Isingeniso: Isakhiwo Sempahla Engafundwa ENdiya

Impahla ye-Indiya ehlakaniphile (IP) ingenye yezinto ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, ezibunjwe yinhlanganisela yemithetho yamakoloni, izinguquko zangemva kwesivumelwano sembulunga yonke, nezibopho zesivumelwano sembulunga yonke. Njengoba umnotho wesihlanu omkhulu kakhulu nesikhungo solwazi, ezokwelapha, ulwazi olungokwesiko, nezimboni zokudala, i-Indiya iye yasungula uhlelo olungokomthetho oluhlobanisa izimpahla zempahla ezifanele nemigomo yomphakathi enjengemvume yokuthola imithi, imfundo, nokulondolozwa kwezimiso zomthetho ze-IPR. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwezimiso zomthetho ze-IPR, izimfuneko eziyisisekelo, izimfuneko ezingokwesiko, ukugcinwa kwezimiso, ukugcinwa kwezimiso, nokubaluleka okusemthethweni kwe-IP yezamabhizinisi, abadali, nabadali.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Nezibopho Zomhlaba Wonke

I-IPR yokubusa yase-Indiya iye yaqala ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekuzilawuleni. Izwe laba ilungu leNhlangano yeHlabathi yeHlabathi (WTO) ngo-1995 futhi ngenxa yalokho lamukela i-Actine on Trade-Redected Acess of Intective Publication Rights (TRIPS). I- Compliance ne-TRIPS yadinga ukumiswa kwemithetho emikhulu yasekhaya, ikakhulukazi esemthethweni, nemithetho yezemvume yokugunyaza amalungelo, kanye nezimpawu. I-Ndiya yahlanganyela ne-Berne Convention yeSivice of Literary neMinistry, i-Paris Convention for the Protection of Tries for the Industrientation, kanye nePaten Convention (PT). Lezi zinquluko zezizwe zonke ziye zalimaza imithetho yezwe lonke i-indiya ngenkathi yokuvunyelwa kwe-TRIPS ngaphansi kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho.

Imithetho Eyinhloko Iziphathimandla Ezilawula Impahla Engokomthetho

Isimiso se - IPR saseNdiya sakhiwe ngemithetho eminingi, ngayinye ibusa iqembu elihlukile lempahla ehlakaniphile.

Patens Act, 1970 (njengoba ilungisiwe)

Umthetho we-Indiya ogunyaziwe uvikela izinto ezintsha, uhlanganisa isinyathelo sokusungula, futhi uyakwazi ukusebenzisa izimboni. I-Patens Act, 1970, yalungiswa kakhulu ngo-2005 ukuze ivumelane ne-TRIPS, uveza imvume yomkhiqizo yemithi namakhemikhali. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Indaba efinyelelweyo: Yinoma ikuphi ukusungula okuhlobene nomkhiqizo noma inqubo ehlangabezana nezimiso zobusha, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokusungula, nokusebenziseka kwezezimboni. Nokho, isiqephu 3 sikhipha izigaba ezithile, njengezindlela zezibalo, izindlela zebhizinisi, kanye nokuthola nje izinto eziphilayo noma ezingaphili.
  • Ukugunyaza okuphoqelelwe: Ingxenye 84 ivumela uhulumeni ukuba anikeze imvume ephoqelelwe uma umklamo owenziwe ngemvume ungekho emphakathini ngenani elilinganiselwe, ungakhiqizwa eNdiya, noma ungasebenzeli ukuhlangabezana nesidingo. INdiya iye yasebenzisa lelilungiselelo ngokuphawulekayo engxenyeni yokuthaka imithi (umz., ilayisense kaNatco Pharma ka-Bayner wesidakamizwa somdlavuza u-Nexavar).
  • Ukuphikiswa okungaguquguquki nokuvela ngemva kwe-active: Amaqembu esithathu angamelana nohlelo olusemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba anikeze (unyaka ongaphambili) noma phakathi nonyaka owodwa wokunyatheliswa kwemvume (imvume yokushiyeka). Lendlela iqinisekisa ukuthi ukusungula kokufaneleka kuyaphikwa kuvele kubekelwe inselele ekuqaleni.
  • Isiphephelo sesivikelo: iminyaka engu-20 kusukela osukwini lokuhlelwa kwe-screen.

I-Patennt Office, namagatsha aseChennai, Delhi, Mumbai, naseKolkata, inikeza izicelo ezisemthethweni. I-Indiya iye yabona ukwenyuka okuqhubekayo kokugcinwa kwezincwadi, izicelo ezingaphezu kuka-90 000 ezifakwe ngo-2023-24, ziqhutshwa kakhulu izingqwembe zasekhaya ezivela ekhemisini, e-IT, nase-biotechnology.

Umthetho Welungelo Lombhali, Ngo - 1957

Izincwadi zombhali zasekuqaleni eNdiya zivikela izincwadi ezibhalwe, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi enzima, umculo, umculo, kanye namafilimu ebhayisikobho kanye namarekhodi omsindo. I-Copyright Act, 1957, iye yashintshwa izikhathi eziningana ukuze ixazulule izinselele zenombolo (umz., i-mementmentment eyasungula umonakalo we-statory ne-accompliting jove emelene ne-ipiracy). Isihluthulelo:

  • Ukubonisa isivikelo:[ Ilungelo lombhali lihlanganisa ukubonakaliswa kwemibono, hhayi imiqondo ngokwayo. Ukuvikelwa kudlulela kuzinhlelo zamakhompuyutha, i-metary, ngisho nezinhlobo ezithile zemisakazo.
  • Amalungelo asemthethweni: Ingxenye 57 inikeza abalobi ilungelo lokuzisholo ukuthi babhale futhi bavimbele noma bathi balimaza noma yikuphi ukuhlanekezelwa, ukucwiywa, noma ukulungiswa kwemisebenzi yabo ebangela ukuhlonishwa noma idumela.
  • Amalungiselelo okuphatha i-Fair: i-Indiya ivumela ukusetshenziswa kahle ezinjongweni ezinjengokutadisha kwangasese, ukucwaninga, ukugxeka, ukubukeza, nokubika izindaba. Umthetho awudwebi imingcele eqondile yesilinganiso, ushiyela incazelo ezinkantolo.
  • Ukubhalisa: ukubhalisa ngelungelo lokubhala kungokokuzithandela kodwa kunikeza ubufakazi be-prima facie bokubuphathi ezimpikiswaneni. IHhovisi lamalungelo, ngaphansi kweNkonzo yezentengiselwano nezemisebenzi, liphatha ukubhalisa.
  • 'Term: Ngokuvamile ukuphila kombhali kanye neminyaka engu-60 ngemva kokufa. Kusetshenziswa ama-open, izithombe, amafilimu ezithombe, kanye namarekhodi omsindo, leligama liyiminyaka engu-60 kusukela ngonyaka wokunyatheliswa.

Izimboni ze-movie nomculo zaseNdiya zithembele kakhulu ekugunyazweni komthetho wokugunyaza. I-Ofisi ye-Copyright iye yasungula nezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo sokuphazamisa i-e-film nekheli emapulatifomuni.

Umthetho Wezohwebo, 1999

Umthetho we-trandmark eNdiya uvikela izimpawu ezihlukanisayo zokuhlukanisa izimpahla noma izinkonzo zebhizinisi elilodwa kwezinye. I-Trade Marks Act, 1999, yathatha indawo yoMthetho wangaphambili ka-1958 futhi yandisa isivikelo sayo, izimpawu zenkonzo, izingcabo ezihlangene, kanye nezingcabo ezaziwayo.

  • Inqubo yokubhalisa: Izinhlelo zifakwa nge Trade Marks Registry (TMR) esekelwe eMumbai namagatsha kulo lonke izwe. Lenqubo ihlanganisa ukuhlola, ukunyathelisa ukuphikiswa, nokubhalisa. Kuthatha izinyanga ezingu-12-18 ukubhalisa uma kungekho kuphikiswa.
  • Izimpawu ezaziwayo: i-TMR igcina uhlu lwezimpawu ezaziwayo ezivikelwe ngisho ngaphandle kokubhaliswa. Uphawu olwaziwayo lungasetshenziswa nangamaqembu amathathu uma kuqhathaniswa nokususa izimpahla noma izinkonzo uma ukusetshenziswa kungaveza ukuxhuzulwa futhi ngokunokwenzeka kubangele ukudideka.
  • Ukuphambanisa nokudlula: Umnini uphawu olubhaliwe angamangalela ukugxambukela. Izimpawu ezingabhaliwe zingavikelwa ngekhambi lomthetho elivamile lokudlula, elidinga ubufakazi bomusa, ukuhlanekezela, nomonakalo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isikhathi: iminyaka eyishumi, evuselelwa ngokungenasiphelo.

I-Indiya iye yabona ukukhula kwezintwebo zophawu, ezinezinhlelo ezingaphezu kuka-550 000 ngo-2023-24, ezibonisa ukukhula konozwana phakathi kwama-MSME nesiqalo. I-TMR iye yenza i-openmory ne-pacle esekelwe emathekwini ukuze inciphise ukuqamba.

UMthetho Wezentengiselwano Zezwe (Ukubhalisa Nokuvikela) Ngo - 1999

I-Gographicicdications (GI) iveza izinto njengezivela endaweni ethile lapho izinga elithile, idumela, noma esinye isici kubangelwa khona ukuthi zavela endaweni engakanani. I-GI Act yaseNdiya ivikela imikhiqizo enjengetiye, ilayisi laseBasmati, i-Missore usilika ne-Pochamply Ikat:

  • Ukubhalisa: Abasebenzisi abagunyaziwe kuphela abasendaweni echazwe kahle bangasebenza. Ukubhalisa kuthatha iminyaka eyishumi futhi kungavuselelwa.
  • I-Benefit: Iziphawuli ze-GI zivimbela ukusetshenziswa okungekho mthethweni, ukuthengwa, nokusiza imiphakathi yasemaphandleni ivikele ulwazi lwesiko. Izwekazi linenani elibhalisiwe elingaphezu kuka-450 le-GIS, elinenani elikhulayo elivela ezifundeni ezinjenge-Tamil Nadu, i-Kerala, ne-Odisha.
  • Ukuphoqelelwa: Ukuvinjelwa kweGI ebhaliwe kungenziwa njengephutha lomphakathi. UMthetho unikeza amakhambi obugebengu ahlanganisa ukuthunjwa kwezimpahla nokuboshwa kwezinye izimo.

Eminye Imithetho Ye - IP Ebalulekile

Ngaphezu kwemithetho eyisisekelo, i-Indiya inemithetho ehlanganisa imiklamo yezimboni, i-palects-seace ehlangene ne-oct, nezinhlobo zezitshalo. I-Designs Act, 2000, ivikela ukubukeka komkhiqizo (i-shape, i-program, njll.) wenkathi yokuqala yeminyaka eyishumi, ehlanganiswa ngeminyaka emihlanu. Isivikelo sePlanting Varieous ne-Roder’s Rights Act, 2001, isungula isimiso sesakhi sofuzo lwezitshalo lwezitshalo nemiphakathi yabalimi, esihambisana nezibopho ze-Indiya ngaphansi kwe-International Treatys Revoces. Izimfihlo azigqunywa yisivumelwano esikhethekile kodwa zivikelwa umthetho okhethekile, izivumelwano zezimali, izivumelwano zezimali, nemfundiso eselekile yokulahlekelwa kwethemba.

Izinhlelo Ezingokomthetho Zokubhalisa Nokuphoqelelwa

Izinhlelo Zokubhalisa

Ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-IP (izimemo, uphawu, imiklamo, i-GIS), ukubhalisa kunikeza ilungelo eliphoqelelwe kakhulu. Lenqubo ihilela:

  • Ifaka uhlelo lwesicelo [ ngehhovisi elifanele (umzk., i Office, Trade Marks Registrationry) ngezincwadi nenkokhelo ezidingekayo.
  • Ukuhlola okungokobungako - ihhovisi lihlola ukuvumelana nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho nezinqumo ezingaphansi (iphaneli, ukuhlukanisa, njll.).
  • Ukuphikiswa nokuphikiswa[ - ngemva kokwamukelwa, uhlelo lokusebenza luyakhishwa. Amaqembu esithathu anenkathi ekhethekile (umz., izinyanga ezine zezimpawu) zokuphikisa.
  • Ukubhalisa nokunikeza isitifiketi - uma kungekho kuphikiswa okugcinwayo noma ukuphikiswa kwehlulekile, ilungelo le-IP libhalisiwe futhi kukhishwe isitifiketi.

I-Indiya iye yahlela izinqubo ngokuqhubekayo. i-IP yobukhomanisi be-Indiya ivumela ukugcinwa kwe-inthanethi, ukulandelelana kwe-octal, nokukhokha. Uhulumeni uhlose ukunciphisa ukulahlwa kwesikhathi ngokungaphezulu ngamabhentshi akhethekile nangabahloli abakhulisiwe.

Imishini Ephoqelelwayo

Impoqo ye-IPR eNdiya yenzeka ngamakhambi omphakathi, obugebengu, nawabaqondisi.

  • I-Civil ligitation: Abanikazi bamalungelo e-IP bangafaka isuti enkantolo yesifunda noma eNkantolo Ephakeme (ngokuncikeka enanini lemali yokuzibopha) befuna imiyalo, ukulimaza, ama-akhawunti enzuzo, nokuhambisa izimpahla eziphiwe. Izinkantolo zinamandla okunikeza iodalidi (imiyalelo ye-Anton Piller) ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubhubha. Izinkantolo zamaNdiya ziye zaba yi-IP - ravvy, ngokuhlukana okunikezelwe kwe-IP eDelhia, i-Bombay, iMands, ne-Calcuttall Courters.
  • izikhalo ezingathi zikhona: Ngaphansi koMthetho weQueqesha, Trade Marks Act, neGI Act, ukugqekeza kungaba ubugebengu obuboshelwe ukuboshwa (izinyanga eziyisithupha ezingaphansi kweziyisithupha, ezinwetshwayo ezifinyelela eminyakeni emithathu) nemali ehlawulisiwe. Amaphoyisa angahlasela futhi athathe izimpahla. Umkhuba, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yobugebengu kuvame ukusetshenziswa emacala omgunyazi, ikakhulukazi ekuhlolweni kwezimpahla kanye nezinhlelo ze-software.
  • Isilinganiso se-Border:[[[FLT :1] Act yaseNdiya yeCmstom Act efundwa nemithetho ye-IPR ivumela abanikazi bamalungelo abo abhalisiwe ukuba babhale amalungelo e-IP neziphathimandla zamasiko abo ukuba banqande izimpahla zomgunyathi futhi baphefumule ezikhumulweni. Isibonelo se-[[FLT]WC] silandelwa, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwe-'itheku.
  • Isenzo sokuphatha: Umlawuli we-Patents, izinhloso, nohwebo lweTrade Mark angaqeda noma asuse ukubhalisa okusekelwe ezikhalweni, futhi i-Copyright Board (manje inciphile; izindaba zidluliselwe eGabhule Shountains) zasingatha izimpikiswano zokubhalisa ngokusemthethweni. Ngo-2021, i-Intetrateting Publication Appelte Board (PAB) yasuswa, idlulisela zonke izikhundla zayo ezimeleni eziphezulu. Lokhu kushintshela ukunciphisa ifomu kodwa kukhuphule umsebenzi weNkanto Ephakeme.

Enye Impi Engaxazululwa

Izingxabano ze-IP eNdiya zixazululwa ngokuqhubekayo ngokukhipha izinqumo nangokuzinqumela. Izinkantolo zikhuthaza amacala ukuba ahlole ukuxazulula izingxabano, ikakhulukazi ezinhlolweni zomgunyathi, uphawu, nokuklama izimpikiswano. I-IP Ehenhla i-IP I-Sivision yeNkantolo ye-Delhi inesikhungo sokukhipha i-IP esiye saxazulula amacala amaningana aphezulu. Izimemo zokunquma izivumelwano zokulungisa izivumelwano zisuke seziyindinganiso, nakuba ukumiswa kwezimpikiswano ezisemthethweni kulokhu kulinganiselwe ngenxa yokuthi ukubhalisa i-IP kuhilela isithakazelo somphakathi.

Ukubaluleka Kwe - IPR Yohlobo Lwe - robsust Yokwakha Imali Etholakala ENdiya

Isivikelo esiqinile se-IP asiyona nje imfuneko engokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-TRIPS; singumshayeli wentuthuko yezomnotho, ukusungulwa, nokutshalwa kwemali kwamanye amazwe. ENdiya, izinzuzo zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukusungulwa okuqanjiwe ne-R&D: izinkampani ezisunguliwe zitshala i-R&D lapho zazi ukuthi izinto ezisunguliwe zingasungulwa futhi ziphoqelelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ingxenye yaseNdiya, inikela kakhulu ekusebenziseni izakhi kanye ne-biosicator, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yombuso osemthethweni.
  • Ukuthatha ukutshala imali okungaqondile kwangaphandle (FDI): Izinhlangano zamazwe amaningi zicabangela isivikelo se-IPR ngaphambi kokumisa imisebenzi. Ukuthuthukisa kwe-IP (eboniswe kuyi-Indiya’s International IP Index (lapho i-Indiya yasuka ku-43 ngo-2016 yasuka ku-33 kuya ku-33)) kwaye yanikela ekunyuseni i-FI ephezulu kwezobuchwepheshe, i-pharma, nezokuzijabulisa.
  • Ukuvikela ulwazi olungokwesiko nefa lempucuko: Izigqebhezana ze-GI zivikela imikhiqizo enjenge Kashmirsafron, Kanchipuram usilika, nerayisi iBasmati ekuphathweni kabi. Lokhu kusekela izingcweti zasemaphandleni nabalimi, ukulondoloza izimpawu zempucuko.
  • [ Inzuzo yemali nomsebenzi: izimboni ze-IP ezingenisayo eNdiya zinikela ngokuphawulekayo ekutholeni i-GDP. Izimboni zomgunyathi kuphela (i-film, umculo, ukunyathelisa, i-software) i-akhawunti ye-2% ye-GDP futhi ziqashe izigidi.

Izinselele Nendlela Engaphambili

Naphezu kwentuthuko, isimiso se - IPR saseNdiya sibhekene nezinselele eziningana:

Isiphetho: Ifulegi Esokhelwe Kanye

Uhlaka lwamalungelo empahla waseNdiya lubanzi, luvumelana nezindinganiso zembulunga yonke futhi luvumelana kakhulu. Njengoba izakhiwo zomthetho zinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sabadali, abasunguli, namabhizinisi ukuze bavikele izinto zabo ezingaqondakali. Nokho, amandla angempela esimiso angekho nje emithethweni kodwa ekusebenzeni kwayo okuphumelelayo − ukuqinisekisa okuqinile, nokuqashelwa komphakathi. Njengoba i-Indiya izima ngokwayo njengolwazi, inguquko eqhubekayo ekuqondiseni kwe-IP, izakhiwo zokwahlulela, kanye nokubekwa kwezimiso kwamanani amanani kuyoba okunzima. I-Stakers [1] Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, izinhlelo zendawo, izakhiwo zendawo, izingcweti, noma izisebenzi zobuciko, noma izigaba zomphakathi zomphakathi zisebenza ngokunempumelelo nesimiso se-IP ukuze zikwazi ukuzuza inzuzo yayo. Ukuqonda lesi sinyathelo sokuqala ekutholeni kwenani lokuqala lempahla neminikelo yokuhlakanipha embulukweni lemali embulungeni.