Ukugwetshwa komthetho wobugebengu kuyindlela engokomthetho enqunywe ngayo inkantolo ijezise isijeziso noma enye isilinganiso sokulungisa umuntu obekwe icala. Kumelela isiphetho senqubo yokufushaniswa kwesigwebo futhi kuguqulela isinqumo esingokomthetho esiwumphumela osobala. Okubalulekile kwesigwebo kudlulela ngalé kwecala ngalinye; kuveza ukuqonda komphakathi kobulungisa, kuthonya amazinga obugebengu, futhi kubonisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha zomphakathi. Izazi nabenzi bempi baye baphikisana isikhathi eside ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwesijeziso nokubuyiselwa komthetho, befuna indlela yokuba bobabili abaphula umthetho bathathe isigwebo futhi banciphise amathuba okuba nethuba okucasulwa ngekusasa. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kwezinjongo, izinhlobo, izici ezithonyayo, izinyathelo ezithintayo, izinyathelo ezithintayo, izimo ezithinta imingcele, izingozi, kanye nezinselele zomthetho wanamuhla.

Injongo Yokugwetshwa

Ukugwema akusona isenzo esicatshangelwe sodwa. Umthetho uqaphela izinhloso ezimbalwa ezihlukile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezincintisanayo, ukuthi isigwebo sisetshenziselwa. Lamajaji aqondisa ukukhetha phakathi kwezinye izinto ezinjengokuboshwa, ukugcinwa, noma izihlawu. Izinjongo ezine ezivamile (ukukhishwa kwemoto, ukunqandelwa, ukubuyiselwa, nokubuyiselwa) ziveza izincazelo zefilosofi neziwusizo ezihlukahlukene.

Iminikelo

Isijeziso sisesonakaliso esidala kakhulu nesiyinjongo elindelekile kakhulu yokugweba. Simi ukuthi isoni sifanelwe ukubhekana nesijeziso esilingana nokulimala kwaso. Lenkolelo "ezingwadule" ibheke emuva: igxila ekusoleni okungokokuziphatha komoni kunokuba ibhekisele emiphumeleni yesikhathi esizayo. Isijeziso sigcwalisa umuzwa womphakathi wobulungisa futhi siqinise umqondo wokuthi ubugebengu abulungile futhi kumelwe kuhlangatsheliswe ngokusabela okuqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlasela ngobudlova kudinga isijeziso esinzima kakhulu kunempahla engenabudlova.

Ukwehla

Ukungaqondi okuphambili okujongene nomgomo ohloselwe ukuvimbela ubugebengu ngokuvimbela izelelesi. Kuhlukaniswe ngezindlela ezimbili: ukunqanda okuqondile (kubhekiselwe kumuntu othile osonile) nokungaqiniseki okuvamile (kubhekisa umphakathi kukhulu). Umqondo wokuzibekela imingcele ethile uveza ukuthi ukujeziswa kuyokwenza ukuba onecala angabi mancane amathuba okuqeda ubugebengu. Umthetho uvimbela ukujeziswa kombono wokuthi ukubona abanye bejeziswa kuzakunqandwa ize izele izelelesi. Ukucwaninga ngezimiso zokuvimbela izigwebo kuyaxubana; ukuqiniseka nokushesha kwesijeziso ngokuvamile okungaba nakancane kakhulu, iphuzu eligcizelelwa yiJaji [[FLT:] i-National Institute of Justicerty [FLT:] emfundweni yayo.[FLT]

Ukulungisa isimo

IRehabilitation igxile ekulungiseni isigebengu ukuze sibe yilungu elikhiqizayo, elivimbela umthetho lomphakathi. Lenjongo iyaqaphela ukuthi iziboshwa eziningi zibunjwe yizici ezinjengokulutheka, ukugula ngengqondo, ukungafundi, noma ubumpofu. Imisho egunyaziwe ingahlanganisa ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa okunyanzelekile, izinhlelo zokufundisa, izinhlelo zomsebenzi wemisebenzi, noma ukwelapha. Umgomo ukusingatha izimbangela eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha kobugebengu. Nakuba ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho kuyancipha phakathi nenkathi ye-"state yobugebengu" nenkathi yama-1980 ne-1990, kuye kwabonakala ukubuya kobufakazi bokuthi izinhlelo zokubekwa kahle kwezinhlelo zinganciphisa ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho. [[FLD] [FLD] [F:0]

Ukubuyiselwa

Ubulungisa obubuyiselayo bususa ukujezisa osonile ekulungiseni umonakalo obangelwa izisulu nemiphakathi. Lenjongo ivame ukufezwa nge-mediaderer mediarecter, ama-odance, noma inkonzo yomphakathi. Ukubuyiselwa kuhlela kusengaphambili ukulandisa, ukuphulukisa, nokubuyisana. Kunganikeza izisulu umuzwa wokuvala nokunika amandla okungavumelani nemisho engokwesiko. Izimo eziningi manje zifaka izimiso zokubuyisela ushintsho eziqondisweni zazo zokugweba, ikakhulukazi ezezingane ezenzweni noma ezezomthetho wabadala.

Izinhlobo Zezigwebo

Izigebengu zinikeza izinkantolo izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha ukugweba, ngasinye siklanyelwe izimo ezihlukene.

Ukuthutha

Ukuvalelwa ejele noma ejele kuhlala kuyinto evame kakhulu emacaleni angathi sína. Isigwebo singanqandwa (igama elimisiwe, njenge "iminyaka eyisihlanu") noma i-indetertaminate (uhlu, olunjenge "iminyaka emi-2 kuya kwemihlanu," nesilinganiso sokungaguquguquki ngemva kwenkathi encane kakhulu). I-United States inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokugcinwa kweziboshwa emhlabeni, iqiniso eliye labangela izimpikiswano mayelana nokuvaleka kwemizwa nezindleko zayo emphakathini. Amashelandlela okungasetshenziswa ekuvalweni okungokwesiko, njengezindlu eziphakathi nendawo ehlala kuyo kanye nokugcinwa ekhaya ngemishini, lisetshenziswa kakhulu ngezenzo zokubulala abantu abangenobudlova.

Inkulumo

Ukubekwa kwecala kuvumela owonile ukuba ahlale emphakathini oqondiswa, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjengokuhlolwa njalo kwesikhulu sezeluleko, ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa, izimfuneko zemisebenzi, nezikhathi zokwethulwa kwesikhathi. Ukuphulwa kwalezi zimo kungaphumela ekuncishisweni nasekubekweni kwesigwebo sejele. Ukujeziswa kuvamile ezigebengwini zesikhathi sokuqala nalezo ezigwetshwe ngecala elincane. Kubiza kancane kakhulu kunokuboshwa futhi kungagwema imiphumela yejele. Nokho, izimo eziqinile nezindlela zokuqondisa ezinde kakhulu kungaholela ekuphulweni kwezobuchwepheshe okuphumela ekuboshweni okungadingekile.

Ama - “pine ”

Izijeziso zemali ezikhokhwa esifundazweni. Zivame ukusetshenziswa ekusebenziseni amaphutha, amacala ezimoto, nokuphula umthetho. Amanye amagunya asebenzisa "amafashini" ahlotshaniswa neholo lansuku zonke lomenzi wobubi ukuze aqinisekise ukulingana. Amasheya ayakhanga ngoba angenisa inzuzo futhi awabizi kakhulu ukunikeza. Kodwa angaphoqelela ubunzima obungalinganiyo ezigebengwini ezingenele phansi, kuholele emijikelezweni yezikweletu ngisho nasekwenzweni ngenxa yokungakhokhi.

Inkonzo Yomphakathi

Inkonzo yomphakathi ifuna ukuba umenzi wobubi enze inani eliqondile lamahora angakhokhelwanga inxusa elingakhiphi inzuzo noma inxusa lomphakathi.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwempilo

Imithetho yokuzitika iphoqelela umenzi wobubi ukuba akhokhele isisulu ngokulahlekelwa okungokwezimali okubangelwa ngokuqondile ubugebengu, njengezindleko zezokwelapha, ukulimala kwempahla, noma iholo elilahlekile. Ngokungafani nenkokhelo, ihlawulo liyakhokhwa esisulwini. Umthetho we-Federal nemithetho eminingi kahulumeni igunyaza ukujeziswa emacaleni ahilela izisulu ezisobala. Nokho, ngokuvamile amazinga enkongozelo aphansi, futhi kungase kube nzima ukuphoqelela lemithetho, ikakhulukazi uma izaphula umthetho zingena ezinsweni noma ziboshiwe.

Ezinye Izici

Izinkantolo zingabeka futhi izimo ezikhethekile njengokubhalisa isalatha sobulili, ukulahlekelwa impahla, noma ukukhishwa kwelayisense yokushayela. Ezimweni ezingathi sína, isigwebo sentambo sihlala sikhona ngokomthetho kwezinye izifundazwe, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwayo sekwehle kakhulu. I-Penalty Information Center inikeza ukwaziswa okungasayi kusebenza kanye nezinselele zayo ezingokomthetho.

Izici Ezibangela Ukujeziswa

Isinqumo sokwahlulela sibalulekile ekugwebeni, kodwa asilinganiselwe. izinkantolo kumelwe zihlaziye izici eziningi ezihlukahlukene, eziningi zazo ezivumelana ngezimiso noma ngeziqondiso zokugweba.

Ukwehluleka Kobugebengu

Isici esisobala kakhulu ukuthi icala likhulu kangakanani. Ubugebengu bunezigaba ezisukela eziphambanweni zomthetho kuya kwezigebengu, nezijezo ezihambelanayo. Kulolo hlu, umahluleli ucabangela izimo ezithile: ingabe ubugebengu babunobudlova? Ingabe isikhali sasetshenziswa? Ingabe sasihilela isisulu esilula? Lemininingwane isunduzela isigwebo esibheke esingeni eliphezulu noma esiphansi kakhulu somphakathi ovunyelwe.

Irekhodi Langaphambi Kokweba Kwesigebengu

Ummangalelwa onomlando wezinkolelo ngokuvamile uphathwa ngokhahlo kakhulu kunowokuqala owaphukileyo. Izindawo eziningi ziye zaphinda imithetho engekho ngokomthetho − njengemithetho emithathu − ekhuphula ngokuphawulekayo imigwebo yalabo abanezinkolelo eziqinile zangaphambili. Nokho, imithetho enjalo iye yagxekwa ngokushayela iziboshwa eziningi futhi ikhiphe imisho engalingani neyamanje.

Ukuthutha Nokukhuphuka Kwezimo

Izici ezinqumayo zinganciphisa isigwebo. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ubusha bomenzi wobubi, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, indima njengengxenye encane, noma ubufakazi bokuzisola. Izici ezivezayo − njengonya, ukuhlela, noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwesimo sokuthembana. Zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ubufakazi ekugwetshweni, futhi umahluleli kumelwe acacise indlela lezizici ezithonye ngayo isinqumo.

Ithonya Lezisulu

Izinkulumo zokuthiwa abahlukumezekile, ezishiwo enkantolo noma ezibhalwe phansi, zivumela izisulu nemikhaya yazo ukuba bachaze ukulimala okungokomzwelo, okungokomzimba, nokungokwezimali abaye babhekana nakho. Nakuba la mazwi engenakusilawula isigwebo, anikeza umbono wobuntu abahluleli abavame ukuwucabangela. Indima yokufakwa kwezisulu iye yakhula kakhulu kusukela ekuthatheni amalungelo ezisulu ngawo-1980.

Iziqondiso Eziqondisayo Nezinhlansi Zokujeziswa

Ukuze kuncishiswe ubandlululo olungafanele, imibuso eminingi iye yamukela iziqondiso zokugweba. Isimiso sikahulumeni sisebenzisa U.S. I-Sevening Commission Guides, enikeza i-rode esekelwe eqophelweni lokwephula umthetho nasemlandweni wobugebengu. Abahluleli bangasuka eziqondisweni ezisezimweni ezithile, kodwa kumelwe bachaze ukucabanga kwabo. Imisho elinganiselwe idinga igama elimisiwe emacalani athile (ngokuthengwa kwezidakamizwa noma ubugebengu obuhilela izibhamu), ikhumula abahluleli bomthetho. Lemithetho iye yagxekwa kakhulu ngokuveza imiphumela enokhahlo, ukulingana nobukhulu obunye nokunikela ekulungiseni izinhlanga.

Inqubo Yokugwetshwa

Inqubo yokugweba iyavela ngokulandelana okuhleliwe okuqinisekisa inqubo efanele futhi kuvumele ukuba nhlangothi zombili zezwiwe.

Ukucwaninga Nombiko Ngaphambi Kwenkathi Yokuzalwa

Ngemva kwecala, isikhulu esihlola isigwebo siqhuba uphenyo lwangaphambi kokuba isigwebo sivunyelwe. Lombiko uhlanganisa umlando wobugebengu womenzi wobubi, isizinda sakhe siqu, irekhodi lomsebenzi, isimo sezimali, nokuhlola ingozi yokuziphindisela. IPSI ingaba namazwi ahlolwayo kanye nesigwebo esituswayo. Ijaji nabameli bobabili bathola umbiko ngaphambi kokuba kugwetshwe isigwebo.

Ukugwetshwa Kwezindlebe

Isigwebo inkantolo eqashelwayo ephethe lapho umshushisi neseluleko sokuzivikela benikeza khona izimpikiswano nobufakazi ngokuphathelene nesigwebo esifanele. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokukhuluma ngokuqondile enkantolo, azwane nezinsolo, noma achaze izenzo zabo. Abamangaleli bangase baphikise ngesigwebo esinzima esisekelwe ezicini eziqinile, kuyilapho isivikelo siqokomisa izimo ezibonisa ukuthi isimo silungile.

Isinqumo somahluleli nokwahlulelwa

Ngemva kokucabangela i-PSI, izimpikiswano, nohlelo lwe-statory, umahluleli ukhipha isigwebo. Ezizweni eziningi, umahluleli kumelwe asho izizathu zesigwebo esigciniwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukubonakala futhi kusize ukubukezwa. Umusho ungamenyezelwa ngokushesha noma, ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngemva kokuqhubekela phambili okufushane kokucabanga.

Ukukhanga

Kokubili ummangalelwa nomshushisi bangadlulisa isigwebo ezindaweni eziningi. Izikhalo zingabekela inselele ngokomthetho wesigwebo (jengesibonelo, ukudlula isigamu se-statory) noma ziphikise ngokuthi umahluleli wasebenzisa kabi ukuqapha kwabo. Ezinye izifunda zivumela ukunxusa kwemisho okuthi "kungalingani" noma "kungenangqondo" inkantolo engaqinisekisa, ilungise, noma ikhiphe isigwebo futhi ikhiphe isigwebo ngenxa yokucasukela.

Umphumela Wokugwetshwa Komphakathi

Izinqumo zokugweba zikhishwa umphakathi futhi zilolonge isimo sokwahlulela esibanzi kobugebengu.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nokubuyisana

Isigwebo esiyinhloko sokugwetshwa singumphakathi. Isigwebo esiphazamisa umenzi wobubi oyingozi sibavimbela ekulimazeni abanye phakathi nesikhathi sokuvalelwa. Nokho, izinga eliphakeme lokubuyisela ukubulala (iziboshwa ezingamashumi amasha) ezikhululweyo (iziboshwa ezingamashumi amathathu) ziyaboshelwa emuva phakathi neminyaka emithathu, ngokweBureau of Justice Statistics/_suglests okuthi ukuvalelwa kodwa akulona ikhambi elithatha isikhathi eside. Ukuthunyelwa kwemvume okuhlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kobuyiselo nokusekela kokubuyiselwa kobuyiselo nokungaphuculi kunganciphisa ukuvuselelwa kwemvume nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha komphakathi ngokuphumelelayo kunesijeziso esimsulwa.

Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo Nokungalingani

Imikhuba yokugweba inemiphumela ejulile ebulungiseni bezenhlalo. Ukucwaninga kubonisa umehluko ongapheli phakathi kobuhlanga nobuhlanga emiphumeleni yokugweba. Abamangalelwa abamnyama nababhila eSpanishi basengozini kakhulu yokwamukela izigwebo ezinde kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yezono ezifanayo, ngisho nangemva kokulawula umlando wobugebengu nonya. Lemiba ehlukanisayo iqeda ukwethemba esimisweni sobulungisa futhi iye yakhuthaza izinhlangano zokugweba inguquko, kuhlanganise nokususwa kwemithetho esemthethweni kanye nokwanda kokuhlakanipha kokwahlulela.

Ukusekelwa Nokuvalelwa

Ukugwetshwa kunganikeza umuzwa wokuvala izisulu nemikhaya yazo. Ukwazi ukuthi umenzi wobubi unecala, futhi kwezinye izimo kuyalelwe ukuba akhokhe ukukhokhela noma enze inkonzo yomphakathi, kungasiza ekululameni inqubo yokwahlulela. Izinhlelo zobulungisa ezibuyiselwayo zithuthukisa lomgomo ngokuthuthukisa ukukhulumisana okuqondile phakathi kwesisulu nomenzi wobubi, izisulu eziningi ezithola amandla.

Izindleko Zezomnotho

Imali enzima kakhulu. I-United States ichitha imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-80 zamadollar ngonyaka ekulungiseni, nezindleko ezivamile kulowo nalowo oboshweni ezingaphezu kuka-R150 000 ngonyaka. Izinga eliphakeme lokuboshwa liphambukisa imithombo yemali emfundweni, ekunakekeleni impilo, nakwezinye izinkonzo zomphakathi. Ezinye izindlela ezisekelwe emphakathini njengokulingwa, izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, kanye nokwelashwa ngengqondo azibizi kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile ziveza imiphumela engcono, ikakhulukazi kuwephula umthetho ongenabudlova.

Izinselele Ekujezisweni

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwalo ekulungeni kobugebengu, ukugweba kubhekana nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezilulaza ubulungisa nokuphumelela.

Ukungafani Nokungalingani

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ubandlululo, uhlanga, nezenhlalo kusekhona. Ubandlululo oluphelele, ukungavumelani kwezinqumo ezibopha abashushisi, nokusetshenziswa okungalingani kwemithetho ebophekile konke kunikela. Iprojekthi yokuhlukanisa [ ifaka lamaphepha ahlukanisayo kanye nabasekeli bezinguquko njengokususa izilinganiso eziyimfuneko zobugebengu obudingwayo nokukhucutha ezinye izindlela zokwehlisa izidakamizwa.

Ukugcwala Kwabantu Ejele

Izinga eliphakeme lokuboshwa liye laholela ekumisweni kwamajele kabuhlungu kahulumeni nakuhulumeni. Ukuminyana kululaza imizamo yokulungisa isimo, ubudlova, nemithombo yemisebe. Kuye kwabangela futhi ukungenela kwenkantolo kahulumeni ezifundazweni eziningi, neziqondiso zokunciphisa inani labantu nokuthuthukisa izimo. Izinhlelo zokukhulula kwasekuqaleni, ukuncishiswa kwesigwebo ngenxa yokuziphatha okuhle, nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kokulingwa kuyikhambi elivamile.

Umbono Womphakathi Nokucindezela Kwezibhebhe

Ukugweba kuvame ukuthonywa umbono womphakathi, onganikeza isijeziso ngenxa yobugebengu obungaphezulu. Abezombangazwe bangasekela "Naphezu kobugebengu" izinqubo eziphumela emigwebeni emide, ngisho nalapho ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi izindlela ezinjalo azisebenzi. Ngokuphambene, ukukhathazeka komphakathi ngokuvalelwa kwabantu abaningi kuye kwabangela izinguquko eminyakeni yamuva, okuholela ekuncishisweni kwesijeziso ngenxa yobugebengu obuthile nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinhlelo zokuzilibazisa.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izinkantolo eziningi nezinhlangano zezeluleko azinamali eyanele yokusekela izinhlelo zokulungisa isimo, izinkonzo zezempilo, nokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa. Ngaphandle kwale mithombo, ngisho nezinqumo ezisho inzuzo zingahluleka ukufinyelela imigomo yazo yokulungisa izigwebo. Izikhulu eziphethe isigwebo zivame ukuthwala izikhawu ezinkulu kakhulu, zinciphise ikhono lazo lokunikeza ukuqondisa nokusekela okunenjongo.

Isiphetho

Ukugwetshwa kwemithetho yobugebengu kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, exubile elinganisa isijeziso, ukunqanda ukuvuselelwa, nokubuyiselwa. Ukukhetha okwenziwayo ekugwebeni kunemiphumela ehlala njalo kubantu abaphulwayo, izisulu, nomphakathi. Nakuba izinselele ezinkulu zikhona, kuhlanganisa izinhlanga, ukuhlukahluka, ukugwetshwa, nethonya lomphakathi, nemizamo yokulungisa inguquko, ibonise ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa engcono nephumelelayo ingenzeka. Umphakathi osusukhona, usekelwa imfundo etholakalayo engokomthetho nayimininingwane ekhanyayo, kubalulekile ukuze uqhubeke. Ngokuqonda izinjongo, izilinganiso, izilinganiso, izici, iziganothi, izitho, izimpawu, nokuthintana kwemibono yomphakathi, abafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi kunganezela ekuxoxiseni okunengqondo nokushintsha isimiso sobulungisa esilungile.