Table of Contents

Isingeniso: Indima Ehlala Njalo Yezinkolo Zezombangazwe Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Amaqembu ezombangazwe aphakathi kwezinhlangano eziphawuleka kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi, kodwa ubukhulu bawo obugcwele bethonya ngokuvamile abuqondwa ngokungeyikho. Awazona nje izinhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifuna ukukhethwa kwemishini yokukhetha; ayizizinhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganisa izingxoxo zomphakathi, impikiswano yomphakathi, abaholi abajoyina, futhi aguqulele kuzo ezithandwayo ezimisweni. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zezinhlangano ezihlangene zobukhompuyutha ezihlanganisa imininingwane yentando yeningi, imikhankambiso yanamuhla, amaqembu amaqembu azama izinguquko zemithombo yezindaba, umthetho, nomphakathi. Ukuqonda lokho amaqembu ezombangazwe akwenzayo futhi kungani kubalulekile ezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuhileleka esimisweni sazomthetho. Lokhu kuhlola izimpande ezingokomlando, imisebenzi eyisisekelo, izinselele zokwakha, izinselele zanamuhla, izinselele zezombangazwe, nezokuzingosimanje.

Ziyini Izidili Zezombangazwe?

Kulula ukusho ukuthi iqembu lezombangazwe liyiqembu elihlelekile labantu abahlanganyela izinkolelo ezifanayo ngendlela umphakathi okufanele ubuswe ngayo futhi abafuna ukufinyelela leyo migomo ngokuzuza uhulumeni ngokhetho. Nakuba izici ezicaciwe zihlukahluka ngokwezwe, wonke amaqembu anezici ezithile ezichazayo:

  • I-Ideological Devision: Idili ekhiwe ngesethi yezimiso zezombangazwe — kungaba i-develod, i-social, i-social, i-liparenti, i-social, i-social, i-overst, noma uluhlaza. Le mbono inikeza uhlelo oluvumelanayo lwezikhundla zenqubo.
  • Isikhundla esiphezulu: ngokungafani namaqembu anesithakazelo noma izinhlangano zomphakathi, iziphathi zifuna ukufaka amalungu azo ehhovisi lomphakathi. Lokhu kugxila kusetshenziswa kwezindlela zazo, ukukhokhela isikhwama, nokuthumela imiyalezo.
  • I-Orgational Programme: I-paries ineziphakamiso zangaphakathi ze-hieristrarches — izahluko zendawo, amakomiti esifunda, imihlangano yesizwe — ezihlanganisa imisebenzi futhi zilawule izingxabano.
  • Imikhosi iyaqhubeka ngaphaya kwesikhathi: idlula imikhankaso noma ukhetho. Ikhona ngokuqhubekayo okuzivumela ukuba zakhe ulwazi lwenhlangano nokwethembeka kohlobo.

Lezi zici zihlukanisa amaqembu namanye abadlali bezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu elinxusayo lingase lithonye isimiso kodwa lingabasizi; umzabalazo ungase ufune ushintsho kodwa akuvamile ukuba ufune ukubusa ngokuqondile.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwezidili Zezombangazwe

Iqembu lezombangazwe lanamuhla lavela kancane kancane. EmaRepublic asendulo anjenge-Athene neRome, amaqembu akhiwe azungeze abaholi abavelele, kodwa lawa ayewuketshezi futhi engenayo inhlangano ehlala njalo. Ukuzalwa kwaleliqembu elisesimweni salo samanje ngokuvamile kulandelelwa ekhulwini leshumi nesikhombisa neleshumi nanhlanu lapho izimiso zephalamende eBrithani nase-United States zabona ukumiswa kwamaqembu ahlanganisayo anjengeWhigns neTories (Britain) kanye namaFederalists neDemocratic Reblicans (United States). Lamaqembu okuqala akuqala ayebekwe eqekelelwa phezulu, ephethe impalamente kunokuba agqugquzelwe umphakathi.

Ikhulu le-19 laletha izikhungo ezisekelwe kakhulu njenge-franses eyandayo. E-United States, i-Andrew Jackson’s Democratic Party yaqala ukuhlela izimpande zotshani, i-arhente, namaphephandaba azimele. EYurophu, amaqembu e-socialism anjengeNhlangano ye-German Social Democratic akha izinhlangano eziqinile zamalungu ahlangene, ama-albin, ama-alc, namaphephandaba. Ikhulu lama-20 labona ukunyuka kwamaqembu afuna izivumelwano ezinhlangothi ezibanzi futhi kamuva, amaqembu amaqembu ezimoto azihlanganisa nombuso, ancikeneka nezokungena komphakathi. Namuhla, ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bakhangisa izinhlangano zezokuxhumana, benza ukuba kukwazi ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nabavoti namagatsha avamile.

Ukuze uthole umongo ojulile, bheka i Encyclopedia of Philosophy ungeno eqenjini lezombangazwe.

Imisebenzi Yemikhosi Yezombangazwe Esimisweni Sentando Yeningi

Amaqembu ezombangazwe enza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile esiza ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukumelela Nesithakazelo

Izindawo zobufundisi zisebenza njengendlela phakathi kwezakhamuzi nezwe. Zihlanganisa izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zezigidi zabantu ezimisweni ehambisanayo. Ngaphandle kwamaqembu, abavoti bangabhekana nohlu oludidayo lwabantu abazobhapathizwa abangabonisi ukuthi bangabusa kanjani ndawonye. Ngokwamukela amapulatifomu nemibono, amaqembu anikeza imvume efinyele yokubikezela ukuthi umlandeli uzokwenzani. Umsebenzi omelelayo uqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi alinganiselwe — amaqembu esizwe, amadolobhana, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, izinyunyana zeze emveli — angathola ikhaya lezombangazwe futhi aphoqelele izinkathazo zawo ukuba aqondiswe.

Ukuhlelwa Kwesimiso Sezokuziphilisa Nesimiso Se - agenda

Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi wanamuhla, amaqembu ayizisekelo eziyinhloko zentuthuko yezimiso. Iqembu elicabanga ngamathangi, iminyango yokucwaninga, nochwepheshe abahlangene baveza iziphakamiso eziningi kuzo zonke izinto kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwezempilo kuya kwenqubo yakwamanye amazwe. Uma iqembu liwina amandla, ukuboniswa kwalo noma indawo yesifunda iqondisa uhlelo lwemithetho yemithetho. Lokhu akusho ukuthi amalungu alawula yonke imininingwane — ohulumeni abahlangene ezimisweni eziningi ezihlukene badinga ukuhlehliswa — kodwa babeka indlela ebanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu lezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo liyomisa ukukhushulwa kwentela nokukhishwa kwemithetho. Lenkambiso inikeza ukukhetha okunelisayo phakathi kwezikhathi ezilandelayo.

Ukuvuselelwa Nokuhlalisana Kwezombangazwe

Izindawo zikhomba futhi ziqeqeshe abaholi besikhathi esizayo kuzo zonke izigaba zikahulumeni. Abashisekeli beqembu lendawo ngokuvamile baqala njengezisebenzi zokuzithandela zaseqenjini noma amalungu amaphiko entsha, bafunde amakhono ekukhulumeni obala, ukuxoxisana, nabaphathi bemikhankaso. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bangase babe abacela ukubuthelwa isikole, umkhandlu wedolobha, isishaya-mthetho, futhi ekugcineni ihhovisi lesizwe. Lo mshini usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abantu abangene kuhulumeni banokuhlangenwe nakho okuthile kwezombangazwe nokusekela kwenhlangano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu azihlanganisa nabantu ngabanye ngezimiso zezombangazwe zentando yeningi — ukuyekethisa, ukwakha inqubo yenhlangano, kanye nenhlonipho yesimiso sombuso.

Ukuthunjwa Kwezihambi Nokuhlanganyela Kwezigebengu

Enye imisebenzi ebonakalayo kakhulu yamaqembu ukuvota abantu. Ngemisebe yomnyango wendlu ukuya kwenye, amabhange ocingo, iposi eliqondisiwe, ukukhangisa, nokuphuma ngemoto, amaqembu asebenza ukuthuthukisa inzuzo phakathi kwabasekeli bawo. Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi, ukuvota kuhlobene kakhulu namandla ezinhlangano. Ama-parimen aphinde axhumane nezakhamuzi phakathi kwezenzakalo zendawo, impikiswano yezentengiselwano, kanye ne-i-inthanethi yolwembutho, ukusekela isithakazelo sezombangazwe ngaphandle kwenkathi yomkhankaso wombuso wentando yeningi.

Ukulandisa Nokuphatha

Izindawo zinikeza indlela yokuziphendulela izikhulu ezikhethiwe. Izigigaba eziphikisayo zihlola izenzo zikahulumeni, zidalula ukwehluleka, futhi zinikeza ezinye izindlela. Phakathi kweqembu elibusayo, amaqembu angaphakathi nemincintiswano yobuholi kungahlola amandla kamholi. Ngesikhathi sokhetho, amavoti ahlulela ukusebenza kweqembu lokubusa futhi anga “likhipha izikhala” uma kunganeliseki. Umsebenzi wokulandisa ubalulekile kuhulumeni onomthwalo wemfanelo. Ngaphandle kwamaqembu, abavoti bebengathola ubunzima bokuthola umthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene ngoba bekungacaca ukuthi izazi zezombangazwe zazingaba yingxenye yeningi ezibusayo.

I-senetic esebenziwe [[FLT: 0] I-Parities: Isifundo seSociological of the Oligarchic Tendencies of Modern Democracy nguRobert Michels (1911) ehlola ukungezwani phakathi kokumelelwa kwentando yeningi ne-oligarchy yenhlangano, umbhalo wesiko otholakala ngezincwadi ze-Google [.]

Ukubaluleka Kwezidili Zezombangazwe Zokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Ngaphandle kwezindima zabo ezisebenzayo, amaqembu abalulekile ukuze kube khona impilo nokuzinza kwezimiso zentando yeningi.

Ukukhetha Igesi Eshintshashintshayo Nokunciphisa Izinkinga

Emiphakathini emikhulu, eyinkimbinkimbi, akukho mvoti ongazi kahle ngayo yonke indaba noma i-ocedvery. Umvoti osekela indlela yeqembu angathemba ukuthi abavoti bayo, ngokwesilinganiso, bayovota ngokuvumelana naleyondlela. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhetheni okuphansi, njengokukhetha kwezinhlanga zendawo noma imincintiswano yokwahlulela, lapho amalebula eqembu ngokuvamile eyiyona kuphela ethembekile. Ngaphandle kwamaqembu, amavoti angazama ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso zawo nezibalo ezithile.

Ukuqeda Ukuqina Kwezombangazwe Nezinguquko Ezihlelekile

I-parters ingenisa izimpi zezombangazwe emncintiswaneni osungulwe. Kunokuba ithathe imigwaqo, amaqembu aphikisanayo alwela amavoti. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yobudlova noma ukuvukela. Ngisho nemiphakathi ehlukene kakhulu — njengemithetho yangemva kwe-conflict non Northern Ireland noma South Africa — iye yasebenzisa amalungiselelo asekelwe eqembu awenzisa amandla ukuze ifinyelele ukuzinza. Futhi amaPartimen aqinisekisa ukushintshwa okuhlelekile kombuso: lapho iqembu eliphikisayo linqoba ukuvota, uhulumeni owehlukanayo wamukela umphumela ngenxa yomabili lo mthetho womdlalo. Lokhu kudluliselwa okunokuthula kwamandla kuyisicici esibonisa ukubusa okungaguquguquki.

Isivumelwano Esikhuthazayo Nenhloko - dolobha Yomphakathi

Izindawo zinikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle yokuba izakhamuzi zisebenze ngaphandle kokuvota nje. Zidala izinhlangano zomphakathi, amathuba okuzithandela, kanye nezindawo zokuxoxa ngezombangazwe. Kubantu abaningi, ukujoyina umcimbi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuthatha isinyathelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhlobisa, ukuqoqa, noma ukugijimela isikhundla. Lokhu kwakha lokho uRobert Putnam akubiza ngokuthi “inhlokodolobha yezenhlalo” — ukuthemba, ukuhlangana, kanye nokuhlanganisa izinkinga. Izinhlangano ezisemhlanganweni eziqinile ngokuvamile zihlanganyela kakhulu ezindaweni ezingezona zezombangazwe.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubusa Okuphumelelayo Nokubambisana Okungokomthetho

Lapho sebesebukhulwini, amaqembu asiza ekuhleleni imishini kahulumeni. Ezimisweni zephalamende, iqembu elikhulu (noma umfelandawonye) lakha ikhabethe futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lwalo lwemithetho luyenziwa. Iqembu liyayala — ukulindela ukuthi amalungu avote neqembu lawo ezikweletini eziyinhloko — kuvumela ukuhlelwa kwezimiso. Ngaphandle kwamaqembu, izishaya-mthetho ziyoba izinhlangano eziphithizelayo, zenza kube cishe okungenakwenzeka ukudlula ezinhlanganweni, ukwenza izinguquko, noma ukusabela ezinkingeni. Lokhu akusho ukuthi amaqembu aphumelela ngaso sonke isikhathi — izigaba zangaphakathi ne-drockck — kodwa zinikeza iqoqo eliyisisekelo lezenzo.

Izinhlobo Zemikhosi Yezombangazwe: Ukwehlukahluka Kwemibono Nezimiso

Ukuqonda lezi zinhlobo kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani amaqembu eziphatha ngendlela ehlukile emazweni ahlukahlukene.

Imikhosi Emikhulu Nemincane

Amaqembu amakhulu, njenge-Democrates and Republicans e-United States noma i-Conservatives ne-Lour eUnited Kingdom, abusa ukuncintisana kwe-votor. Anamalungu amakhulu, amaqoqo amakhulu, izinhlangano eziqoqa imali, nethuba langempela lokuwina. Amaqembu amancane, ngezinye izikhathi abizwa ngokuthi amasigaba esithathu, asebenza emngceleni. Angagxila empikiswaneni ewumngcindezelo (umz. i-Green Green Party on ficuism), amelela isithakazelo sesifunda (umz., i-Scotish National Party), noma ukuphikisa isigaba esivamile (isig., isigaba seqembu esincane). Iqembu elincane lingazingela kodwa lingathonya ngezindlela ezithile kodwa ngokuphakamisa inqubo.

Indaba Yokungashadi Nokweqashelwa Kwengqondo

Amadili azimele agxila esihlokweni esisodwa, amapulatifomu avulekile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iQembu Lezentengiselwano e-U.S. (elisekela ukuvinjelwa kotshwala) noma amaqembu anamuhla amelene nokonakala. Amaphathi amelene nokonakala, ngokungafani, anikeza imibono yomhlaba yonke. Amaqembu agcwele yonke. Ama-Marx-Lenin, amaqembu anezikhungo zobufundisi, kanye namaqembu enkolo wonke anikeza isiqondiso ohlwini olubanzi lwezindaba, kusukela emithethweni yezomnotho ukuya kweminye imithetho yomkhaya ukuya kweyangaphandle. Lokhu akusho ukuthi imiphakathi eyodwa yezentethelekiso ayififi; amane nje anikeza umgomo owodwa phezu kwezinye.

Amadili Okudoba Nawo Wonke Amathilomu

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, amaqembu amaningi aguqulwa aba “azonke” izinhlangano ezandisa isikhalo sazo sokudonsa abavoti eziqenjini nasezinhlangothini zemibono. Kunokuba bafake i-propati yezentando yeningi, bahlose ukwandisa amavoti ngokuhlela izikhundla zabo. Amaqembu amaningi ahamba phambili: abambisana nezimpi eziphikisanayo ukuze asekele izimali zikahulumeni, ukufinyelela kwemithombo yezindaba, namalungelo angokomthetho avimbela amaqembu amasha emncintiswaneni. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuncintisana kwentando yeningi futhi kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka “ngesigaba sentando yeningi. Iqembu le-carteltis lave lave lithuthukiswe nguKats noMairferee (1995) futhi lihlala linethonya.

Idili Eliqhathaniswe NeMisa

Amaqembu e-Elite, avame kakhulu ekhulwini le-18 nele-19, ayeholwa abantu abavelele — abanikazi bezindawo, abathengisi, abameli — ababexhasa ngezimali imikhankaso evela entweni yabo siqu. Babengenasidingo samalungu. Amaqembu asekelwe eMiseni, avela ngokunwetshwa kwe-suffgence, akha izinhlangano ezinkulu zamalungu axhaswa ngemali ngezimali ngezimali ezifanele nangeminikelo emincane. Namuhla, izinhlangano eziningi zezezentando yeningi lezentando yeningi laseYurophu ziveza le sibonelo. Izesayensi yobuchwepheshe yezobuchwepheshe yenza kube nesibonelo sesithathu: “iqembu le-profestionsaltaltaltary" elithembele kubafundisi, imithombo yezincwadi, neminikelo emikhulu kuneminikelo eshiciswe ngezimali kunezisebenzi.

Uhlelo olwaziwayo lwe-typology lunikezwa uMaurice Duverger ku- I-Paritical: Inhlangano Yabo Nomsebenzi Esimweni Samanje (1954), etholakala ku- [ JOR.

Indima Yemikhosi Yezombangazwe Ekukhetheni Nasemkhankasweni

Ukukhetha kuyinkundla lapho amaqembu encintisana khona ukuze athole igunya, futhi ukuhileleka kwawo kuthonya zonke izigaba zenqubo.

Ukukhetha Ikhandidethi

I-parimes inquma ukuthi ubani ozohamba ngaphansi kwefulege layo. Lenqubo yokukhetha iyahlukahluka kakhulu: amaprime evalelwe kwezinye izifundazwe zase-U.S., ama-prime avulekile kwezinye, imihlangano ebekwe emaqenjini amaningi aseYurophu, noma ivunyelwa amakomiti eqembu. Lendlela ibaluleke kakhulu. Ama-parim anganikeza abashisekeli bezimpande zotshani amandla kodwa futhi ahehehe abafuna kakhulu, kuyilapho izinqubo eziphambili ezilawulwayo zivame ukuveza izintambo ezisesilinganisweni. Abagcini bamasango baphuma ngaphandle kwezisebenzi ezingasebenzi noma abangafaneleki, kodwa ukulawula kwabo kungavimbela futhi ukusungulwa.

Umkhankaso Nokukhulisa Izimali

Imikhankaso yokukhetha yanamuhla ibiza kakhulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi. Imikhosi inikeza izisebenzi ezizohlolwa, ukuvota, ukukhiqizwa kwemithombo yezindaba, nokusekela okungokomthetho. Ihlanganisa izinhlangano zokuzithandela futhi yenza imikhankaso efanayo yamahhovisi amaningi. Amakomiti esizwe avame ukuphakamisa futhi achithe imali eningi, abhekene nemithetho yezezimali. Emazweni amaningi, amaqembu athola izimali zomphakathi zemisebenzi yomkhankaso, okusiza ekuhlobiseni inkundla yokudlala. Nokho, indima yabacebi beminikelo ecebile neyamaPC eU. Azombangazwe ziye zaholela ekukhathazekeni ngethonya elingafanele.

Ukufinyelela Nemfundo

Izindawo ziveza ukwaziswa okuningi kakhulu kwabavoti: izincwajana zasesiteji, amaphepha okumisa izimemezelo, izikhangiso zokuhlasela, imibuthano yezemikhosi, kanye nokufakwa kwezenhlalo. Zihlanganyela futhi ekuthintaneni nabavoti ngokuqondile, ukucwaninga okubonisa ukuthi kuphumelela ekuthuthukiseni ukuvotelwa. Ngokuzisa abavoti ngezigxobo, amaqembu asiza izakhamuzi ukuba zenze izinqumo ezifundile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhankasela imidlalo egxekayo nokungaqondisi kuyizinkinga ezingapheli. Izinhlangano zeqembu zingasebenza njengabagcini bamasango ukuze zifune amaqiniso, kodwa izisusa zazo zingase zingahambisani njalo ngokunembile.

Ukulondoloza Izinselele Zokhetho Nezomthetho

Nakuba ukuqondisa kokhetho kuzimele, amaqembu ahlola izindawo zokuhlola ukuze abone ukungavumelani. Emazweni amaningi, abameleli beqembu (ababizwa ngokuthi “ababheki bakakhukhulela-kanti”) bavunyelwe ukuqaphela ukubalwa kwevoti. Ngemva kokhetho, abahlulwayo bangase bathathe inselele enkantolo noma embonweni womphakathi, ukukhohlisa noma amaphutha. Lokhu kuhlola kokuhlola komphakathi kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukusetshenziswa kwentambo ye-palitistiki kodwa futhi kuvimbele negesi yokubeka izimangalelo uma ingenasisekelo. U. 2020.S. ukhetho lomongameli lwabona izinselele eziningi zeqembu lomthetho eziye zahluleka ekugcineni, ukuqinisa ukuvaleka komthwalo wecala nomthetho.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezidili Zezombangazwe Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Naphezu kwesizinda sawo, amaqembu ezombangazwe abhekana neziphepho eziningi ezisongela ukubaluleka nokuphumelela kwawo.

Ukwenziwa Kwesimiso Sokuqonda Imvelo

Kuyidemokrasi eminingi, ibanga phakathi kwesobunxele nesokunene liye landa. E-United States, ukuhlelwa kweqembu elihlukanisayo kuye kwadala cishe ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuphelele isayensi yokwaziswa nemibono yezimiso. Lokhu kuhlukana kuholela ekuthatheni i-propatioglate, njengoba ukuhlehliswa kubhekwa njengokukhaphela. Kubangela ukuwohloka kwezindawo — ukungathandi nokungathembani olunye uhlangothi — okungaqeda inhlonipho yentando yeningi.

Ukuwohloka Kwamalungu Nokunamatheliswa Kwawo

Abantu abambalwa manje bajoyina amaqembu ezombangazwe kunaphakathi kwekhulu lama-20. EYurophu, isilinganiso samahlelo siye sehla kusukela cishe kumaphesenti amahlanu okhetho kuma-1960 kuya ngezansi kwamaphesenti amabili namuhla. E-United States, inani labazimeleyo abaphawulwe liye lakhula kakhulu. Lokhu kunciphisa amandla emikhosi yokubopha izinyunyana zotshani futhi kubenza bathembele kakhulu kubantu abacebile noma izimali zikahulumeni.

Ukudumazeka Komphakathi Nokugwetshwa Kwezigaba

Amahlazo okonakala, ukuphulwa kwezithembiso, nokungakholeki kwemibono yokungafezeki kuye kwabangela ukungathembani okukhulu komphakathi emadilini. Emazweni amaningi, abavoti babheka izikhungo njengezizihlonze futhi ezingaziphathi. Lokhu kuye kwabangela izinhlangano ezizibhebhezelayo ezimelene “nokumiswa” futhi zithembisa ukudlula imishini yeqembu. Nakuba lezi zinkampani ngokuvamile zibumba izinkolo zazo, zithi zimelela uhlobo oluphelele lwentando yeningi. Imiphumela ende ingaba ukukhukhuleka kwezimiso zeqembu kanye nokuzinziwa kwezimiso.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nobuchwepheshe Nemithombo Yezobuchwepheshe

Ama-operate aphazamisa ukuxhumana kwe-operactal. Ama-Candida angakhuluma ngokuqondile kubavoti ngo-Titter, Facebook, noma u-Tik Tok, abadlula imikhondo yeqembu. Lokhu kunika abezombangazwe ngabanye amandla futhi kungalula ukuhlanganisa iqembu. Ukufakwa kwemisebe yokukhangisa kuvumela imikhankaso yokulungisa imiyalezo eqenjini elincane, ukuphakamisa izinkathazo zomuntu siqu nokusebenzisa izikhalo. Okwamanje, amagumbi okuvota kanye nokukhipha ulwazi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba amalungu athole amaqiniso ahlukene. Ukuvumelana nemithetho kudinga ukuba afake ekwazisweni okudluliswayo kuyilapho kugcinwa ukukhanya nokunemba.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nesayensi Yokushintsha Kwezomnotho

Ukushintsha, ukuhwebelana, ukuhwebelana, nokushintsha kwempucuko kuye kwaguqula kabusha izigebengu zezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu asemakhohlo esigaba esidala (abasebenzi abaxhunyiwe. abanikazi) ngokwengxenye aye athathelwa indawo ukuhlukana okusha kwamasiko (cosmopolitan v. communitan). Amaditunion ahluleka ukuvumelana nezimo angalahlekelwa yizimo zawo zezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu avamile asemaphakathi esigaba alwa kanzima njengezisebenzi ze-collar aphendukela emaqenjini aphezulu esizwe alungele ukukholisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izizukulwane ezincane zithambekele ekufuneni ukukhululeka futhi zikhathazeke kakhulu ngesimo sezulu, zibangela amathuba ezinhlangano eziphakathi eziluhlaza nangokwenhlanya.

Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwalokhu, bheka i- Pew Research Center umbiko ngemifelandawonye yeqembu (2024).

Izinkundla Zezombangazwe Ezingochwepheshe Nezinhlansi

Akubona bonke amaqembu ezombangazwe abusa ngentando yeningi.

Imikhosi Yezolimo Nezigaba Ezizimele

Emazweni anjengeChina, iVietnam, neNyakatho Korea, iqembu elilodwa libusa wonke umsebenzi wezombangazwe. Amaqembu okuphikiswa avinjelwe noma anikezwe amandla. Iqembu elibusayo lihlangene kakhulu nemishini kahulumeni, ukulawula izikhali zempi, izinkantolo, imithombo yezindaba, nomnotho. Izinhlelo zikhona kodwa azikho. Umsebenzi weqembu ukuqinisekisa ukubambisana okukhethekile, ukuqoqwa kweqembu, ukuvumelana kwemibono. Naphezu kokuntuleka kwentando yeningi, lamaqembu ngokuvamile anezigidi zamalungu nezakhiwo eziphambili zangaphakathi.

Izindawo Ezincane Ezincishisiwe Ezincishiswayo

Amanye amazwe avumela amaqembu amaningi kodwa aqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu elibusayo alilahlekelwa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iRussia ngaphansi kwe-United Russia, iHungary ngaphansi kwe-Fidesz, ne-Venezuela ngaphansi kwe-United Socialist Party. I-cumpbent isebenzisa imithombo kahulumeni, ukulawula imithombo yezindaba, ukuhlukunyezwa okungokomthetho, nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni ukuze kulondolozwe ukubusa. Amaqembu aphikisayo akhona kodwa abhekene nezimo ezinzima. Kulezo zimiso, amaqembu athanda ukubuswa i-dentinga yombuso, nakuba enikeza i-partum.

Imikhosi Yokudlulisela Izivumelwano

Emazweni abusa idemokrasi, amaqembu angaba izithunywa zokuguqula ubuphoqelelo. Ngokuhlela ukuphikisa umbuso nokuphikisana namasivumelwano, amaqembu adala izimo zokhetho olukhululekile. Nokho, angaba futhi izimoto zokuba abalawuli abazimele baqhubeke bebusa — lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ukulawula ngempoqo.” Ukuqonda ukuziphatha kweqembu elingekhona idemocratics kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani idemokrasi ngezinye izikhathi ihluleka ukuqina.

Ikusasa Lezidili Zezombangazwe

Imibono ehlukahlukene nokusungulwa kwezinto kungase kuthonye ukuziphendukela kwayo.

Imidlalo Yezinombolo Nelungu Elisebenzisa I - Internet

Izindlela ezintsha zokuhlela iqembu ziyavela. I-Prate Party ne-Five Star Movement zazama nge-inthanethi yamapulatifomu ukuze zenze izinqumo ngaphakathi, zivumela amalungu ukuba avote ngenkambiso nangendlela yokukhetha i-commust. La “maqembu” azimisele ukunciphisa i-oligarchy futhi andise ukuhlanganyela, kodwa futhi abhekana nezinselele zokulondeka, ukuxhashazwa, nokuhlolwa okuphansi. Amaqembu amaqembu aphezulu athatha amanye alamathuluzi, adala izakhiwo ze-project.

Imishini Ne - canold Devoraver Defaze

Izinhlangano eziningi zithatha iziteshi ezivulekile noma ukuhlolwa okubophayo namalungu. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abavoti babe nethonya elikhulu emapulatifomu naseqophelweni, kodwa futhi kungalulaza ukuhola kweqembu nokukhuthaza ubufazi. Ukuthambekela “ekusebenziseni izintambo” ukubusa kwangaphakathi kwezindawo ezifunwa umphakathi ukuze ubone kakhulu kodwa kunganciphisa amandla.

Uhulumeni wezentengiselwano kanye nezimiso zezindawo eziningi

Ezimisweni eziningi zephalamende, inkathi kahulumeni ombaxa-mbili ongowodwa iyancipha. Ohulumeni bezentengiselwano bavame kakhulu, bafuna amaqembu ukuba avumelane. Lokhu kungaveza inqubo eqinile, ehlukile, kodwa futhi engabonakali — abavoti bangase basole umngane ohlangeneyo ngezinqumo ezingathandeki. Ama-parition kumelwe abe nekhono ekwakheni izinhlangano kanye nokukhulumisana endaweni ezungezile engcolile, ehlukene.

Imikhosi Nendawo Yokusakaza Izikhali Ezilwa Nezimila Ezishisayo

Amaqembu e-populist aye abangela intukuthelo yomphakathi ukuba ibe yimpumelelo ehleliwe. Ukuphakama kwawo izinselele ezisungulwe amaqembu ukuze axazulule izikhalo mayelana nokungalingani kwezomnotho, ukufuduka, nokushintsha kwempucuko. Amanye amaqembu asunguliwe aye athatha amasu kapopulist noma izimiso ezihlangene ne populist. Imiphumela ende yesikhathi ingase ibe ukumiswa kwezimiso zeqembu, njengoba ukuhlukana okungokwesiko kwesokudla kuncintisana “nohlu olusha. ivalwayo”. Amagalelo awe ahluleka ukunikeza ukubhekana nezingozi ezifanele.

Kumbono obheke phambili, isihloko se-Institution on digitation (2023) sinikeza ukuqonda ngendlela izinhlangano zobuchwepheshe ezibuyisela ngayo.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Imicimbi Yezombangazwe Ibaluleke

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlukene kakhulu nezikhungo eziphelele. Angakhonakele, ahlukaniswe, ahlukaniswe, futhi ahlukanisiwe nabantu abavamile. Nokho ayikho enye indlela eye yabonakala iphumelela ngokulinganayo ekuhleleni ukuthatha ingxenye yenqwaba, ukumisa isimiso sokuhlela, nokuqinisekisa ukudluliswa ngokuthula kwamandla. Izinkonzo zisebalulekile ekuhumusheni ukuchitha imfucumfucu, ukusakaza izigidi zezakhamuzi ezinqubeni ezihleliwe zikahulumeni. Njengoba izinselele zikhula — kusukela ekudumazekeni kwe-populism — umthwalo wemfanelo okhona nezakhamuzi, abashisekeli benguquko, nabaholi beqembu lokuqinisa imisebenzi yentando yeningi lapho benqanda ukudelela kwazo. Ukuqonda amaqembu ezombangazwe akuyona nje indlela yezemfundo yezemfundo; kuyimfuneko yokuvikela nokuvuselela idemocralizimu.