Ukuphonsa Umthetho

Ukumangalelana kuqala ngommangaleli (umuntu noma umbutho oletha icala) elungiselela futhi anikeze izincwadi ezilungile enkantolo enegunya lokulalela icala. Lesinyathelo sihilela izici eziningana ezibucayi ezimisa yonke inqubo engokomthetho eqhubekayo.

Amabhukwana Ayisihluthulelo: Ukukhononda Namafingqi

i-complant i-pring esekelwe ekunxuseni okuchaza izikhalazo zombhishobhi, isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuzisho, nokukhululeka okukhethekile okufunwayo (njengemali ewohlokile, isiyalo, noma isahlulelo sokulahla). Isikhalo esidaliweyo kumelwe sisho isikhalazo esizwakalayo sosizo ngaphansi komthetho osebenzayo, uma ihluleka ukwenza kanjalo, inkantolo ingayilahla lendaba ngokushesha. amamon ayincwadi ehlukene ekhishwe yinkantolo engakhiphiwe ummangalelwa wecala futhi elungiselela isikhathi sokusabela (i-201, kuye ngesilinganiso).

Ukukhetha Inkantolo Efanele Nokumangalelwa

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho zidinga ukufakwa enkantolo ngokufanele iphethe izimpikiswano ezihlanganisa umthetho kazwelonke noma izingxabano ezihlukene lapho izibalo ziphikisana zidlula ama - dollar angu - 75 000, kuyilapho isifundazwe sisingatha ezinye izindaba. Amachashaza kumelwe acabangele futhi [ u-[FLT]nu], okusho indawo lapho ukumangalelwa kufanele kubekwe khona, lapho imicimbi ibekwa khona noma izenzakalo zikhona.

Inkonzo yenhlelo

Ngemva kokuhlela, ummangalelwa kumelwe ahlele ukuba abekwe ngokomthetho enamakhophi okukhononda kanye nokuthumela. Inqubo iqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuthi uthola isaziso sangempela secala nethuba lokuphendula. Imithetho yenkonzo efanele ngegunya: abamangalelwa bangathunyelwa ngenqubo yochwepheshe, ngeposi esemthethweni enendimensi ebuyayo, noma kwezinye izimo ngokukhishwa ephephandabeni uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala. Inkonzo ingabambezela ukumangalelwa noma iholele ekwahlulelweni. Uma nje kusetshenziswa, ummangalelwa kumelwe asebenzele ngendlela engokomthetho, ukuvuma noma ukugodla ukukhwaba, noma ukukhipha i-payinti.

Ukulinganiselwa Okuncane

Uhlobo ngalunye lwezingalo zomphakathi lunesilinganiso sesikhathi esimisiwe . lulawula ukulinganiselwa ]. Lezikhathi ziyahlukahluka ngemvume nangesimo secala (umz., ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukukhwabanisa),. Ukungaqiniseki kwesikhathi ngokuvamile kuvimbela ukubekwa kwecala nganoma nini, ngakho kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa umthetho osebenzayo kwasekuqaleni. Ezinye izinqumo, njengalezo eziqhubeka zihilela ukulimala noma izimo ezithile (umz., i-patff yaba yi-projectal system encane ngesikhathi), ingase yandise imikhawulo. Ukuhlola noma ukuhlola isimo esifanelekile (njenge-FOctal:Cne'Active''''''''''''incazelo engokomthetho][3]

Izindlela Zokuthatha Iminyaka Eminingi

Lapho ummangalelwa esefake impendulo, icala liqala ukuqulwa ngaphambi kwecala, elingathatha izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka kuye ngokuthi liyinkimbinkimbi. Lesi sinyathelo siklanyelwe ukuvala izimpikiswano, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, nokukhuthaza ukuxazululwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala ngokuphelele.

Ukutholakala: I - Information à Gathering Enjini

Inqubo engokomthetho ethola ngayo ubufakazi ngomunye nomunye nakumacala amathathu. Imithetho ye-Civil Procediture kanye nozibuthe nombuso wabo uvumela amathuluzi okuthola:

  • Izimo – isifungo, ubufakazi beqembu, ofakazi, noma ochwepheshe, buqoshiwe bungasetshenziswa ekuqulweni kwecala.
  • [ Izinqumo – imibuzo ebhaliwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo, egcinelwe imibuzo engu 25 enkantolo kahulumeni.
  • [ Izicelo ze project – isidingo samabhukwana, ulwazi olugcinwe ngemishini (ESI), noma ubufakazi obungokoqobo obuvumelana nezisho noma isivikelo.
  • Izicelo ze-active – izinkulumo omunye okumelwe avume noma aphike, ezisetshenziselwa ukuqeda izimpikiswano ezingahlolwanga.
  • [ Subpoenas - - inkantolo iyala ukuba kukhiqizwe amabhukwana noma kuvele izifakela.

Ukuvubukulwa kulawulwa imithetho eklanyelwe ukulinganisela isidingo sobufakazi obumelene nemithwalo yezindleko namathuba okufihla imfihlo. Amadili angafuna iziyalezo ezivikelayo zokulinganisela ukutholwa okuwumthwalo ongafanele noma ukufuna ukwaziswa okukhethekile. Ukwehluleka ukwenza ngokuvumelana nezibopho zokuthola (umz., ngokubhubhisa ubufakazi noma ngokunikeza ukusabela okungamanga) kungaphumela ekukhipheni isijeziso, kuhlanganise nokuxoshwa kwezicelo noma ukufakwa kokwahlulela okungagqibeki.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, noma yimuphi umkhandlu angase athathe indiva acele umahluleli ukuba alawule ezindabeni ezithile zomthetho. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi komthetho zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhipha - kusho ukuthi ukukhononda akusho isiqubulo noma ukuthi inkantolo ayinagunya lokulawula. Uma ivunyiwe, icala liphela (ngokuvamile ngekhefu ukuya ekuqedeni).
  • [[NT.0]Motion for Comppe Justice Julution - - - iphikisa ngokuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela nganoma yiliphi iqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo nokuthi umuntu othuthayo unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Uma evunyelwe, akukho kuvinjelwa okudingekayo.
  • i-Motion ye Compel – icela inkantolo ukuba icele omunye umuntu ukuba aphendule izicelo ezitholakele.
  • [Motion ku-Limine - - ufuna ukuvala noma ukuvuma ubufakazi obuthile ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuqulwa kwecala, ukugwema ubandlululo olungenabulungisa noma ukudideka.

Imithetho yokwahlulela kule mithetho ilawula izinga lokuqulwa kwecala futhi ngokuvamile ixazulule indaba kusaqala. Kwezinye izimo, umahluleli angakhipha ukwahlulela okungacazululwayo [ okulahla konke okushiwoyo, kugcine amaqembu esikhathi esibalulekile nezindleko.

Ukuxazulula Impikiswano Nezimpikiswano Ezihlukile

Izinqubo eziningi zomphakathi zixazululwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Izinqubo zezenkantolo zivame zihlanganisa izingqungquthela ezibophekile [[FLT:] ezithi izikhulu zikahulumeni zihlanganise izingqungquthela ezibambeneyo lapho amaqembu, abameli bawo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi bezama ukufinyelela isivumelwano esixoxiwe. [ I-mediation[ ihlanganisa ingxenye yesithathu edinga ukungenwa kwengxoxo kodwa engaphoqeleli ixazululi ikhathaze ikhathazo. Ukuthatha imvume yokuthatha imvume yokulungisa [[[FLT:], ngokwehluke, inqubo ebophakame noma engabopheki ye-66] lapho umsizi ezwa khona ubufakazi nesinqumo. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zidinga ukuthatha inguquko kwezinye izimo zesinqumo. Uma kuvuma ngisho nesinqumo esivuma, uma kuvuma noma kuleso sokwahlulela.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Komthetho

Uma imizamo yokulungisa izigwegwe ihluleka futhi inqubo yangaphambi kwenkantolo ingalixazululi ngokugcwele icala, indaba iyaqhubeka iqulwa icala.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Kumacala abahluleli, isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhetha i-jaji elingakhethi ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i - jad. Umahluleli nabameli bangabaza abangase bavune ubandlululo, noma ukuhlobana necala. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungabekela inselele inani elingenamkhawulo lejaji ngesizathu [umk.g., isibonisi sobandlululo) nenani elilinganiselwe lezezezecala inselele izinselele [[FLT] [[FLT:] cishe ezintathu kunezinhlangothi ezintathu, kuye ngokwezinhlanu, kuye ngokwemvume) nganoma yisiphi nasiphi isizathu. Umgomo ukuhlandla wokuhlahla kwelungu elingu-66 (umgomo ozodwa).

Ukuvula Izinkulumo Nokunikeza Ubufakazi

Ngemva kokuba ijaji lifungwe, ummeli we-paltiff unikeza inkulumo evulayo [ echaza amaqiniso alindele ukuba ummangalelwa afakazelwe. Ummeli wommangalelwa angase anikeze inkulumo yokuvula noma ayigcinele ukuqala kwecala lokuvikela. Ukuvula izinkulumo akububoni; kuchaza ukuthi usiza abasizi ukuba baqonde icala. Ngokulandelayo, ummangalelwa unikeza icala lakhe ngobufakazi obuqaphile, amabhukwana, amabhukwana, izinsizo. Ubufakazi obunganikezwa [[FLT:] obungabhekisii ubufakazi obungaqondile [[FLT:]] [i3] (ngeqembu elibambizayo). [FLT] [FLT]) futhi ufaka ubufakazi obungathembekile. [FLT] [FFF:] [5] [5] [FFFFF] [exte] [f] [ense] [ult: [ult:] [ult] [ult: Ubufakazi obungamelentiort, i-odvisiontiodriti, i-osethi,

Izimpikiswano Zokuvala Neziphazamiso Eziyi - Jury

Ngemva kokuba zombili izinhlangothi zinikeze bonke ubufakazi, ummeli ngamunye unikeza impikiswano ephoqayo echaza imibandela esebenzayo. Ijaji lifingqa ubufakazi futhi linxusa abahluleli ukuba bathole umusa kukhasimende walo. Umahluleli ufundisa abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo (iziqondiso), echaza ukuthi izakhi zomthetho yini okumelwe ziboniswe futhi yini ezisebenzayo. Isinqumo kumelwe sithathe umhlala-mhlalaphansi egumbini langasese [[FLT:], ixoxe ngobufakazi, futhi ifinyelele isahlulelo. Izinqumo zingathatha amahora noma izinsuku, kuye ngokwendlela yobunkimbi. Ezimweni zomphakathi kumelwe ukuba imvume ivumelane ngaphandle kokuba amalungu ehlangene afinyelele isahlulelo (, uma ihlulele, ihlulelo, futhi ikhiphe icala elisha.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Zangemva Komshado

Lapho isimemezelo sesikhishiwe, icala aligcini ngaso sonke isikhathi — kuba nezitebhisi ezibalulekile zangemva kwenkantolo ezingathinta umphumela wokugcina.

Ukungena Ekwahlulelweni

Ngemva kokuba abahluleli bebuyisele isinqumo (noma ecaleni lejaji, ngemva kokumemezela ukutholwa), inkantolo ingena ekwahluleleni [1] `uhlelo olungokomthetho olusho isinqumo nanoma yisiphi isikhalazo esinikeziwe. Isahlulelo singahlanganisa ukulimala, iziyalo, ukudalelwa, ukukhishwa kwecala, noma izindleko. Iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingafaka uhele weposi ye-stetriums, [ inqubo engokomthetho echaza ukuqulwa kwecala elisha (ukukhipha amaphutha enqubweni) noma ukukhipha isahlulelo [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [F:] [5] (ihlulelo olunengqondo] uma ingenakufinyelela isiphetho.) uma ihlulelo sesehlulelo singena.

Ukukhanga

Umbango owalahlekelwa ekuqulweni kwecala (ummeli) angafaka [i-FLT:0] appap enkantolo ephakeme, ephikisa ngokuthi inkantolo yecala yenza amaphutha angokomthetho abangela ukucwasa umphumela. Izikhalo azilona ukulingwa okusha; inkantolo ihlola umbhalo wokuqulwa, iziphazamiso, nezimpikiswano zomlomo ukuze inqume ukuthi kwenzeka yini amaphutha. Ummeli kumelwe aphawule izimpikiswano ezithile eziqondile njengeziqondiso zephutha zejaji, ukuvunywa okungafanelekile kobufakazi, noma ukungatholani ubufakazi obungaqondile bokusekela isinqumo somthetho − futhi ichaze ukuthi kungani imvume ishintsha noma ukuqulwa okusha. Inkantolo (iqembu eliphumelele) ingenza ukuphendula kwenkantolo. Nakuba inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ingenza ukuvinjelwa.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezahlulelo

Ngisho nangemva kokwahlulela kokugcina, iqembu eliwinayo (umahluleli) kungase kudingeke lithathe izinyathelo zokuqoqa okukweletayo. Izimiso zokuphoqelela ziyahlukahluka ngokomthetho kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukuzifica [ – ukuthatha ingxenye yomholo noma i-akhawunti yoboletwayo.
  • ----ifaka icala elingokomthetho embonini yangempela yecala elibolekwayo.
  • Isenzo sokusebenza – – kuyala umphathi wesifunda ukuba abambe futhi badayise impahla yakhe siqu (umz., izimoto, imishini) ukuze kwaneliswe ukwahlulela.
  • [ Icala [ – uma onecala enqaba ukuvumelana nomyalo wenkantolo (umk., ukuguqula impahla), inkantolo ingaphoqa inhlawulo noma ngisho nesikhathi sokuboshwa.

Abakweletwayo kufanele baqonde ukuthi ukuqoqa isahlulelo ngokuvamile kudinga izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezengeziwe futhi kungase kuzuze ngokuya kummeli wenkongozelo.

Ukuqonda Izinqumo Zenkantolo

Izinqumo zenkantolo zithatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene kuye ngesigaba sempikiswano nohlobo lwesinqumo. Nakhu amagama ayinhloko asetshenziswayo phakathi nenqubo:

  • I-Victix - Isinqumo seqiniso esifinyelelwa yijaji noma, ecaleni lebhentshi, umahluleli. Isinqumo sixazulula izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso ezingeniswe kwiqiniso le-Vinsulafinder (umz. “ethembekile” noma“ayifaneleki”).
  • i- - Isiqondiso senkantolo endabeni ethile yokunyakaza noma ye-procedro. Iziqondiso zingaba yi-interim (umz., ukunikeza uhlelo oluvikelayo) noma okokugcina (umz., ukuxosha icala).
  • Isinqumo sokugcina senkantolo kulo lonke icala, sihlanganisa isinqumo noma okufunyenweyo nokuyala ukukhululeka okufanele. Isahlulelo yibhukwana elingaphoqelelwa noma elingase lidluliswe.
  • Decree - ngokomlando osetshenziswa ezicabeni ze-quity (umz., imiyalo, izahlukaniso), manje ifana kakhulu nokwahlulela ezimisweni eziningi.
  • Ukuhlanganisa[ – igama lesambulela lanoma isiphi isinqumo senkantolo sokuhamba noma umbango, kuhlanganise nemithetho yomlomo ethathwe ebhentshini.

Ngaphezu kwezahlulelo zokugcina, izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalezo ezixazulula izimpikiswano ngenkathi icala liqhubeka. Ezinye iziyalezo (umz., iziyalezo ezibekwa phambili) zingadluliswa ngokushesha, kuyilapho eziningi kumelwe zilinde kuze kube ngemva kokwahlulela kokugcina.

Isiphetho

Ukumisa izinqubo ezingokomthetho mayelana nokudlulisa ukuqulwa kwecala ngokuqulwa kwecala nangalé kwecala futhi ngalé kwalo. Isigaba ngasinye sinikeza amathuba nezingozi, futhi imiphumela ixhomeke ezingeni lokuncenga, ukucophelela kokuthola, ikhono lokuqulwa kwecala, ukunikeza ubufakazi obucacile. Nakuba ukuveza izimpawu kungangenzeka kwezinye izimo ezincane (umzk. inkantolo encane), ukumangalela okuningi kuxhomeke elulekweni esingokomthetho esinamacala aziwayo. Ummeli angasiza ekuhloleni amandla okuzisho, ngokuvumelana nemithetho ephethe, ukuxoxa ngezigodlo, futhi anikeze indaba engcono kakhulu ekwahluleleni noma enkantolo. Ngokuqonda uhlelo oluyisisekelo, abantu ngabanye futhi angenza izinqumo ezingokomthetho ezinkulu nezingokomthetho.

Ukuze ifunde ngokuqhubekayo, i- American Bar Association’s “Indlela izinkantolo eziqondisa ngayo” inikeza ukucaciswa okuningiliziwe kwemithetho yesizwe, kuyilapho i-Cornell Livenell’s Federal Procedure [ inikeza umbhalo ophelele wemithetho elawula inkantolo engokomthetho. Ngombono ophelele, [[FLT:] Nolo] isiqondiso sezemthetho womphakathi [[FLT:] i-octal Procedituressss [[FLT]] inikeza imvume ethenjwayo engabekiwe yemithetho elawula inkantolo.