Ukuqonda Abakhokhi Bentela Bendawo

Minyaka yonke, izigidi zamaRandi zisuka ezakhamuzini nasemabhizinisini zingena ezinkokhisweni zikahulumeni zendawo zentela yempahla, intela yokuthengisa, intela yeholo, nentela yomsebenzisi. Ukuqonda kahle ukuthi leyomali isetshenziswa kanjani akuyona nje indaba yesifiso sokufuna ukwazi (ukuthi ikhona isisekelo sokuthembisana kwesizwe nokuziphendulela ngentando yentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukuthi ama - dollar azo entela ayaphi, zingazenza izinqumo eziqondiswe kahle ebhokisini lokukhokha impahla, zisekele ngokuphumelelayo izidingo zomphakathi, futhi zisekele izikhulu ezikhethwe ukuba zibhekane nemiphumela. Lesi sihloko sinikeza i-kerobon egcwele ukukhokhwanywa kwemali yomphakathi, inqubo yokwabiwa, namathuluzi okunikeza izakhamuzi amandla okuba abahlanganyela empilweni yezentengongongo.

Indima Nokubaluleka Kwentela Yasendaweni

Intela yendawo inikeza imali izakhamuzi eziyikhokhayo nsuku zonke. Ngokungafani nezintela zikahulumeni, ezisekela isivikelo sezwe, ukulondeka kwezenhlalakahle nezezisekelo ezisezifundeni ezisemuva, intela yendawo ihlobene ngokuqondile nezinga lokuphila emphakathini othile. Imithombo emithathu eyinhloko yemali ekhokhwayo yendawo ($information, short, , , kunye nentela yeholo) inezici nezinjongo ezihlukile.

Intela Yempahla

Intela yempahla iwumthombo owodwa omkhulu kakhulu wemali ekhokhwayo ezifundeni eziningi zendawo. Zikhokhwa ezindaweni ezisekelwe ezingeni lempahla nezindawo ezihlolwayo. Lentela intengo inciphe kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi amanani empahla awaguquguquki ngokushesha njengabathengi. Ngokwe-.S. Centies Bureau’s Annution of State and Proviletural Real Safemittes[, ukukhokha intela yempahla yentela cishe engu 72% yayo yonke intela yendawo ekhokhwa ngezwe.

Ukuthengisa Intela

Izintela zentela zisetshenziswa ekuthengeni izimpahla futhi kwezinye izindawo, izinkonzo. Ziyashintsha kunentela yempahla ngoba zixhomeke ekuthengeni imali. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo babeka intela ehlukene yokuthengisa ngentela kahulumeni. Lemali ivame ukungena emalini exhasa izinkonzo eziningi, kusukela emapakini anakekelwa kuya ezimisweni zezempilo zomphakathi. Intela ivame ukubuyiselwa futhi ngokulingana nemali etholakalayo emakhaya aphansi angenisa imali engcono kakhulu.

Intela Ekhokhwa Endaweni

Amanye amadolobha kanye nentela yeholo lezakhamuzi futhi ngezinye izikhathi kubaphathi abasebenza ngaphansi kwegunya. Lentela ayivamile kunempahla nentela yokuthengisa kodwa isetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinjengeNew York City, iPhiladelphia, nezikhulu eziningi zase Ohio. Izintela zemali edonswayo ngokuvamile zinikezelwa ezimisweni zezenhlalakahle yomphakathi, ukuthuthuka komphakathi, nezibopho zempesheni zezisebenzi zomphakathi.

Ngaphandle kwalezi zigaba ezinkulu, ohulumeni bendawo baqoqa futhi izimali ezihlukahlukene zezinkonzo ezithile — amanzi nezindawo zokuchitha indle, imvume yokwakha, amamitha okupaka izimoto, nezindleko zesimiso sokuzilibazisa. Nakuba intela engakhokhwa ngokobuchwepheshe, lenkokhelo yabasebenzisi iyingxenye ebalulekile yemali ekhokhelwayo futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi labo abazuza ngokuqondile ekukhokheleni inkonzo ngezindleko zayo.

Lapho Abathelisi Bakho Beya Khona: Ukuwohloka Okuphelele

Imali esetshenziswa uhulumeni wendawo ihlukaniswa yaba yimisebenzi embalwa emikhulu. Izilinganiso zihluka kakhulu ngohlobo lomphakathi(-rapulan", emaphethelweni, noma emadolobheni) nangemithetho kahulumeni engase igunyaze amazinga athile emali ezikoleni noma kwezinye izinkonzo. Ngezansi kubhekwa ngokujule kakhulu izindawo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu.

Imfundo

Imfundo yomphakathi iyizindleko ezinkulu kakhulu kohulumeni bendawo abaningi, ezidla cishe amaphesenti angu-30 kuya ku-40% emali yokukhokha imali. Lokhu kukhokhela amaholo othisha namaholo abaqondisi besikole, ukunakekelwa kwekilasi, ukunakekelwa, ezothutho, nezinhlelo zangemva kwesikole. Ezizweni eziningi, amasifunda ahlukene kahulumeni anegunya lokukhokha intela, kodwa ayaqhubeka ancike kakhulu ezintela zendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] iNhlangano yezemfundo yezemfundo [FLT] UBHAN iphawula ukuthi imali echithwayo ngenye intela ingaphuma ngaphansi kukaR1000 000 000 000 000 ezindaweni kuya kunoma amadollarijini ayizi - 000, eqhutshwa kakhulu ngempahla yendawo. Ukuqonda ukuxhumana phakathi kwempahla yakho yentela kanye nezikole zasendaweni yakho kungakhuthaza izinhlangano zemali noma ukusekela inzuzo yezentengo yesifunda.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi

Amaphoyisa, umlilo, nezinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo zivame ukuveza imali elinganiselwa ku-20% kuya ku-25% yemali yendawo. Ezindaweni eziningi, amaphoyisa ahlanganisa iholo nezinzuzo zezikhulu, ukuqeqeshwa, imishini, izimoto, nezimiso zobuchwepheshe njengezindawo zokuthumela izimpahla nemishini. Iminyango yomlilo idinga ukutshala imali eziteshini, izinjini, amapayipi, izinsimbi zokuvikela, nokuqeqeshelwa ngokuqhubekayo kokubili izisebenzi zokuzithandela. Emiphakathini eminingi, ukuphepha komphakathi kuyingxenye yesibili ebanzi ngemva kwemfundo. Izakhamuzi zifuna izinga eliphakeme lokuphepha komphakathi, kodwa ezohwebo abangahambiyo bangasho ukulahlekelwa imali eyizigidi ezingu-R3 ezinkondlwaneni zemali ephambili: ukwandayo emalini yokuxhasa amaphoyisa, imitatsheni yeze, emitatsheni, noma ezinkonzweni yezenhlalakahle. Ukuziseni ngezindawo zokuhweba ezisezindaweni zomphakathi.

Izakhiwo Nezokuhamba

Imigwaqo, amabhuloho, amabala asemgwaqweni, izibani zomgwaqo, izimpawu zomgwaqo, kanye nezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi zidinga imali eqhubekayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali esemthethweni kuxhaswe ngenhlanganisela yentela yempahla, intela yokuthengisa, intela yombuso, izibopho zesivumelwano. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Civil Enginegers, I-Infraclactive Report Lack [[FLL: 1] Inikeza imigwaqo yendawo isilinganiso se- “D” iyonke, iqokomisa imfutho yamahlala njalo ngaphansi kwe-partime. Ohulumeni bendawo babhekenemithwalo eyandayo yezokuphatha iziphetho, ukwanda kweze, ukunwe, nezimoto zikagesi. Ukuqonda ingxenye yentela yakho yentela kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukuthi indawo yabo isesimweni sayo noma isendaweni yayo ezungezile.

Izinkonzo Zempilo Nezabantu

Ohulumeni bendawo banendima ebalulekile empilweni yomphakathi, ezinkonzweni zezenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenza kweminyango yezempilo, imitholampilo yengqondo, izindawo zokuhlala ezingenamakhaya, izinhlelo zosizo lokudla, nezinkonzo zakudala. Ukuxhasa kuvela ezintela zendawo kanye nezimali ezinikezwa uhulumeni. Phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zempilo zomphakathi, njengobhadane lwe-COVID-19, iminyango yezempilo yendawo iqoqwa ngokushesha kodwa ibhekene nezindleko zemali. Izakhamuzi eziningi aziqapheli ukuthi izinhlelo zazo zentela zendawo njenge WIC (AS, izingane, nabantwana, nezisebenzi ezivikela izingane, nokuqeqeshwa komsebenzi. Ngokucacile ukubika kule zinhlelo kusiza ukuba abantu bathembe futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi abantu abasengozini bathola ukusekelwa ngokwanele.

Amapaki, Ukuzijabulisa, Nesiko

Amapaki, izikhungo zokudlala, izikhungo zomphakathi, amadamu, imitapo, imitapo yezincwadi, nezenzakalo zamasiko zixhaswe ngokuyinhloko ngemali yentela yendawo. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi zibhekwa “njengezentengiselwano,” lezizikhungo ziye zaboniswa zithuthukisa impilo engokomzimba, ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo, nenani lempahla. Ukuthemba iZwe Lomphakathi [[, amadolobha afaka imali emapaki abona ukunciphiswa kwezeluleko lobugebengu nokwanda kwemisebenzi engokomzimba. Izinhlelo zokuzijabulisa zobusha nezokuxhumana ezilondekile nezixhumana phakathi kwezindawo. Izimiso zezincwadi ezinikeza ukufinyelela mahhala, i-interternet, nokuhlola umsebenzi. Uma lezintela zigcwele, lezi zinkonzo zivame ukuhlelwa yizentengo yomphakathi, ukuhlelwa komphakathi.

Uhulumeni Ovamile Nomqondisi

Ingxenye encane kodwa ebalulekile yezintela zendawo ezikhokhelwayo zemisebenzi kahulumeni: imiholo yezikhulu, idolobha noma izisebenzi zesifunda, iminyango yezezimali, izinkonzo zomthetho, ukhetho, nobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa. Nakuba lezindleko zikhanga ukuhlolwa − ikakhulukazi uma zibhekwa njenge- “cofety"" kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukulandisa, ukukhonzwa, nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo ephumelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango wezezimali ozikhethele kahle uvimbela ukukhwabanisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi intela ilinganiselwa ngokufanelekile. Ukutshala kwezobuchwepheshe kunganciphisa izindleko zesikhathi eside ngokufaka izicelo zemvume nokufaka izicelo zomphakathi ezigciniwe.

Indlela Abathelisi Bentela Bendawo Abamiswa Ngayo: Inqubo Yohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Ukwabiwa kwama - dollar entela akuyona into ezenzakalelayo; kulandela inqubo ehleliwe yokuhlela indlela yokusebenzisa imali ngokuvamile ethatha izinyanga eziningana. Ukuqonda lenqubo kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuthonya izinqumo ngaphambi kokuba zingene.

Ukubeka Izinto Eziza Kuqala Nezidingo Zokuhlola

Ushintsho lwemali luvame ukuqala ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuya kweziyisishiyagalolunye ngaphambi kokuqala konyaka wemali. Iminyango kahulumeni yendawo ifaka izicelo zezimali ezisekelwe ezidingweni ezilindelwe − ukunikeza izisebenzi izindleko zempilo, imishini emisha, imisebenzi yezeziko elikhulu, nokwenyuswa kohlelo. Ingabe umtapo omkhulu (noma umphathi wedolobha) nomnyango wezezimali uhlola lezizicelo ngokumelene nemali ekhangiselwayo. Lesisigaba ngokuvamile sihlanganisa ukuthutha okunzima: ingabe idolobha lingaqasha amaphoyisa engeziwe noma livule imigwaqo eyengeziwe? Ingabe umtapo wezincwadi kufanele wandise amahora empelasonto noma wandise iqoqo lawo?

Ukuphothula LoluHlelo Lwemali Oluhlongozwayo

Ngemva kokubukeza ngaphakathi, igatsha eliphethe igatsha linikeza izimali ezihlongozwayo equlwini lomthetho (idolobha, ikhomishane yesifunda, ibhodi yesikole). Imali ehlongozwayo ihlanganisa amacebo okusebenzisa imali eningi emnyango ngamunye, kanye nezibikezelo zemali. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo manje banyathelisa uhlelo lwemali oluhlongozwayo kuyi-ingosi ye-nethiwebhusayithi yomphakathi, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi imali yazo izakuhlelwa kanjani. Ngokwesibonelo, vula amaBookts.com[ inikeza imithombo efuna imali esetshenziswa uhulumeni wendawo, i-ake izakhamuzi ukuba zifake i-odaywoli yemigcom ezintweni ezise-octive.

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Omphakathi Nokusetshenziswa Komphakathi

Izikhulu eziningi zendawo zifunwa umthetho ukuba zilalele izikhalo zomphakathi ngaphambi kokusebenzisa imali yokugcina. Lokhu kulalela kuyithuba lezakhamuzi lokufakaza noma ukumelana nezindawo ezithile ezikhethekile. Ngeshwa, ukuba khona kwalezi zindawo kuvame ukuba kunciphe, okusho iqembu elincane kodwa eliphiwa ngezwi kungathonya ngokungalingani. Izakhamuzi ezithatha isikhathi sokuya ezindaweni ezibhaliwe. `noma zinikeza izinkulumo ezibhaliwe."amandla angempela. Kulabo abangakwazi ukuba khona, amadolobha amaningi manje anikeza iziteshi ze-intanethi futhi anikeza imihlangano ehlala eseduze.

Ukutholwa Nokusetshenziswa Kokugcina

Ngemva kokuhlanganisa ukufakwa komphakathi nokubukeza, amavoti endikimba yemithetho elawulayo ukuba asebenzise uhlelo lokugcina lokusetshenziswa kwemali. Uma ivunyelwe, iminyango iqala ukusebenzisa iziphakamiso. Nokho, lenqubo ayipheleli lapho. Phakathi nonyaka, ukulungisa uhlelo lwemali kungadingeka ngenxa yemali elinganiselwe, izimo eziphuthumayo, noma amathuba amasha. Imibiko yezimali ilandelela ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwemali esetshenziswayo ngokumelene nohlelo lwemali, futhi lemibiko iwumaphepha omphakathi. Izakhamuzi ezihlola lemibiko zingabamba amaphutha noma ngaphansi kwezinhlelo ezihleliwe zithathelwa phansi kwemikhambiso engqungquthelelweni elandelayo.

Indima Ebucayi Yokubona Imibala

Ukubonisa imali echithwayo kuhulumeni kwakha ukwethembana futhi kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemali yomphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zingathola kalula ukwaziswa okucacile, okufike ngesikhathi ngokuphathelene nemali esetshenziswayo nezindleko, zithambekele kakhulu ekuvumelaneni nezibopho zentela nokuhlanganyela ekubuseni.

Izinyathelo Ezivulekile Zokwaziswa

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo baye bamukela izinqubo zokwaziswa ezivulekile, ukunyathelisa ama-meset ngokusebenzisa imali, izivumelwano, nokwenza. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Data.gov umgangatho we-aggrees esendaweni evulekile yolwazi, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukusetshenziswa kwedolobha lazo siqu. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa i-Open Bactage platifomu ye-Complication ne-Los Angeles's Office yokwabalwa. Lamathuluzi avumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziphenye ngomnyango, umdayisi, noma uhlelo, ukuze kubonwe ukuthi zisetshenziswe malini ngempela, ngokokuthi, ziphinde zivule noma ngemva kwezinhlelo zesikole.

Ukubika Nokubhala Izindaba Njalo

Ukuhlolwa kwemali esemthethweni kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi intela isetshenziswa ngokomthetho nangempumelelo. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo kudingeka bakhokhele izindleko zonyaka eyodwa uma bethola isilinganiso somnyango wemali kahulumeni. Lamanani akhishwa kuyi-intanethi futhi angaveza ubuthakathaka ekulawuleni ngaphakathi noma ezindaweni ezilahlwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola ukusebenza kwemisebenzi (ukuhlola) okuhlola ukuthi izinhlelo zifinyelele imiphumela yazo ezihlongozweyo. Izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa lemibiko ukuze zigcine izikhulu zinecala lemiphumela, zingagcini nje ngokuzibophelela.

Amaqembu Ezakhamuzi Aqapha Futhi Aqaphe

Izinhlangano ezingazuzi nzuzo kanye namabhodi ezakhamuzi anikeza ungwengwezi olungaphezulu lobubonisi. Amaqembu anjenge-Cvic Federation e-Illinois ne-Empire Center e-New York ahlaziya izimali zendawo kanye nokusekela izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokusetshenziswa kwemali. Izifunda eziningi futhi zinamaqembu akhokhela intela anikeza iziyalezo zamahhala ukuze aqonde izimali zikahulumeni wendawo. Izakhamuzi zingajoyina amakomiti ahlela imali noma izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezishaya izimali ukuze ziqonde ngokuqondile ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuhileleka

Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi ziyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekusebenziseni kabi ama - dollar entela. Nazi izenzo eziqinile ongazenza namuhla:

  • Thola uhlelo lwakho lwemali yendawo: vakashela idolobha lakho noma ingosi yesifundazwe bese ubheka i-“Bridge” noma“Ikhasi”. Omasipala abaningi banyathelisa uhlelo lwemali oluvunyelwe ngonyaka wamanje kanye nezincwadi zeminyaka yangaphambili.
  • wahlanganisa umhlangano womkhandlu:[ Ngisho noma ungakwazi ukukhuluma, ukulalela izinkulumo eziphikisana ngohlelo lokuhlela uhlelo lwemali kunikeza umongo obalulekile. Bheka uhlelo oluhlolwe ngokuthi “Ukulalela Uhlelo.”
  • Sebenzisa amathuluzi okubona ngale:[ Iziteshi ezihlolayo njenge ku-RadarCties (Izinga lokuhlukanisa) noma [[FLT:]] uvula amathikithi [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] (inani elifuzene, kodwa amanye amamniningwane asendaweni]) ukuze kusetshenziswe imikhondo.
  • Ngena enhlanganweni yomphakathi: ama-Rotary amaqembu, ama-sociation, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ngokuvamile zingenisa izikhulumi ezindabeni zezezimali zendawo. Lamaqembu angakhulisa izwi lakho lapho esekela izinto eziza kuqala njengepaki noma ukulungisa umgwaqo.
  • Hlanganisa ummeleli wakho: Thumela i-imeyili emfushane noma ucingo ubuza imibuzo ethile mayelana nokusebenzisa igumbi lakho. Izikhulu eziye zangalalela izivumelwano ezibotshelelwe.
  • Izindlela zendawo zokuhlela: izimpikiswano zesibopho, ukunyuka kwentela, nokuchitha izikhonkwane kuvame ukuvela kumavoti. Cwaninga izincazelo ezingokomthetho nokuhlaziya okuzimele ngaphambi kokuvota.

Isiphetho

Intela yamaRandi yasendaweni ibaluleke kakhulu ezinkonzweni ezibalulekile ezichaza izinga lokuphila komphakathi (kusukela ezikoleni nasekulondekeni komphakathi emapakini nasezisekelweni zesisekelo. Nokho izakhamuzi eziningi aziqapheli ukuthi amaphepha aqoqwa kanjani, aphiwayo, asetshenziswa kanjani. Ngokuthatha isikhathi ukuqonda inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali, amathuluzi okubonisa ukucaca kwemali, nokuhlanganyela emihlanganweni yasobala, izakhamuzi zingaqinisekisa ukuthi iminikelo yazo yentela iletha inani elikhulu. Imali yentela nokwaziswa komphakathi akuyona nje ishekethi emfucumfucumfucu kahulumeni; iyithonya elinamandla lokulungisa umphakathi obonisa isakhiwo sedolobha esinezinto eziza kuqala. Namuhla ngokuvula incwadi yemali yedolobha lakho, ngokuya emhlanganweni womphakathi, noma ngokuhlanganyela neqembu elihle lendawo. Impilo yomphakathi wakho ixhomeke kuleyo.