Isisekelo Samandla Enhlangano Engaphansi Kwesonto

Ukuqulwa kwamacala e-Congress kusebenza njengendlela eyinhloko yokuba igatsha lemithetho liphathe, lihlole ububi obungase bubonwe, futhi liqoqe ukwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze lisebenze umthetho ophumelelayo. Igunya eliphakathi kuleli gunya lophengululo linamandla okukhipha izicelo ezingokomthetho eziphoqelelweyo zobufakazi noma izincwadi. Ngaphandle kwaleligunya, iKhongolo ibingathembela ekubambisanani kokuzithandela kuphela, okungaphazamisa kakhulu ikhono layo lokubamba abantu nezinhlangano ziyolandisa. Nakuba igama elithi “pucepane” liqashelwa kabanzi, izinyathelo ezingokomthetho eziqondile, i-procedtura, nemingcele yomthetho ebusa lezi zizinto eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngokuvamile zingaqondwa ngokungeyo.

Amandla amancinci awabalwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni, kodwa aye aqashelwa iNkantolo Ephakeme njengemfanelo eyisisekelo yegunya lomthetho kusukela ezinsukwini zakuqala zeRepublic. Mcrain v. Daughty [1920], iNkantolo imise ngokuqinile ukuthi uMkhandlu unamandla okuphoqelela ufakazi namaphepha aqhubekayo emisebenzi yayo yomthetho. Muva nje, [[FLTL:2] Trumb v. Mazars USA, LLP[FL:] [20]), iNkantolo yaqinisekisa ukuthi i-bukhomishana kumelwe ukuba “ayifaneleke kakhulu kunakuqala” ukusekela lenjongo esebenzayo.

Iyini I - “Subpoena ” Yobumbano?

I-subpoena iwumyalo olotshiwe okhishwe yikomiti noma ikomiti engaphansi yeNdlu yabameleli noma iSigele esiyala ukuba umuntu noma inhlangano ivele ezindlebeni noma ekusikeni, noma ikhiqize imibhalo ecaciwe noma ezinye izinto. Ama-Subpoena angakhishwa ukuze kunikezwe ubufakazi (i-popuena ad testficanceum) noma amarekhodi namarekhodi (izinsika ze-poenascum). Amakomiti akhipha ikakhulukazi ama-pona ngaphansi kwegunya eligunya eligunyazwe yimithetho yegumbi lawo kanye nesinqumo sekomiti ngokwayo esigunyaza.

Ngokungafani ne-price poena enkulu yabahluleli ekhishwe umshushisi, i-cononal poena ayiyona ingxenye yesenzo sobugebengu. Kunalokho, ifeza injongo yokushaya umthetho noma yokuqondisa. Lokhu kuhlukanisa ngenxa yokuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho esikhona kofakazi − njengeSichibiyelo sesihlanu esimelene nokuzilahla komuntu ngokwakhe − ngokungafaniyo nesesigebengu.

Igunya Elingokomthetho Nesisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Amandla Okuzimela Angokwemvelo

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sathi amandla oMkhandlu wokuhlola “angokwemvelo enqubweni yomthetho.” Lelocala lathola ukuthi uphengululo kumelwe luhlolwe ngenjongo esemthethweni futhi akumelwe lusetshenziswe kuphela ukudalula izindaba zomuntu siqu. INkantolo yathuthukisa lesi simiso Barenblatt v. United States[FLT:] (1859] [19]), iphethe ukuthi ukulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nokuhlola kumelwe kuhlolwe ngokumelene nenzalo yomphakathi.

Imithetho Yasendlini NeyamaBhayisekili

Igumbi ngalinye lesiKhongozeli linemithetho yalo ebusa i-iduance of poenas. Endlini, amakomiti amile ngokuvamile anegunya elingaphansi kwendlu iMithetho noma ngesinqumo sekomiti esikwaziyo. ESigeqeni, amakomiti asebenza ngokufanayo ngaphansi kwemithetho emisiwe. Amakomiti amaningi adinga ukuvota okuningi kwekomiti ukuze agunyaze i-pacepane, kuyilapho abanye bevumela isihlalo ukuba sinciphe amalungu angaphansi kwe-pona kamuva ngemva kokuthintana nelungu elincane. Izinguquko zamuva kuwo womagumbi aye afuna ukwandisa ukubonakala bhabhula nokufakwa kwe-bipartarian ezinqumi.

Umda nokulinganiselwa

ICongress subpoonal poonas ayilinganiselwe. Inkantolo Ephakeme [ku- Kilbourn v. Thompson (1881] yaqala ukuqaphela ukuthi amandla amancinci empopo angaphansi komthetho-sisekelo angaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nesivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka (ISichibiyeli somnyakazo) kanye nelungelo lokumelene nokuzihlukanisa (Inguquko ye-FORT). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ilungelo elilinganiselwe lapho i-topoens iqondiswa egatsheni lesikhulu, njengase- eUnited States v. [FLT][FLT][FLD:3] [12]][5] Isinqumo samuva [FFLT]

Inqubo Yokuphonsa UFakazi Ngenkani

Nakuba ikomiti ngayinye ilandela izinqubo zayo siqu, inqubo evamile yokufakaza enkantolo ehlangene ihilela izigaba eziningana ezihlukene.

Ukwazi OFakazi Nezinto Ezibonakalayo

Lenqubo iqala lapho ikomiti iphawula abantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano ezinokwaziswa okuhlobene nokuhlola kwayo. Izisebenzi zekomiti ngokuvamile zibukeza amarekhodi omphakathi, ubufakazi bangaphambili, imibiko yezindaba, namacebiso avela kubashayi bekhwelo ukuze ziqoqe uhlu lofakazi abangase babonwe. izisebenzi eziningi nedlanzana lekomiti nazo zingase zihlanganyele ezingxoxweni ukuze zifinyelele izivumelwano ofakazi abadingeka kuzo.

2. Isicelo Sokuzithandela Sokubambisana

Ngaphambi kokuba asebenzise inqubo ephoqelelwe, amakomiti avame ukuthumela incwadi ecela ukubambisana ngokuzithandela. Lencwadi inikeza incazelo yophenyo nokwaziswa okufunwayo. Ofakazi abaningi bayavuma ukunikeza ubufakazi ngokuzithandela, ikakhulukazi uma benesithakazelo ekulolongeni indaba yomphakathi noma ekugwemeni izindleko ezingokomthetho ezihlangene nokulwa kwempophoma. Uma ufakazi ebambisana futhi enikeza ukwaziswa okuceliwe, akukho mbumbulu okudingekile.

3. IKomiti Ihlose Ukusungula I - Subpoena

Uma ufakazi enqaba ukubambisana, noma uma ikomiti ikholelwa ukuthi kudingeka inqubo ephoqelelwe ukuze iqinisekise ukuthobela, ikomiti kumelwe ivote ukuze igunyaze ukugunyazwa kwelungu elingaphansi kwelungu. Emakomitini amaningi, lokhu kudinga ukuvota kwamalungu amaningi akhona emhlanganweni we-countal noma webhizinisi. Amanye amakomiti avumela isihlalo ukuba sincike izimpoqo phakathi kwemihlangano nelungu eliphezulu. Lesi sinyathelo siqinisekisa ukuthi isinqumo sokuphoqelela ufakazi sibonisa intando yekomiti, hhayi nje ukukhetha kwelungu elilodwa lelungu.

4. Ukuthuthuka Nenkonzo Ye - Subpoena

Lapho isigunyaziwe, i-subpoena ibuthelwa ngokusemthethweni ngeseluleko somthetho sekomiti. Kumelwe isho isikhathi nendawo yokubukeka, futhi uma kukhulunywa nge-toppoena duces tecum, kumelwe ichaze imibhalo noma izinto okumelwe zikhiqizwe ngendlela eqondile ngokwaneleyo ukuze kugwenywe. I-subpoena ikhonza ebufakazini. Inkonzo inganikezwa ngesandla umhloli wekomiti, ngu-U.S.charcal, noma ngezinye izindlela ezigunyaziwe. Imithetho yendlu neNdlundlwane ifuna ukuba kukhishwe ngendlela evumelana nemithetho yegunya lapho ufakazi ehlala khona noma yenza khona ibhizinisi.

5. Ukubambisana Noma Ukuxokozela

Lapho ufakazi ethola ibhungane, angase akhethe ukuvumelana ngokugcwele, avumelane nengxenye, noma alahle ukuvumelana. Ezimweni eziningi, ufakazi nezisebenzi zekomiti bahlanganyela ekuxoxisaneni ukuze bafake isilinganiso esiphansi noma bamise isimiso esinengqondo sokukhiqiza izincwadi. Lezizingxoxo ngokuvamile azivamile kodwa zingaba nezimpikiswano lapho kuhileleke ukwaziswa okukhethekile noma izicelo ezisindayo.

6. Inselele Engokomthetho Noma Ukubuyiselwa Kwelungelo

Uma ufakazi ekholelwa ukuthi i-subpoena ikhululeke kakhulu, ayisebenzi, noma iphula amalungelo abo angokomthetho, bangafaka umshini wokuguqula noma wokuguqula ipeyasi enkantolo kahulumeni. Ufakazi angase futhi aqinise amalungelo athile, njengelungelo lesihlanu lokuzinquma, ilungelo eliqinile lommeli, noma ilungelo lomshado. Ukuveza iSichibiyelo sesihlanu akubuthetheleli ubufakazi ngokuzenza babonakale, kodwa kungase kubavimbele ekuphoqelweni ukuba baphendule imibuzo ethile. Ikomiti ingaphendula ngokufuna isinqumo sokwahlulela sokwahlulela ngokwephula umthetho noma ngokuqhubeka ngesinqumo sendelelo.

Amalungelo OFakazi Nezivikelo Ekuqulweni Kwamacala Omphakathi

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu Nokungahlangani

OFakazi emacaleni amaqembu banelungelo lokucela ilungelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuzimela okuphoqelelwe. Nokho, ngokungafani nokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu, ufakazi wenhlangano ngeke avele nje avume ukunikeza ubufakazi ngokuphelele. Kumelwe bavele futhi bagcizelele ilungelo ngesisekelo sombuzo ngemibuzo ephekwayo. Uma ufakazi enxusa iSichibiyelo sesihlanu, ikomiti ingakhetha ukufuna ukunikezwa iscilongo sokuzivikela ("emperementment""aryry") noma ngaphansi kwemithetho yekomiti siqu. I-Immuniny inqabela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi ezinkantolo ezilandelayo, ngaphandle kokubekwa kwecala ngamangalelwa okulinganiselwe.

Iseluleko Nomfanekiso

Imithetho yekomiti ivumela ukuba yeluleke ufakazi phakathi namakhefu futhi iphikise ngasese kodwa ingalahli imibuzo noma iphazamise imicimbi. Indima yeseluleko ibaluleke kakhulu uma kuphakama izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengokugomela ilungelo noma izimpikiswano ngobukhulu becala.

Izivikelo Zemvelo

Imithetho yamakomiti emile ivame ukunikeza ofakazi isivikelo se-proceded, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokufaka isitatimende esibhaliwe, ukubukeza amaphuzu obufakazi babo, nokucela ukuba ukuqulwa kwecala kuvalwe uma kuhileleke ukwaziswa okuthathekayo. Indlu “Umthetho wokubeka umthetho” (Rule XI, isigqebhezana 2(k) ihlela izinqubo eziningi zokufaka, kuhlanganise nemingcele yesikhathi, izinqubo zokuphikisa, kanye nokulondolozwa kombhalo.

Ukuphoqelelwa: Ukudelelwa Kwenhlangano

Lapho ufakazi enqaba ukuvumelana nesethi eliqinile ngemva kokuqeda wonke amacashalala angokomthetho, ikomiti ingase iqale izenzakalo zokudelela. Ukukhishwa kweSishaya - mthetho kuyindlela igatsha lemithetho eliphoqelela ngayo abangaphansi kwesigaba salo somthetho. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zendelelo: ukudelelwa okuzuzwe njengefa, ukudelelwa kwecala, nokudelelwa kwecala komphakathi.

  • Ukudelela okungalawuleki: Igumbi lingaqondisa uSergent ezigaxeni zezikhali ukuba abophe ufakazi futhi azise phansi ukuze aqulwe icala. Lendlela ayivamile ukusetshenziswa ezikhathini zanamuhla.
  • Ukunengwa kwecala lobugebengu: Ngaphansi kwe 2 U.S.C. ▫ 192, umuntu ohluleka ngamabomu ukuvumelana nempophona angaqulwa uMnyango woMahluleli. Igumbi livota ukubhekisa lendaba e-Attorney yase-U.S. e-Folican.
  • I-Civil ukudelela:[ Ikomiti ingacela inkantolo kahulumeni ukuba iphoqelele ukuthobela umthetho. Inkantolo ingaphoqelela amafa noma iboshwe kuze kube ufakazi.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iNdlu iye yaphendukela kakhulu ekumangalelweni kwemithetho lapho uMnyango Wokwahlulela wenqaba ukuquliswa, njengoba kubonakala eqenjini lababesebenza kubaphathi bendlu yabamhlophe.

Izinselele Eziya Ezinkantolo

OFakazi abathola i - conotional poena bangase bayibeke inselele enkantolo kahulumeni ngezizathu eziningana.

  • Ibhanile yenjongo esemthethweni yemithetho: Ipenana kumelwe ihlobane nophendlo phakathi kwegunya lekomiti futhi kumelwe ikhonze i-progin, hhayi nje ukugcinwa komthetho noma injongo yezombangazwe.
  • [[INTLOBO] Iqhezu eligcwele futhi engenangqondo: Ipeena akumelwe ifune ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezingabalulekile noma ezisinda kakhulu. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa indinganiso enengqondo.
  • Amalungelo ombuso: oFakazi bangaqinisa ilungelo lokulawula, ilungelo eliphezulu lommeli, isiHluzi sesihlanu, noma amanye amalungelo aqashelwayo.
  • [ Izithunywa ezifanele:[ Ezimweni ezingavamile, ufakazi angase aphikise ngokuthi ikomiti ingaliphathi kahle igunya layo lempophoma elisansi elunguni elilodwa noma ezisebenzini.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme trump v. Mazars (2020]) samisa ukuhlolwa kwamafaktha amane okuhlola ama-toffae aqondiswe emarekhodini kamongameli ohleziyo. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zasebenzisa kusukela kusukela kulokhu kusetshenziswa lezi zici kwezinye izimpikiswano eziphakeme 76profile. Ngokuphawulekayo, i-D.C. isifunda ku- Committee kuma-Judiciary v. McGahn[FLT:][20] [20]) zakholelwa ukuthi izinkantolo zingaqinisa iziphathi eziphakeme zegatsha eziphetheyo.

Izibonelo Zamuva Nomkhuba Wokujikeleza

Ukuhlola kwekhothamo le-conomilia ephezulu eshumini leminyaka elidlule kuye kwahlola imingcele ye-Propoena. I House Khetha Committee ehlola ukuhlasela kwe-January 6 yakhishwa ama-pain angaphansi ayikhulu, amaningi awo avunyelwa, kuyilapho amanye abekelwa inselele enkantolo. Ukusetshenziswa kwekomiti yamapenala ukuze ithole amarekhodi ocingo kanye nobufakazi obusha obusha baphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nokungafihliwe kwemithetho. Ngokufanayo, ukuphenya kweSigele sokungenela kweRussia ekukhethelweni kokhetho lwaseRussia kwakuhilela ama-scepana ezikhulu zomkhankaso namazwe angaphandle, kubonakalisa ukufinyelela kobukhombanothi obunye obunye obusaziwayo bemithetho.

Lezimpikiswano zamuva nje ziye zabangela ingxoxo evuselelwe mayelana nokulungisa inqubo yama-subpoena. Ama-propal ahlanganisa ukufuna izihlalo zamakomiti ukuze kutholakale ukusekela ama-bipartisan ama-partina, ukumisa izindinganiso ezifanayo zokwenziwa kwezincwadi, nokucacisa indima yokwahlulela ekugunyazeni izimfuneko zemithetho-mthetho. [ Predidissidential Subpoena Authority Act (H.R. 5314) , ebizovezwe ngo-2021, ibingabeka imingcele kumongameli, nakuba ingazange ibe ngumthetho. I-Congregation Reartive Service Service Service ikhipha imibiko eshicial ehlelwa njalo emkhubeni wokuzisweni we-oppoa, etholakala [FFFOLD] [F]]

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu YoFakazi NamaKomiti

Kufakazi, inkambo ehlakaniphile iwukuhlanganyela nekomiti ngokushesha futhi ufune iseluleko esingokomthetho. Ukusabela ngokushesha ezicelweni zokuzithandela, ukulondoloza amarekhodi anembile, nokulondoloza imibhalo efanelekile kunganciphisa amathuba okutholwa kwempophona. Uma ufakazi etholakala, kufanele ahlole ngokucophelela ubukhulu bayo futhi axoxe nezisebenzi zekomiti ngokholo oluqinile. Uma izingxabano zingagwemeki, ofakazi kufanele bacabangele ukuthatha isinyathelo sokushaya ucingo kuphela uma kunesisekelo esingokomthetho.

Kumakomiti, imikhuba engcono kakhulu ihlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-poena ahlotshaniswa ngokucushwa, ukunikeza izincazelo ezicacile zezinto ezifunwayo, nokunika ofakazi isikhathi esifanelekile sokuzivumelanisa. AmaKomiti futhi kufanele abhale injongo yawo yokumisa ukuze amelane nokuhlola komthetho. Ukubheka phambili ngokuphathelene nenqubo mayelana nokunyathelisa izincwadi zamabhokisi namavoti ekomiti, okunganikeza iziqondiso ezicacile zomphakathi ukuze ahlale ethembekile.

Isiphetho

Igunya lofakazi abangaphansi kwe-poena kanye nezincwadi lingelinye lamathuluzi esabekayo kakhulu oMkhandlu wokwengamela nokufeza imisebenzi yawo engokomthetho-mthetho. Kodwa lelogunya aliphelele. Likhona phakathi kwesimiso semithetho engokomthetho, imithetho elandelanayo, nezimiso zomthetho ezilinganisela isidingo segatsha lemithetho sokwaziswa ngokumelene namalungelo abantu ngabanye kanye namagatsha ahlangene. Ukuqonda inqubo yofakazi abangaphansi komthetho owenziwe ngemuva (*) kusuka ekuhlolweni kokuqala kwabantu ababalulekile kumthetho ongaba khona ngemithetho ebekwenisweni ngokudelelwa ngo-$illumin isebenza kanjani njengendikimba efuna ukulawulwa kwemithetho kanye namandla ophenyayo. Njengoba ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zezombangazwe ezihlangene nezinselele ezintsha kuphakama, ngokungathandabuzeki ukumiswa kwenqubo ye-athoni, abenzi benkantolo eqhubekayo, nabenzi benkantolo yomphakathi.