Siyini Isimemezelo Sokuzibusa?

ISimemezelo senkululeko siyincwadi eyanqamula ngokusemthethweni izibopho zezombangazwe phakathi kwamakoloni ayishumi nantathu aseMelika neGreat Britain. Sagunyazwa yiSifundazwe sesibili sezwekazi ngoJuly 4, 1776, samemezela ukuzalwa kwesizwe esisha esisekelwe ezimisweni zenkululeko nohulumeni womuntu siqu. Nakuba ngokuvamile sigujwa njengenkulumo eyisisekelo yemibono yaseMelika, iSimemezelo futhi safeza injongo ewusizo: ukuchazela izwe (nezihlobo ezikanye nezihlangene ezifana neFrance), amakoloni ayefanele ukuthatha izikhali ngokumelene noHulumeni.

Ithathwe ngokuyinhloko uThomas Jefferson, enokwaziswa okuvela ekomitini eyayihlanganisa uJohn Adams, uBenjamin Franklin, uRoger Sherman, noRobert Livingston, lencwadi yayiwumphumela wenkulumo - mpikiswano eshubile. UJefferson wadweba ongqondongqondo bokuKhanyiselwa njengoJohn Locke, owathi izinkolelo zakhe ngamalungelo emvelo nesivumelwano somphakathi zanikeza isisekelo sefilosofi. Amandla eSimemezelo aso akukhona emigqeni yaso edumile kuphela kodwa futhi nasohlwini lwaso oluningiliziwe lwezikhalo ezikhalazo ngokumelene neNkosi uGeorge III, eyakha indaba yokuvukela eyayivela kude kakhulu ezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezisezindaweni.

Namuhla, ikhophi yesikhumba yokuqala igcinwe eNational Archives eWashington, D.C., ivikelwe ngengilazi engangeni nhlamvu futhi ihlolwe izimo zendawo ezungezile.

Umlando: Kungani Kufanele Uzimele?

Ukuze umuntu aqonde lesiSimemezelo, kumelwe aqale aqonde izingxabano ezakhe ishumi leminyaka. Ngemva kweMpi yaseFrance neyamaNdiya (1754-1763), iBrithani yayingene shí ezikweletini futhi yaqala ukukhokha izintela ezintsha ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwekoloni ngaphandle kokuzinikeza izimpawu ePhalamende. Amasampula anjenge Stamp Act (1765), iTownshend Acts (176773), kanye neTea Act (773) abangela ukuphikiswa okukhula. Abakholoni basekela isiqubulo basekela isiqubulo esithi “Ayikho intela ngaphandle kokuyimelela.”

Izenzakalo eziyisihluthulelo zabhebhethekisa lempi:

  • IMasscre yase Boston (1770): amasosha aseBrithani adubula esixukwini, ebulala amakoloni amahlanu, asetshenziswa ngabaphathisi njengethuluzi elinamandla lenkulumo - ze.
  • IBoston Tea Party (1773): Ekubhikisheni koMthetho weTea, abakhiqizi bamakoloni balahla amabhokisi angu-342 etiye eBoston Harborn. IBrithani yasabela ngeCoercive Acts (ebizwa ngokuthi iMinists engenakuyekelelwa eMelika), eyavala itheku, yasusa iMassachusetts kahulumeni, futhi yathatha amabutho angena emakhayeni abantu.
  • Izimpi zeLexington neSivumelwano (April 1775): [ Impi ehlomile yaqala lapho amabutho aseBrithani ezama ukuthatha izikhali zempi zamakoloni. “impi yezwa umhlaba wonke” yaphawula ukuqala kweMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
  • Common Senso (Jan. 1776):[[[FLT] ipheshana likaThomas Paine] laphikisa ngokukholisayo ukuze kutholakale inkululeko ephelele, lisusa umbono womphakathi ekubuyisaneni ngokuhlukana.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1776, umzwangedwa wezwekazi lase-Congress wawusushintshe ngokunamandla. NgoJune 7, uRichard Henry Lee waseVirginia wasungula isinqumo sokucela ukuzibusa. Ikomiti yamiswa ukuba ibhale incwadi, futhi umshini kaJefferson wanikezwa ngoJune 28. Ngemva kwezinsuku zokuphikisana nokubukeza, cishe ukucushwa kwengxenye eyodwa kwezine yombhalo wokuqala, kuhlanganise nendinyana elahla ukuhweba ngezigqila − i-Des Congresssss (uMkhandlu yamukela inguqulo yokugcina ngoJuly 4.

Imibono Eyinhloko Yalesimemezelo

ISimemezelo Sokuzibusa sakhiwe ngezimiso zefilosofi eziye zathonya umbono wezombangazwe waseMelika amakhulu angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Amalungelo Emvelo Nokulingana

Indima edume kakhulu ithi: “Sibheka la maqiniso njengasobala, ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana, ukuthi uMdali wabo ubanike amalungelo athile angaphunyuki, lawo akhona ukuphila, iNkululeko nokuphishekela injabulo.” Lamazwi agcizelela ukuthi amalungelo awaveli kuhulumeni noma emthethweni wabantu, kodwa avela endalweni noma kuNkulunkulu. Angowomhlaba wonke futhi awavunyelwe ukudedelwa.

Injongo Kahulumeni

ISimemezelo siphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ukhona kuphela ukuze avikele lamalungelo. Umthetho wawo utholakala “ekuvumelaneni nokubuswa”""""icebo elinzima enkathini yokubusa kombuso. Uma uhulumeni eba obhubhisayo kuleso siphetho, abantu banelungelo lokuthola (i-indeed), umsebenzi (ukuwuguqula noma ukuwuqeda bese umisa omusha.

Ilungelo Lokuvukela

Nakuba lesiSimemezelo singakusekeli ukuvukela ngokunganaki, simisa uhlelo lwendlela yokuziphatha yokuvukela: kuphela lapho ukusetshenziswa kabi nokugabadela isikhathi eside kwenza ukuba ubushiqela bungagwemeki.

Ukuzibusa Nobukhosi Obuthandwayo

ISimemezelo sisekela futhi umqondo wokuthi igunya lezombangazwe lisuka kubantu, hhayi phansi lisuka enkosini. Lokhu kwakuyinselele eqondile elungelweni laphezulu lamakhosi. Abasayini babefaka engozini konke ukuphila kwabo, inhlanhla, nodumo olungcwele, ukuze basebenzise lesi simiso.

Iziqephu zedokhumende

Lo Mmemezelo unezingxenye ezinhlanu ezihlukene, ngalinye lifeza umsebenzi okhethekile ongadingi mpendulo noma ongokomthetho.

Isiqalo

Isethulo simisa iqophelo, sichaza isidingo sokuba amakoloni “anciphe amaqembu ezombangazwe” azihlanganisa neBrithani. Siqinisekisa ukuthi“ inhlonipho enkulu ngemibono yesintu” idinga ukuba isho izimbangela zokuhlukana. Lokhu kuyisenzo sokuthola ubugunya bezizwe zonke, [1] amakoloni ayefuna ukubhekwa njengabadlali abanengqondo, hhayi abavukeli abanganaki.

2. Isimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu

Lengxenye iqukethe isisekelo sefilosofi: amaqiniso asobala, amalungelo angenakuthathwa, nenkolelo-mfantu. Iqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bayalingana ngomqondo wokuthi akekho ozalwa enelungelo elingokwemvelo lokubusa abanye. Uhulumeni usungulwe ngabantu, hhayi ukumiswa kwaphezulu.

Uhlu Lweziphuzo

Ingxenye ende kunazo zonke (izikhalazo ezingaba ngu-77) ibala uhlu lwezinombolo “izinxephezelo eziphindaphindiwe kanye nokugabadela” ezenziwa yiNkosi uGeorge III. Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhokha izintela ngaphandle kwemvume
  • Abakhiqizi becala abavela kubahluleli
  • Ukuhlanganisa amabutho ahlomile phakathi kwabo ngesikhathi sokuthula
  • Ukumisa izishaya - mthetho zamakoloni
  • Ekucaphunani “ubulwane bamaNdiya angenazwela” emngceleni
  • Balwa nabo futhi baqasha abaphathi bakwamanye amazwe

Izikhalo zaziklanyelwe ukubonisa ukuthi inkosi yayiphule isivumelwano sezenhlalo, ngaleyondlela ikhulula amakoloni ezibophweni zawo zokwethembeka.

4. Isimemezelo Sokuzibusa

Ngemva kokuba sebunikezelwe ubufakazi, lencwadi imemezela ngokomthetho ukuthi “lamaqembu e-Colonies, futhi ase-kunene kufanele abe khululekile futhi azimele.” Imemezela ukuthi konke ukuhlobana kwezombangazwe neBrithani kuyaphela nokuthi amazwe amasha anamandla agcwele okuguqula impi, enza ukuthula, enza isivumelwano, futhi enza zonke ezinye izinto imibuso ezimele engazifeza.

5. Izitifiketi

Iphepha liphela ngesayina sezihambeli ezingu-56. Isignesha kaJohn Hancock eqinile iyaziwa kakhulu. Ngokusayina, amadoda akhaphela uHulumeni, ajeziswa ukufa. Abaningi bahlupheka: abanye balahlekelwa impahla yabo, abambalwa babanjwa, futhi abambalwa bafa eBrithani.

Ithonya Elisheshayo Lalesimemezelo

ISimemezelo se-Independent asiyinqobanga impi, kodwa sabangela umzabalazo ocacile wokuziphatha nezombangazwe. Saguqula ukuvukela kwamakoloni kwaba ukulwela izimiso zendawo yonke. Lencwadi yafundwa ngokuzwakalayo ezigcawini zomphakathi, yanyatheliswa emaphephandabeni, futhi yathunyelwa eYurophu. Yasiza ekuqinisekiseni iFrance ukuba ingenele impi njengembangi enkulu yaseMelika ekunqobeni ekugcineni eYorktown ngo-1781.

Ekhaya, iSimemezelo sahlanganisa amakoloni ngaphansi kwesizathu esifanayo. Ikoloni ngalinye manje kwakulindeleke ukuba limise umthetho - sisekelo walo, futhi ohulumeni abasha bombuso baqala ukuhlola izimiso zeriphabliki. Ulimi lwalo luthonya nezinye izinhlangano ezivukelayo, kusukela eNguqukweni yaseFrance (1789) kuya ekulweni kokuzibusa kweLatin America ngekhulu le - 19.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngendlela lesimemezelo esamukelwa ngayo phesheya, bheka ukuhlolwa kwezinqolobane zeNationals yencazelo yencwadi [.

Isithembiso Esingaphoqelelwanga: Ukulingana Nemingcele Yako

Inkulumo egomelayo ethi “bonke abantu badalwa belingana” yayinobuhlakani obukhulu, kodwa abalobi bayo babengasisebenzisi isimiso emhlabeni wonke. Ubugqila babusemthethweni kuzo zonke izikolo eziyishumi nantathu, futhi abaningi bababhali besayina (i-Thomas Jefferson) nezigqila. Udwebo lokuqala lwaluhlanganisa i-paredi elilahla ukuhweba ngezigqila, kodwa lwasuswa ngokuphikelela kwezihambeli zase-South Carolina nase Georgia. Lencwadi yayinempikiswano eyayizokhathaza isizwe amakhulu amaningi eminyaka.

Abesifazane, aboMdabu baseMelika, nabantu abangenampahla nabo bakhishwa emalungelweni agcwele uBufakazi obamenyezelwa. Nokho ulimi lokulingana lwabonakala lungenakwenzeka ukuba luthwalwe. Abashisekeli bemibono efana noFrederick Douglas basebenzisa lesiSimemezelo ukuze baphikisane nokuququlwa kwezwe. Izincwadi ezibhalweyo njengoElizabeth Cady Stanton zaveza iSimemezelo sika-1848 se-Sentiments embhalweni kaJefferson, zigomela ukuthi “wonke amadoda nabesifazane badalwa ngokulingana.” ISivumelo samaLungelo somphakathi sekhulu lama-20 leminyaka ngokufanayo sasebenzisa izithembiso zeSimemezelo somthetho sokufuna ubulungisa.

Namuhla izazi ziyaqhubeka ziphikisana ngokuthi lesiSimemezelo sasihloselwe ukuveza amalungelo embulunga yonke noma ukuthethelela ukuzimela kwamakoloni. Noma kunjalo, amazwi aso aye abangela izimpi ezingenakubalwa zenkululeko emhlabeni wonke. I- Library of Congress inikeza umbono omuhle kakhulu [ wethonya lembulunga yonke leSimemezelo[.

Ifa Elihlala Njalo EMelika Yanamuhla

Ithonya Elingokomthetho Nelezombangazwe

ISimemezelo se-Independent asiyona ikhambi elibophayo ngokomthetho, kodwa izimiso zaso zihlanganiswe njengesisekelo sokubusa kwe-Melika. Umqondo wamalungelo angamukelwayo ngaphansi kweSigqizo samaLungelo. Umqondo wokuvunyelwa kwababuswayo uyisisekelo sedemokrati emelela i-democracy. Ngezinye izikhathi abahluleli abaPhakementi beNkantolo ePhakathi bekhomba izimendo zemibono yabo, ikakhulukazi ngemibuzo yenkululeko nesilinganiso.

Uphawu Lwesiko

Ngonyaka wesine kaJuly, amaMelika agubha iSimemezelo ngemisebenzi yokuzimela, imikhakha, nokufunda umbhalo. Lencwadi ivela ngemali, ezifundweni zesikole, nasezinkulumweni zezombangazwe. Kuyingcebo engcwele yesizwe nencwadi ephilayo izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuyibekela inselele ukwahlulela okungalungile. Uma uDkt. uMartin Luther King Jr. emile ezinyathelweni zeSikhumbuzo saseLincoln ngo 1963, wacaphuna lesiSimemezelo: “Nginephupho lokuthi ngolunye usuku lesi sizwe sizophakama futhi siphile ngokuvumelana nencazelo yangempela yemfundiso yaso: ‘ Sikholelwa ukuthi la maqiniso azenze abonakale sengathi afana.

Ithonya Lezizwe Zonke

ISimemezelo saphefumulela izincwadi zokuzibusa emhlabeni wonke, kusukela eSimemezelweni saseFrance samalungelo abantu naseSizweni (1789) kuya eSimemezelweni senkululeko saseVietnam (1945) nangaphandle. Saba isilinganisi samazwe afuna ukugqashuka ekubuseni kwamakoloni. INhlangano Yezizwe Zomhlaba Wonke YeSimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu (1948) futhi iveza ulimi lwesithunzi esingokwemvelo namalungelo alinganayo.

Ukuze ubheke ngokujule kakhulu ekufinyeleleni kwezwe lonke lesimemezelo, UMnyango woMbuso wase-U.S. ikhasi lomlando [ unikeza umbono wezokuxhumana.

Imibono Evamile Engalungile Ngalesimemezelo

Izinganekwane eziningana zizungeze lencwadi. Eyokuqala ukuthi yasayinwa ngoJuly 4, 1776. Eqinisweni, ukuvota kokuzibusa kwenzeka ngoJuly 2 (uJohn Adams wayecabanga ukuthi kwakuyoba usuku lokugujwa), futhi ukusayina okungokomthetho kwaqala ngoAugust 2. uJuly 4 uphawula usuku umbhalo wokugcina owavunyelwa uMkhandlu.

Okunye ukungaqondi ukuthi iSimemezelo samisa uhulumeni, asizange simemezele ukuhlukana. Izihloko zomthetho-sisekelo wesizwe wokuqala, azizange zigunyazwe kwaze kwaba ngo-1781. Umthetho-sisekelo wamanje wase-U.S. waqala ukusebenza ngo-1789.

Ukuphikisana phakathi kokukhuluma kwayo ngokulinganayo nobugqila obungokoqobo kwaqhubeka kungaxazululiwe kwaze kwaba yilapho iMpi Yombango neSichibiyelo se - 13.

Ukuhlola umlando ongokoqobo webhukwana (ukuhlanganisa nokudalwa kwalo, ukulondolozwa, nezinguquko ezenziwa phakathi nenkulumo-mpikiswano", kuhlanganisa ingcebo yesizwe yeZinqolobane zeMali yeSimemezelo .

Indlela Yokufunda Lesimemezelo Namuhla

Ukufunda umbhalo wokuqala kungaba yinselele ngenxa yokubhala amagama okuphakathi kwe-18 kanye nenhlelo yomshoshaphansi. Kodwa umyalezo ulokhu ucacile. Indlela engcono kakhulu ukuyifunda yonke, ukuphawula iprofessory: isethulo sefilosofi, uhlu lwezikhalo, nesimemezelo esingokomthetho. Qaphela ulimi olungokomzwelo (magama afana “okhankanyiwe,” ne“igunya lobushiqela,” kanye“ nezikhulu zezikhulu.” Laba bakhethwa ukuthonya kokubili amakoloni nomphakathi wezizwe zonke.

Cabangela futhi ukuthula kwalencwadi. Obani abahlanganisiwe emazwini athi “bonke abantu”? Abasayithi bawahlanganisa kanjani amazwi abo neqiniso lokuthi abaningi babo babephethe izigqila? Lemibuzo ayiwona amaphutha kulencwadi; basikhumbuza ukuthi lesiSimemezelo siwumfanekiso womuntu, obhalwe ngomzuzu othile ongokomlando, kanye nakho konke ukunkimbitheka nokuphikisana okuhilelekile.

Ukuze kuqhathaniswe ingxenye ngayinye yombhalo wokuqala kaJefferson kanye nombhalo wokugcina, i-FLT Founders umlondolozo we-Universite egcinwe yiNational Archives iyinto ebaluleke kakhulu.

Isiphetho

ISimemezelo sokuzimela singesona nje isikhunta esidala. Siyisisho esiphilayo sezimiso esiqhubeka sibumba ukubonakala kweMelika futhi sikhuthaza izinhlangano zenkululeko emhlabeni wonke. Ukuqonda okuqukethwe yiyo, umongo, nokuphikisana kusenza sihileleke kuyo ngokwethembeka, /ukuvuma umbono waso kuyilapho sivuma ukulinganiselwa kwaso okungokomlando. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufunda kuyo okokuqala noma isakhamuzi esicabanga ngencazelo yayo ekhulwini lama-21, lesimemezelo sisasinesibizo esinamandla sokusekela izindinganiso zokulinganisa, inkululeko, nohulumeni ngemvume.