Izingxabano zezohwebo zamazwe ngamazwe zingokwemvelo ngenxa yokuzalana kwezomnotho ezisemhlabeni wonke lapho amabhizinisi aphesheya kwemingcele engena khona ezivumelwaneni eziyinkimbinkimbi nsuku zonke. Uma lezi zivumelwano zezentengiselwano ziwohloka − noma kungenxa yokuphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukungavumelani ngemibandela ekhokhwayo, noma ukuphikisana ngamalungelo empahla ekhokhwazwayo. Ingxabano engokolwazini ngemisebenzi yezentengiselwano ekhona idinga indlela ethembekile yokuxazulula ukungaboni kwabo. Ukungavumelani kwemithetho, ezimweni ezihlukahlukene. Inikeza leyonqubo eqinile, ebopheneyo esiza ukubuyiselwa nokuthenjwa kwezentengiselwano yezizwe zonke. Ukuqonda indlela ukubhanana kwezentengiselwano esebenzela isebenza ngayo emongweni yezentengo yezizwe zonke, esemthethweni, noma embonini esemthethweni ehlangene nemithetho ehlangene ekuhwebeni.

Kuyini Ukulahlwa Kwezakhamuzi?

Ukuqashelwa komphakathi kuyinqubo engokomthetho engokomthetho lapho ingxenye yesithathu engathathi-hlangothi khona cishe iyinkantolo noma inkantolo ye-arbitral.[1] Ngokungafani nesivumelwano sobugebengu, esigxila ekujeziseni umthetho womphakathi, ukufushaniswa kwesizwe kuphathelene nokunquma amalungelo omuntu siqu nezibopho. Umphumela uyisinqumo esibophayo esingahlanganisa ukukhokhwa kwemali, umyalo wokusebenza okuthile, noma isimemezelo samalungelo.

Izinga lokukhipha isigwebo somphakathi libanzi. Ihlanganisa izimpikiswano zezivumelwano, izimpi zesivumelwano, izingxabano zempahla, nezinye izingxabano ezingezona ezobugebengu. Ezweni lonke inkundla yezohwebo, ukufushaniswa kwemithetho yomphakathi ngokuvamile kuxoxwa ngezindaba ezinjengokwehluleka ukuletha impahla, ukukhokha, imikhiqizo engasebenzi kahle, nokuphula izivumelwano. Le nqubo ingathatha izinkantolo zesizwe (ukubekwa kwemithetho) noma ekulweleni ngasese (ukumiswa kwemithetho), ngayinye ngemithetho yayo siqu yemithetho ye-producation kanye nezimiso zokugcinwa.

Isici esiyinhloko sokuqambana kwezakhamuzi yisimo saso somthetho: ilungu ngalinye linikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano, futhi ummisi (umahluleli noma ummeli) unquma ngokusekelwe kumthetho osebenzayo. Isinqumo sibopha ngokomthetho, futhi ukuhluleka ukuhambisana naso kungaholela ekubopheni izenzo, njengokuphambanisa impahla noma iziyalezo zenkantolo. Lokhu kungafani nezinye izindlela zesinqumo eziphikisanayo njengezokuxhumana, ezingavumelani futhi ezincike esivumelwaneni sokuzithandela.

Ukuqonda Izingxabano Zezohwebo Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Izingxabano zezohwebo zamazwe ziphakama lapho amaqembu avela emazweni ahlukene engavumelani mayelana nokwenziwa noma ukuchazwa kwesivumelwano sezentengiselwano. Lezi zingxabano zingasukela ekubambezeleni iholo okulula kuya ezingxabanweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganisa izinkulungwane zezincwadi kanye nezigidi zamaRandi. Izimbangela ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukufinyelela kwesivumelwano - - ukwehluleka ukuhambisa impahla ngesikhathi, ukuhambisa imikhiqizo ephansi, noma ukukhokha ngokuvumelana.
  • [Force majeure isho[ – izimpikiswano ngokuthi isenzakalo esingalindelekile (isenzakalo, impi, inhlekelele engokwemvelo) zithethelela ukungasebenzeli.
  • Impahla ewuhlaka iphazamisa impango - ukusetshenziswa okungekhona okusemthethweni kwezimpawu, izimvume ezisemthethweni, noma izimfashini zelungelo lombhali ezimakethe zakwamanye amazwe.
  • [ Isivumelwano sokufaka isikhala sesivumelwano sithi – izingxabano phakathi kwabatshali bezimali bakwamanye amazwe nezifunda eziphethe i-athom ngokuqondene nokuphathwa kwezivumelwano zezivumelwano zemali.
  • [ ilawula ukungezwani - ukungavumelani ngokuthi impahla ihlangabezana yini nokuphepha noma izinga lezinga lezwe elingaphandle.

Iziphakamiso ezisengxabanweni yezentengiselwano yomhlaba wonke zivame ukuphakama: hhayi nje inani lemali lesivumelwano ngokwaso kodwa futhi nokulahlekelwa okungabangelwa ubuhlobo bebhizinisi, ukulimala kwedumela, nokuphazamisana. Ukusebenza kahle nokungagwegwesi kusiza ekunciphiseni lezi zingozi ngokunikeza indlela ecacile yokuxazulula.

Izincwadi Eziyinhloko Zezomthetho Ezilawula Udaba Lwezohwebo Emhlabeni Wonke

Isivumelwano somphakathi ehwebelaneni lwezizwe zonke asenzeki esingekho emthethweni. Isimiso sezivumelwano, imihlangano emikhulu, nezimiso zokuhlenga sinikeza uhlelo olunquma ukuthi yiliphi inkantolo elinegunya, yimuphi umthetho osebenzayo, nokuthi isahlulelo noma umklomelo ungaphoqelelwa kanjani ukuba udlule emingceleni.

Umhlangano WeZizwe Ezihlangene Ophathelene Nezikhungo Zokuthengisa Ifa Eliyizizwe Zonke (CISG)

I-CISG, eyamukelwa ngo-1980 futhi manje eseyiphoqelelwe emazweni angaphezu kuka-90, inikeza iqoqo elifanayo lemithetho yezivumelwano zokuthengisa zamazwe ngamazwe. Ilawula ukwakhiwa kwezivumelwano, izibopho zabathengi nabathengisi, namakhambi okuphula lemithetho. Ngokubeka imingcele yalemithetho, i-CISG inciphisa isidingo sezinkantolo sokuthembela emithethweni ephikisanayo. Izimpikiswano eziningi zezohwebo zinqunywa ngaphansi kwezimiso ze-CISG, ezikhuthaza ukuvumelana nokubikezela. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngeCISG kuvela ku-UNCISTRAL[FL:1].

Umhlangano WaseNew York Ophathelene Nokuqashelwa Nokuphoqelelwa Kwama - Arbitral Akwamanye Amazwe

Mhlawumbe ithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuleni kwezentengiselwano emhlabeni wonke, i-New York Convention (1958) ifuna ukuba izinkantolo ezisemazweni angaphezu kuka-70 ayisayina ziqaphele futhi ziphoqelele ukuba iziphakamiso zakwamanye amazwe ezinezizathu ezilinganiselwe zokwenqaba. Lomhlangano uyisisekelo sesimiso sokuvala izikhali, uqinisekisa ukuthi ibhadi elikhishwa kwelinye izwe lingaphoqelelwa kwelinye. Ngaphandle kwalokho, amaqembu angabhekana nethemba elibi lokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho ezindaweni zonke lapho impahla ikhona. [[FLT:] [FLT]]

I - World Trade Organization (WTO) Ukungavumelani Nokusebenzisa Imishini

Kuzo izingxabano phakathi kohulumeni ngezimiso zokuhwebelana (izinhlangano zezentengiselwano, izimali ezixhasayo, imigoqo yezohwebo), iWTO’s Dispute Seatement Understanding (DSU) inikeza inqubo ehleliwe. Ihilela ukuhlola, izinqumo zezindawo, izibalo, nokubukeza i-appelte. Nakuba lenqubo iwuku-kuya-ngasese kunoma isigaba sabese-sifundazwe, imithetho yayo ivame ukuhlobana namabhizinisi, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini ezokulima, amapulani, nakwezobuchwepheshe. Isimiso sokuphendula i-WTO siphikisana nezwe .

Ukukhetha Umthetho Nokweyisa UClaus

Ezivumelwaneni zangasese, amaqembu ngokuvamile achaza kusengaphambili ukuthi yimiphi imithetho yezwe eyobusa isivumelwano nokuthi yimiphi izinhlangano ezizosingatha izimpikiswano. Lezizigijimi zibalulekile ngoba ziqeda ukungaqiniseki kwemithetho elawulayo. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziyayihlonipha imisho enjalo, uma nje ingangqubuzani nenqubo yomphakathi. Nokho, izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zingase zihlanganise imibuzo yokulawula noma ukuxabana kwemithetho, ikakhulukazi lapho impahla isakazwana emazweni amaningi.

Indima Yokushintsha Kwezizwe Zonke Ezimpikiswaneni Zezohwebo

I-international arbitration isiyindlela ethandwayo yokufushaniswa kwemithetho yomphakathi ezimpikiswaneni eziningi zezentengiselwano ezinqamule imingcele. Ekufakeni izigijimi, abathathi bayavuma ukubeka impikiswano yabo kubaphathi ababodwa noma abangaphezulu abangabodwa abakhethelwe ukuba babe nobuchwepheshe babo, kunokuba babuswe inkantolo yesizwe. Le nqubo ilawulwa ngemithetho yemithetho yenhlangano − njengaleyo ye International Chamber of Commercial (IC), i-London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), noma i-Singapore International Arbitration Centrection Centre (SIA) Centent (SIA).

Ukuthunyelwa kwenkantolo kunikeza izinzuzo eziningana ngaphezu kokubekwa kwecala ezinkantolo zezwe:

  • Ukungathathi-hlangothi:[ Akukho qembu eliphoqelelwa ukuba lichaze inkantolo yasekhaya yomunye, okungase kubhekwe njengokukhetha.
  • Ukuzifihla: ukuzwa kwe-Arbitution kanye nemiklomelo ngokuvamile kuyimfihlo, kuvikela ulwazi lwebhizinisi oluzwelayo.
  • Ukuphoqelelwa: Ngenxa ye-New York Convention, imiklomelo ye-artral ilula ukuphoqelela isahlulelo senkantolo emhlabeni wonke.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uphakamiso: Idili lingakhetha abaphathi abanezimboni ezithile noma ulwazi olungokomthetho oluhlobene nempikiswano.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Ukungaguquguquki:[ Izinhlelo zingavumelana nezidingo zendaba, kuhlanganise nolimi, indawo, nohlelo lwesikhathi.

Naphezu kwalezinzuzo, ukudluliswa kwemithetho kunezingqinamba. Kungabiza kakhulu ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zabaqondisi abaningi nokuthola okuningi. Kukhona futhi indawo elinganiselwe yokudlulisa, okusho isinqumo esingesihle kungaba esokugcina. Noma kunjalo, ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu zezohwebo lwezizwe, ukuthathelwa imingcele kuseyikho okungakho okungcono. Ukufunda ngezinkonzo ze-IC Arbitration[

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Ezwe: Indlela Yokubambisana

Nakuba ukudluliswa kwezentengiselwano kuthandwa kakhulu, ukubekwa kwezinkantolo zesizwe kusafeza indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezimpikiswaneni lapho izigijimi zokunqanda zingakho noma zingasebenzi khona, noma lapho elinye iqembu lifuna khona izilinganiso ezifana nezingaqhwa. Amazwe amaningi aye asungula izinkantolo zezentengiselwano ezikhethekile zeChwebo eNgilandi naseWales, njengeSinkantolo sezentengiselwano seSizwe Samazwe onke esisingatha izimpikiswano ezinqamulo zemigqa ngokuzimisela nangobuchwepheshe. Amanye amazwe, kuhlanganise ne-United Arabia Emirathis kanye neSaudi, aye amisa izinkantolo zezentengiselwano ezinikezelwe ukukhanga ibhizinisi emhlabeni wonke.

Inselele eyinhloko ngokubekwa kwecala iwumthetho wokusebenza. Isinqumo senkantolo evela kwelinye izwe asisebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo kwelinye; kumelwe siqashelwe ngezinqubo zendawo. I-Hague Judge Convention (2029) ihlose ukuthuthukisa ukusakazwa kwezahlulelo zenkantolo, kodwa ukutholwa kwayo kulinganiselwe uma kuqhathaniswa ne-New York Convention for artibration. Ngenxa yalokho, amaqembu acabangela ukuphoqelelwa kwesahlulelo lapho enquma ukuthi kuphi lapho enquma ukuthi i-ligatate.

Umphumela Wokulahlwa Kwezigwebo Zombango Ehwebeni Lomhlaba Wonke

Ukutholakala kwezivumelwano eziphumelelayo zomphakathi kuthonya kakhulu ukuziphatha kwamabhizinisi ahweba ngezizwe.

  • Ukuqiniseka: Imithetho ecacile, eqinisekile inciphisa ukungaqiniseki okungavimbela izivumelwano ezinqamule imingcele. Uma izinkampani zazi ukuthi isivumelwano sizophoqelelwa nokuthi i-unum ikhona ngenxa yezingxabano, zizimisele kakhulu ukungena ezivumelwaneni ezithatha isikhathi eside nasezingeni lokutshala imali.
  • RISk minigition: Ukuba khona kwesimiso sokufushanisa kuvumela amaqembu ukuba abeke izingozi ngokuphumelela kakhulu (ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvumelana ngezigaba zokukhipha noma ngokulimaza okunganqunywa inkantolo noma inkantolo.
  • Ukuthemba esimisweni:[ I-efficiation ikhuthaza ukwethembana phakathi kwabangane bezohwebo. Idumela lokwahlulela okuhle nokufike ngesikhathi lempikiswano likhuthaza ukuhwebelana ngezindawo ezingase zibhekwe njengeziyingozi.
  • Inkokhelo ye- i-cost: Ikhono lokubuyisa izindleko zomthetho nenzalo ngokufushanisa futhi lihlela ukuziphatha kwezentengiselwano. Amabhizinisi asiza ekutholeni izindleko lapho enquma ukuthi uzophishekela yini noma uvikela icala.

Ngaphandle kwalemiphumela yomuntu ngamunye, ukufushaniswa kwesizwe kunezela ekuzinzeni kwesimiso sokuhwebelana sembulunga yonke. Lapho izingxabano zixazululwa ngezindlela ezingokomthetho zomthetho, ingozi yokuphindisela noma isenzo esingahlolwanga muntu iyanciphiswa. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ebuhlotsheni bezentengiselwano lapho abadlali bombuso behilelekile, njengoba izimpikiswano ezingaxazululiwe zingakhula zibe izingxabano ezinkulu zezohwebo.

Izinselele Ekunqanyulweni Kwesimiso Somphakathi

Naphezu kwezinzuzo eziningi, ukushisekela ukuhwebelana kwezizwe ngezizwe kubhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezingase zinciphise ukuphumelela kwakho.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Obuyindida

Uma impikiswano ihilela izigaba, impahla, nezenzakalo emazweni amaningi, ukunquma ukuthi yiyiphi inkantolo enegunya kungaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izenzo ezihambelanayo ezisezindaweni ezihlukene ziholela ekunqumeni okungaguquguqukiyo nasesandleni sengcebo. Isimiso se-forum engahlanganisi i-frantions[ nemithetho emelene ne-anti-actives izinkantolo ezisebenzisayo ukusingatha lezindaba, kodwa zenezela izingqimba zempi yezentengo ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele inzuzo yalendaba.

Amasiko Angokomthetho Ahlukene Nezindinganiso

Amazwe alandela umthetho ovamile, umthetho wesizwe, noma amanye amasiko angokomthetho ahlukile endleleni achaza ngayo izivumelwano, ubufakazi, kanye nokulimaza. Okuyikho okuyisivumelwano esisemthethweni noma ukudilizwa kungase kuhluka kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso zomthetho ngokuvamile ziphoqelela ukulindela umonakalo omkhulu, kuyilapho ezinye izimiso zomthetho zilinganisela umonakalo ekulahlekelweni okungalindelekile. Lokhu kungadala ukunganqunywa, ikakhulukazi uma amaqembu engakhethanga umthetho obusayo.

Izindleko Nokulibala

Ukuqamba umbango kwezwe lonke kuyabiza. Izindleko ezingokomthetho, ofakazi abangochwepheshe, izindleko zokuhumusha, nesikhathi sabaqondisi bezamabhizinisi singafinyelela izigidi zamaRandi emacaleni ayinkimbinkimbi. Ngisho nokuthuthwa kwesizwe, okuvame ukubhekwa njengokuphumelela kakhulu kune-ligita, kungathatha iminyaka eminingi kusukela ekuhleleni kuya ekukhokheleni okugcina. Lezindleko ezinkulu zingavimbela amakhono amancane nawasezingeni eliphakathi ekuphishekeleni iziphakamiso ezisemthethweni, okungawavumeli ukuba athole imvume yokulunga.

Izithiyo Ezinzima

Ngisho nangemva kokuthola isahlulelo esihle noma umklomelo, umbambi-cala kumelwe aqhubeke ewuphoqelela ngokumelene nempahla yomuntu obolekwayo, okungenzeka ukuthi ikwelinye izwe. Nakuba uMhlangano waseNew York uvumela ukugcinwa kwemiklomelo, izizathu zokwenqaba (njengesimiso somphakathi) ngaphandle kwencazelo engafanele. Izahlulelo zenkantolo, ukuphoqelelwa kunzima ngisho nakakhulu, ngezivumelwano eziningi zamuva noma nanoma isiphi isivumelwano. Izivumelwano zobukhoma izikhulu ziyaqhubeka ziqinisa ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi yombuso.

Izithiyo Zolimi Nezomdabu

Ukuqhubeka okuqhutshwa ngolimi olungajwayelekile kungenza kube nezinzuzo zobuhlakani nokungaqondani. Ukungahunyushi nokungalungi kungathinta izinga lokunikeza ubufakazi. Ukungafani kwendlela yokuxoxisana nezindlela zebhizinisi kungathonya futhi indlela izingxabano ezikhula ngayo nendlela abantu ababheka ngayo ukulunga ngenqubo yokufushanisa.

Ukuthambekela Okuvundlile Ekunqandeni Kwezohwebo Komphakathi

Izingxabano zezohwebo emhlabeni wonke zishintsha, zibangelwa ubuchwepheshe nezinguquko zezentengiselwano. Izimo zombango zivumelana nezimo.

Isinqumo Sempikiswano Kuyi - Internet (ODR)

Kunezingxabano zenani eliphansi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezivela ekuthengiseni nge-e-commerce, ukufushaniswa kwe-ODR ngokuvamile kuyashesha futhi kubiza kakhulu. Amapulatifomu e-ODR avumela izingxabano ukuba zixazulule izingxabano ngokuphelele kuyi-inthanethi, ngokusebenzisa ukuxoxisana okuzenzekelayo, ukuzwana, uku-amedia, noku-arbitation. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-International Center for Dispute Resolution (ICDR) kanye ne-ODR engokolwazi oluphambili zindisa lezinkonzo. I-ODR ithembisa izinqumiso ezisheshayo, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokuthola ulwazi olukhudlwanayo, nakuba imibuzo ngenqubo nenqubo efanelekile ne-operation isele.

Izithako Nesithiyo Esihlakaniphile

Izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile `zihlukanisayo-iyakhela izivumelwano ezibhalwe nge-code +acan autonatic projects ezithile ze-disciation. Ngokwesibonelo, isivumelwano esihlakaniphile singazikhulula ngokuzenzakalela ekukhokheleni ukudideka kokuletha, ukunciphisa amathuba okuphikisana. Uma impikiswano iphakama, amarekhodi asekelwe kumabhukwana anganikeza ubufakazi obungakhomba. Ezinye izinhlangano ze-arbitaral zisungula imithetho yokuhlukanisa izingxabano ezisuka ezimisweni zemali ezifanele nezokunikeza amaketanga.

Ukuzwana Nokubambisana Kokwahlulela Komhlaba Wonke

Imizamo yokuvumelanisa imithetho engokwesiko neyokungavumelani iyaqhubeka. I-Hague Conference on Private International Law isebenza emihlanganweni ukuthuthukisa ukuhlanganisa i-odansi enqamule i-odance, kuhlanganise ne-2019 U.I-UNCTRAL isungula amathuluzi entengiselwano yezentengiselwano ye-electronic nenqumbi yesivumelwano sezentengiselwano. Izivumelwano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zihlanganisa ngokuqhubekayo amalungiselelo okuqaphela izahlulelo kanye nokuhlanganisa izinqubo zokuhlanganisa.

Ukwanda Kwezingxenye Zesithathu Zokuxhasa

Ingxenye yesithathu yokuxhasa ngemali (TPF) ivumela ukuba kuxhaswe inkampani engavumelani nempikiswano ukuze kuxhaswe izindleko ezingokomthetho zeqembu elithile ukuze kuncishiswe ingxenye yenkokhelo noma indawo yokuhlala. I-TPF iba yisici esivamile kakhulu ekuthuthweni kwezizwe zonke, yenza ukuba amaqembu afune ukukholisa kodwa alinganiselwe imithombo yokuthola i-octriciation. Nokho, i-TPF ikhulisa ukukhathazeka okungokokuziphatha ngezingxabano zesithakazelo, ukulawula izinqumo zokuthathela imvume, nezimfuneko zokuchaza.

Isiphetho

Ukubopheka komphakathi kuwumgogodla wesinqumo sempikiswano ekuhwebeni kwezizwe zonke. Ngokulungiselela indlela ehleliwe, ebophayo yokuxazulula izingxabano, kusekela ukwethembana nokubikezela okwenza ukuba ibhizinisi lembulunga yonke libe nokwenzeka. Kusukela kuyi-CISG ne-New York Convention ukuya ekunyukeni kwezizwe ngezizwe ezihlobanayo ne-ODR, isisekelo esingokomthetho ezisekelwe ezimpikiswaneni zebhizinisi siyaqhubeka sikhona. Kodwa izinselele ziyaqhubeka zikhona. Izinselele ezikhona ````````zukuxabana okungahleleki', izindleko eziphakeme, ukugcinwa kwezentengiselwano, ukugcinwa kwezentengiselwano, ukungezwani, nokungafani kwamasiko okudinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kwanoma yimuphi umkhankani weze yezentengo yeze yezentengosi. Ukuqonda akudingi ukufaneleka nje kuphela komthetho, kodwa kudinga ukuqashwa kwanoma yimuphi umthengisimende, nasemabhizinisi, futhi kukhula ngobukhulu, izinhlangano nezindlela zezokuhwebo, izinhlangano nezimiso zezentententente nangezi eziphambili.