhathi ezithile iye yabhekisela ekuchazeni izinjongo ezibanzi zoMthetho-sisekelo. Mcloch v. Maryland (1819), uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wabhala ukuthi iSingeniso “simemezela ukuthi abantu base-United States bayawumisa futhi bamise loMthetho-sisekelo” nokuthi isiphetho sawo sithethelela izindlela uma nje benganqatshelwe. [[FLT:] ku-grounts. v. "V."[FLT] [FLT] [FL:] [3] [19], iNkakhulu isho ukuthi iSikhathi seNkathi se-Pregdayworthi isekela imibuso engokwembutho. [2] [2], ngokucutshulwa kwe-Genethi], lapho ibona ukuthi i-Pregconst], iveza khona i-Pregconst.[200], i-pregconst] kuchaza ukuthi ingulight.

Izazi ziphikisana ngokuthi i-Pregagery inamandla angokomthetho yini. Abaningi bayavuma ukuthi “igama eliyinjongo” eliqondisayo kodwa elingakhi malungelo aqiniswayo. Nokho, amandla ayo angenampendulo angenakuphikwa. Isaziso sikhonjwe emifushaneni eminingi engokomthetho, izimpikiswano zobuhlanga, nezimpikiswano zomphakathi ngenxa yokuthi iqeda izifiso eziphakeme kakhulu zesizwe. Isebenza njengekhampasi enokuziphatha okuhle, ikhumbuza abenzi bemithetho nezakhamuzi ngezimiso okulindeleke ukuba zisetshenziswe nguhulumeni.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Izehlulelo Kweminye Imithetho - sisekelo

Isiqalo soMthetho weSisekelo waseJalimane siqala ngokuqaphela umthwalo wemfanelo phambi kukaNkulunkulu futhi sikhuthaza ubunye baseYurophu. Ukukhomba kwasekuqaleni koMthetho-sisekelo waseFrance kugxile ekubuseni okuthandwayo. Amanye amazwe amaningi asenemininingwane eminingi kakhulu echaza ukuthi umlando wekhombo, inkolo, noma imibono eqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-German Sith Law of Sith iqala ngokuqaphela ukuthi umthetho obalulekile phambi kukaNkulunkulu futhi unxuse ubunye baseYurophu. Ukukhomba kwaseFrance okungaqasheki koMthetho-Myalethi Wamalungelo Abantu. Ukumemezela kwamalungelo abantu. Ukushaya kwezwe ngenkani kwezwe, i-socialism, i-socialism, ireversavective, irecurivement, i-demodeli. Kodwa i-Pregation iveza ukukhomba kwayo okucacile kwegunyaza igunya lawo ku-“ Thina ” ngaphandle kokubhekisela egunyeni noma ezenzweni lomlando. Lendlela ephambili yokuzimisela ekushintsheni kwayo yonke indawo.

Isiqalo siye sathonya nezinye izizwe. Isaziso se-Constitution of Japan (1946), esibhalwe ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, sisho amazwi afanayo eMelika: “Thina, amaJapane, sisebenza ngabameleli bethu abakhethwe ngokusemthethweni... simemezela ukuthi amandla obukhosi ahlala nabantu.” Ngokufanayo, isaziso seSigcono seCharter yeZizwe Ezihlangene siqala ngokuthi “Thina zizwe zeZizwe Ezihlangene,” siboleka ngokuqondile indlela yaseMelika. Lembulunga yonke ifinyelela indima yeSingeniso hhayi nje kuphela emikhubeni yezentelezi yaseMelika kodwa njengesibonelo sokwenza umthetho wentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho: ITestamente Elihlala Njalo

Indima ye-Pregagery eMelika yemicikilisho yomphakathi ihlelwe futhi ihlala njalo. Iseqalo semfundo, isisekelo semikhosi, umthombo wobunye ezikhathini zenhlekelele, nophawu lokulinganisa intuthuko yesizwe ekuqondeni izifiso zaso. Ngokuyiphindaphinda, amaMelika azo zonke izizinda aqinisekisa ubulungu bawo emphakathini wezombangazwe osekelwe ekuvumelaneni nasenjongweni. Isehlo sisikhumbuza ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona nje incwadi engokomthetho kodwa uyingxenye yesivumelwano phakathi kwezizukulwane. Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka silwa nezinselele zokungalingani kwezwe nokuphepha kwesizwe, futhi ukuqamba kuyoba ingxenye ebalulekile yolimi oluhlela inkulumo yasobala. Ukuqonda indima yaso kusisiza ukuba siqaphele indlela amasiko ebusa ngayo intando yentando yeningi. “Sintu, abantu bakhona. ”

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngokubaluleka okungokomthetho kwe-Preggy, bheka i- Constitution Ansitution ethathwe eMtatsheni Wezingqungquthela. Ukucaciswa okungokomlando kwesiqalo semfundo yomphakathi, Izinqolobane zeMalizimu zinikeza imithombo nemithombo eyinhloko. Ukuhlola ukuqhathanisa komthetho-sisekelo, iProjectstitutive ye-[[[FLT:]]