Inqubo iyisisekelo sezimiso zomthetho ezihlonipha amalungelo abantu kanye nomthetho. Kubantu abafuna isikhoselo ababalekela ushushiso, impi, noma ubudlova, inqubo yokuzalwa ivame ukubeka isisekelo esincane phakathi kokuphepha nokubuyela engozini. Nakuba lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulunga ngezinqubo zokwahlulela ezibonisayo, ukusebenza kwazo ezimisweni zokufuduka kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuphikiswana njalo. Ukuqonda ithonya lenqubo efanele emalungelweni abafuni bendawo yokukhosela ezethule ezindaweni zokukhosekwa kwembula hhayi nje kuphela izibophopho ezijulile zomphakathi ezingokobulungisa, isithunzi somuntu, nezibophophophozo zomhlaba wonke.

Isisekelo Senqubo Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile ayiwona umthetho owodwa kodwa inqwaba yesivikelo somthetho we-procedential. Ivela kumthetho ovamile wama-Anglo-America futhi ifakwa ezinzibeni zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kanye nasezicini zamalungelo abantu zezizwe zonke njengeSiphakamiso 14 seSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samaLungu namaProtical Rights (ICCPR). Ekujuleni kwayo, inqubo efanele ifuna ukuba uhulumeni ahloniphe wonke amalungelo angokomthetho afanele umuntu ngaphambi kokuba awancishe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla.

Inqubo elindelekile

Izazi ezingokomthetho zihlukanisa phakathi kwenqubo efanelekile ye-procedtural . yesenzo sikahulumeni] nenqubo efanelekile ( ukuthi uhulumeni ungenzani noma ungakwazi ukuyenza. Abafuni besivikelo, inqubo edinga ukugcinwa ingxande esheshayo. Ifuna ukuba abantu bathole isaziso ngecala labo, ithuba lokuzwa, ukufinyelela ebufakazini, nelungelo lokubeka inqubo efanele. Okumelwe ibekwe, kusho ukuthi uhulumeni ungakwazi ukuwephula amalungelo ayisisekelo, kuhlanganise nokufuna ukukhoselelwa ngokushesha ngaphansi komthetho wezwe. Zombili izilinganiso ezisemgangatho, lapho kungenziwa khona inqubo yokukhosekwa.

Inqubo elindelekile kumongo we-Asylmu: Isiteshi-Sinyathelo-Sithayela somsebenzi wesakhelo

Abafuni be-asylum kumelwe basebenzise inqubo yesiteji esinezindawo eziningi ehlukahluka ngokwezwe kodwa ngokuvamile ihlanganisa: ukungena noma ukufika, ukuxoxa okuthembekile (kulabo abasezikhumulweni zokungena noma abavalelwe), ukuzwa okuphelele, nokunxusa okunokwenzeka. Esiqenjini ngasinye, amalungelo enqubo afanele ahloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokunemba.

Isaziso Nelungelo Lokwazi Icala Onalo

Umfuni wesikhoselo kumelwe atshelwe ngezizathu ezibagcinayo noma abambelwe ekususweni kwezenzo. E-United States, lokhu kuthatha uhlobo lwesaziso sokuvela (NTA) esichaza amacala nesisekelo esingokomthetho sokususwa. Ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanele, umuntu akanakulungiselela isivikelo. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi, i-NTAs ayiphelele noma idluliswe ngolimi umceli angayiqondi, ilulaza injongo yayo kanye yesaziso.

Ukufinyelela ekumelelweni okungokomthetho

Ngokungafani nezigebengu ezimangalelwayo, abafuni bezikhoselo ngokuvamile abanalo ilungelo lomthetho-mthethweni lokweluleka ngohulumeni ngokuthuthwa kwabantu. E-U.S., umthetho uvumela umuntu ukuba aphumele “ akamelelwanga izindleko kuhulumeni.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi labo abangakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli ngokuvamile abatholakali. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abafuni besivikelo abamelelwe ngokusemthethweni abamele imingcele cishe baphumelele kakhulu ekufuneni kwabo kunalabo abangaphandle. Umbiko waseMelika we-Immigration wathola ukuthi abafuni behliswayo bazuza izigwebo zabo ngokwesilinganiso esingaba ngu-60% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-14% yalabo abangekho iseluleko. Ukungakhonzi komthetho okungokomthetho mhlawumbe isithiyo eyodwa enqabeni yesimiso sesivikelo.

Ithuba Lokunikeza Ubufakazi NoFakazi

Inqubo edingekile idinga ukuzwa okunengqondo lapho umfaki wesicelo engafakaza khona, anikeze ubufakazi obugciniwe, futhi abize ofakazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubafuni besiphephelo, lokhu kuvame ukunikeza ubufakazi obuqinisekile boshushiso, njengemibiko yesimo sezwe, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, noma ukubona izimpawu ze-aftidavits. Nokho, ukulimala, imingcele yolimi, nokungajwayelani nezinqubo ezingokomthetho, nokungaqiniseki komthetho kungavimbela abafaki becala labo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahluleli abafuduki abangase banikeze ubunzima obunganele ebufakazini obuthembekile, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela ubudlova obungokwezisulu zocaphucaphucano noma ezinye izinkinga ezibucayi. IBhodi ye-Immigration Appliations (BIA) nezinkantolo zezwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ubufakazi obuthembekile bodwa bungawugcwalisa umthwalo wobufakazi, kodwa kubahluleli abaningi abafuna ubufakazi obungabuthola.

Ilungelo Lokukhanga

Ngemva kokuphika, abafuni besikhoselo kumelwe babe nethuba lokubekela inselele isinqumo phambi kwegunya eliphezulu. E-U.S., ukubukeza kwe-BIA kuvela ezinqumweni zamajaji okufuduka, futhi esinye isikhalo singatholakala ezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni. Kodwa lenqubo igcwele izithiyo: izenzakalo eziqinile ezigcinwayo (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30), isidingo sokufushaniswa kwemininingwane engokomthetho, futhi izindleko eziphakeme zokumelelwa. Eminyakeni yamuva, i-BIA futhi iye yabekwa ngaphansi kwezindlela zokubukeza eziyelweyo ezilinganisela impikiswano yomlomo futhi inciphisa isikhathi sokuzithoba okubhaliwe. Uma amalungelo okudluliswayo ephumelelayo angenakufinyeleleka, ubuqotho bayo bonke ubuqotho besimiso sokusebenza kuyahlengantenga.

Izinselele Ezinkulu Zenqubo Ezokwenzeka Ezimisweni Zokufuduka

Naphezu kwesimiso somthetho, izinselele eziningi zokwakha nezimiso ziqeda inqubo efanele kubafuni besikhoselo. Lezi zithiyo ngokuvamile zibangelwa ukuqina phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe, ukulawula umngcele, nezibopho zokusiza umphakathi.

Ukuxoshwa Nokuphinyiselwa Kwabantu

Izinqubo zokususwa kwabantu abafudukayo zivumela izikhulu ukuba zixoshe ngokushesha abantu abathile ngaphandle kokuzwa ngokugcwele phambi komahluleli ofudukayo. E-United States, leligunya liye landiswa eminyakeni edlule ukuze lihlanganise indawo ehlala ikhona futhi libe khona isikhathi eside. Abafuni be-asylum abafuna ukuxoshwa kokususwa kwezindawo zokuthutha banikezwa kuphela ingxoxo eqinisekile nokwesaba okukhona nolwesisebenzi sobuzwe sase-U.S. isikhulu esiphethe i-ImGrationation (USCIS), uma isikhulu samasosha singatholi kwesaba okuqinisekile, umuntu angasuswa ngokushesha, ngokubukeza kokwahlulela okulinganiselwe. Abameleli bamalungelo abantu baphikisa ngokuthi lezi zinqubo zomkhondo ezisheshayo ngokuvamile ziyahluleka ukuzwa ukuthi isikhulu esingokomthetho, ikakhulukazi uma isimemezelo siphazamisekile, sikhuluma esingasazi isizungu, noma singaqondisanga amalungelo abo.

Izimo Zokuzilibazisa Neseluleko

Izikhungo zezezimali ezinabafuni bezikhungo zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezikude, kude kakhulu nabameli abasemthethweni abanikeza usizo. Izingcingo eziya kubameli zingabiza noma zibekelwe imingcele, futhi ukuhambela kwezomthetho kungavimbela ukuvinjelwa. Kwezinye izindawo, abathunjwa basuswa ngaphandle kwesaziso, bahlukanisa abameli-zikhundla. Izimo ngaphakathi ($averrowding, ukufinyelela ulwazi olulinganiselwe, kanye nokuthola imingcele eqinile () ikhono lomuntu lokulungiselela isivikelo. Isifundo samashumi amabili e-20 eYunivesithi yaseTexas School of Law yathola ukuthi abafuduki ababoshiwe yize kakhulu ukuba bavikeleke ngisho nalapho befuna ummeli, ngenxa yalemingcele.

Izithiyo Zolimi Nezomdabu

Inqubo elindelekile ixhomeke ekuxhumaneni. Nokho abafuni bezindawo zokukhosela abaningi abakwazi ukukhuluma ulimi lwezwe eliphethe futhi kumelwe bathembele kubatoliki. Izinga lokuchaza liyahlukahluka kakhulu; amaphutha angaholela ekuqondeni okuyinhlekelele. Ukungavumelani kwempucuko kungathinta futhi indlela umuntu axoxa ngayo: kwezinye izizwe, akubonisi inhlonipho ukubheka amehlo ngokuqondile noma ukuphikisa umuntu onegunya, izici ezingaqondwa ngokuphambene noma ngokungathembeki umahluleli wezokufuduka. Ukuqeqeshelwa abahumushi namajaji awazi ukukhubazeka, imikhuba engokwesiko ihlala iguquguqukile.

Ukushintsha Kwemithetho Nezindinganiso Ezingokomthetho

Umthetho we-astylum ubhekene noshintsho olusheshayo lwezimiso eziphazamisa inqubo yezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphatha kwe-U.S. kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2020 kwasebenzisa uchungechunge lwemithetho evimbelayo ." “ukusala kwenqubo (Imithetho Yesivikelo se-Migrant), ukuvinjelwa, nokuqiniswa okuqinile kwezindinganiso zokwesaba okungaguquguqukiyo, futhi okuthi kamuva kwabekelwe inseleleka enkantolo futhi kwashintshwa ngokwengxenye. Inqubo yokuthutha idala ukudideleka kwabafuni bezindawo zokukhosela indawo ephephile nabameli babo, futhi ikwazi ukuguqula imithetho engokomthetho esebenza ezimweni ezilandelayo. Inqubo yokwethulo ngokuvamile idinga ukuba imithetho igcinwe iqinile, icace futhi isetshenziswe ngokulindelekile, kodwa ngokuvamile inqubo yokuthutha isebenza esimweni sokuthuthwa kwezigeqe.

Izindinganiso Nezibopho Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ngaphansi kwe-1951 Commission of Refugees Convention ne-Protocol yayo ka-1967, i-Stectrial commonement akumelwe ibuye ibuye iyise umuntu endaweni lapho ebhekene khona noshushiso. Lesi simiso esingadibanisi sihambisana nenqubo efanelekile ngoba inqubo elungile iyadingeka ukunquma ukuthi umuntu unokwesaba okusungulwe kahle koshushiso. I-United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCRCR) ayinike isiqondiso esikhulu kakhulu ngezindinganiso ze-procedro, kuhlanganise nesidingo se- somuntu ngamunye, ikuzimisela, ukudluliswa kwezimiso zakhe ezisemthethweni ngokwamandla.[FLD:1] Kodwa ukusebenza kwezezezezelelwe kakhulu.

Indima Yezivumelwano Zamalungelo Abantu

Izivumelwano ezinjenge-ICCPR ne-Convention Against Torture (CAT) zibuye ziphoqelele izibopho ezifanelekile zenqubo. IKomiti yamalungelo abantu yeUN ithole ukuthi isho ukuthi i-ICPR lapho ikhipha izigwegwebo ngaphandle kokuzihlola okuphumelelayo. Ngokufanayo, i-CAT inqume ukuthi ukuhluleka komthetho wokuvimbela ukuhlushwa. Abafuni be-Asyllum bangaphakamisa iziphakamiso ngaphansi kwalezivumelwano, kodwa izimiso zokusebenza zibuthakathaka, futhi izinkantolo zasekhaya ngokuvamile zibopha iziphathimandla zezokuthutha.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Nemiphumela Yomhlaba Yangempela

Isimiso esifiphele senqubo efanelekile siba sobala kakhulu ezindabeni ngazinye. Cabangela indaba ka- “Ana,” owesifazane wase-Central America owabalekela ubudlova beqembu futhi wafuna isikhoselo emngceleni wase-U.S. wabekwa ekhucululwa, wadluliswa ingxoxo yakhe ethembekile yokwesaba, futhi wakhululwa ngesaziso sokuvela. Nokho, wayengeke akwazi ukukhokhela ummeli futhi alwele ukunqamula isimiso senkantolo ngolimi angaluqondi kahle. Ekuzweni kwakhe kokuqala, watshelwa ukuba abuye nommeli; wavela engxoweni yamuva futhi wakhishwa lapho ehluleka ukuqonda isaziso sokubuyisela. Ucingo lwakhe lwasehlabele phambili lapho engazi ukuthi uhluleka khona. Uveza izinkulungwane zabantu abambalwa.

Esinye isibonelo siqokomisa ukubaluleka kokumelelwa kwemithetho: “Mhumed,” umbaleki wase-Siriya owafika e-United States enomlando obhalwe kahle woshushiso. Inhlangano engokomthetho engekho nzuzo yathatha icala lakhe, yamsiza ukuba alungiselele ubufakazi bokuboshwa nokuhlushwa kwakhe, futhi yaphikisa icala lakhe phambi komahluleli ovela kwamanye amazwe. Wawina isikhoselo ngemva kwenqubo yezinyanga ezingu - 14. Umehluko phakathi kuka-Ana noMuhammed wawungewona amandla ezinto ababezisho kodwa ukukwazi kwabo ukubhekana nenqubo efanelekile yokuvikela inqubo engokomthetho. /Iseluleko esingokomthetho esikhethekile kanye nekhono lokunikeza ubufakazi obuphelele.

Okwenza Inqubo Efanele Ihlale Ibalulekile Nangaphandle Kwabantu Abahlukene

Inqubo elindelekile ayiwona nje umusa onikezwa abafuni bezindawo zokukhosela; ifeza izithakazelo eziyisisekelo ze-social social commentation. Okokuqala, ithuthukisa ukunemba kwezinqumo. Uma izinqubo zilungile, abenzi bezinqumo basengozini yokubona ngokunembile ukuthi ubani ongumbaleki nongeyena, ukunciphisa kokubili ukuxoshwa nokukhwabanisa. Okwesibili, inqubo efanele ikhuthaza ukwethenjwa umphakathi esimisweni sokufuduka. Uma abantu bebona ukuthi le nqubo ayifanele noma iphambene, balahlekelwa ukholo kuwo futhi kungenzeka ukuba bangazivumelani nawo ngokuzithandela. Okwesithathu, inqubo efanele ivikela umthetho ngokwawo. Uhulumeni owehlisa izinqubo zawo siqu yeqembu elisengozini ubeka inqubo eyingozi yokuqeda amalungelo abo bonke.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo efanele igcwalisa izibopho zokuziphatha nezimiso. Abafuni be-asylum baphakathi kwabantu abasengozini kakhulu emhlabeni, ngokuvamile abahlukumezekile futhi abaphelelwe ithemba. Ukubehlisa ingxube elungile yokuzwa ukuhlupheka kwabo futhi baphule izimiso eziyisisekelo zesithunzi sobuntu. Amazwe alwela amalungelo abantu kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi izinqubo zawo zokukhosela zibonakalisa lezozindinganiso, hhayi nje ngokukhuluma kodwa ngokusebenza.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nendlela Engaphambili

E-United States, ukuqondisa kweBinden kuye kwathatha izinyathelo zokubuyisela izinhlelo ezithile ezizosetshenziswa, njengokuqeda “ukuhlala eMexico” nezinhlelo zomthetho zokuqondisa abantu ababoshiwe. Nokho, kuye kwavela izinselele ezintsha, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yeSihloko sempilo yomphakathi engu-42 (ngokushesha) kanye nemvume yamacala angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-5,5 alindele ukuthunyelwa kwezinkantolo zezokufuduka. Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukutshala imali kubahluleli abafuduki, usizo olungokomthetho, kanye nezinye izindlela zokuvalelwa. Ifuna futhi ukuba iSishaya-Hulumente sidlulise umthetho ezindaweni ezihlala isikhathi eside ezikhona ezisezinkantolo.

Ezweni lonke, i-UNHCR iyaqhubeka isekela izinqubo ezingakhethi zokukhosela futhi iye yafuna ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo zokwenelisa. I-Global Compact on Refugees, eyamukelwa ngo-2018, ihlanganisa izibopho zokuqinisa izimiso zesizwe, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwale misebenzi kuhlala kungafani. Izinhlangano zomphakathi, kuhlanganise ne- American Civil Liberes Union [[, [FLT:]] Ilungelo lamaHumanist Watch [, kanye namaqembu omthetho, kunikeza izinhlangano zokusiza eziyimfuneko, kodwa azikwazi ukukhokhela ngokuphelele izimiso ezingafanele zikahulumeni.

Ukutuswa Kwabenzi Bomthetho

Ukuze bavikele inqubo efanele abafuna isiphephelo ngobuqotho, abenzi bezimiso kufanele bacabangele izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

  • Ukuthola imvume yokumelela ngokomthetho mahhala [ ekuthuthweni kwezokufuduka, ikakhulukazi kubantu abavalelwe kanye nalabo abanempilo engokwengqondo noma ulimi olunemizwa eqinile.
  • Ukubekisa ukusetshenziswa kokususwa okucacisiwe [ ezimweni lapho kungekho khona ukusho okuthembekile kwesikhoselo noma isivikelo, futhi kuqinisekisiwe ukubukezwa kokwahlulela okunenjongo ngayo yonke imiyalo esuswayo.
  • Ukuqinisekisa izinkonzo zokutolika [ ngesiqinisekiso, ukuqeqesha, nokuhlola ukunciphisa amaphutha.
  • [ Ukuvalelwa kwe-Ensure kusebenza njengendawo yokugcina yokukhokha nokuthi ezinye izindlela zokuthola ijele, njengokuqondisa komphakathi, zisetshenziswa kabanzi.
  • IReuce enkantolo yezesivumelwano ngokuqasha amajaji nezisebenzi zokufuduka ezengeziwe, nangokuthatha ubuchwepheshe bokuzwa izindlebe ezikude lapho kufaneleka khona.
  • Lungisa izinqubo zesikhoselo ezizinzile emthethweni wokuzivikela ekushibilikeni kwegatsha eliphethe.

Isiphetho

Inqubo efanelekile i-licky yesimiso esingakhethi sesivikelo. Ngaphandle kwaso, isenzo sokufuna isiphephelo siba ukugembula lapho imiphumela ixhomeke kakhulu ethanjeni nasemalini kuneqiniso losizi lomuntu. Abafuni be-asylum banelungelo lokuzwa lokho abakushoyo endaweni ehloniphekile ehlonipha isithunzi sabo futhi banikeze ithuba eliqotho lokuzwakala. Ithonya lenqubo efanelekile lidlulela kude kakhulu ngalé kwenkantolo: liveza ukuthi abantu bayaphila noma bayafa, ukuthi imikhaya ihlangene noma ihlukene, nokuthi izizwe ziphila ngokuvumelana nezibopho zazo ezibopheleleni zabo ezimeleni zabantu kanye nokubusa umthetho. Ukuvikela akuvumi ukukho ukuvuma kwethu ukukhoselelwa komkhoselelwa.

[[QUT:0] Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i- INCR'S ezimisweni zesikhoselo[ kanye U.S. uMnyango weHhovisi loMqondisi woBulungiseleli we-Immigration Review[.