Inselele Ebucayi Yokuthola Usongo Lwamakhemikhali Namakhemikhali

Ukuthola usongo lwesayensi yamakhemikhali namakhemikhali kuyisisekelo senhlalayenza yesivikelo sesizwe sanamuhla, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nokulondeka kwendawo ezungezile. Kusukela ekubangeleni ubhadane lwezifo kuya ezenzweni zobuphekula, ikhono lokubona ngokushesha amagciwane ayingozi kanye nezinto ezinobuthi linquma ngokuqondile ukuphumelela kwemizamo yokusabela. Kodwa indlela esukela ekukhululweni kokuqala noma ekugqashukeleni okuqondile ekwazini okuhlala kugcwele ubuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe, izinkinga zomsebenzi, kanye nobunzima bokusebenza. Ukuqonda lezi zithikazzithiyo akuyona nje indaba yesithakazelo semfundo yezemfundo; kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izimiso zokuhlola, ukuthuthukisa izimali, nokuqeqesha isizukulwane esilandelayo sabathathi basabela kokuqala nezazi zezempilo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinselele zobuchwepheshe zamuva, nokuhlola intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, neziqondiso zezemisebenzi.

Okwenza Ukuzihlola Kube Yindaba Eningi Kunanini ngaphambili

Ezweni elihlangene lapho abantu nempahla behamba ngokushesha benqamula imingcele, igciwane elilodwa elingaziwa noma i-toxin lingakhula libe yinhlekelele yembulunga yonke. Ubhadane lwe-COVID Ú19 lubonise indlela inqubo yezinto eziphilayo eshesha ngayo ukuqeda izimiso zokunakekela impilo lapho zisheshe zihluleka. Ngokufanayo, amakhemikhali asongela i-— ukungabikho ezingozini zezimboni, izikhali zamakhemikhali ezigugile zinqwabelene, noma amasu amaphekula e-—rerere seduze kwe-presectentation ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuchayeka inhlekelele. I-dio i-o i-ooomthene yokuqala enxanxanxanxatheleni yokusabela: iqukethe ukuhlobana, ukuphikisana, ukuhlanganisa, ukuxhumana kokwelapha, nokuxhumana komphakathi. Ngaphandle kwayo, ngisho nezizwe ezihlome kakhulu ze-Preegee .

Kodwa izimiso zokuthola kumelwe zimelane nenqwaba yezinto eziphilayo eziphila ngokwemvelo. Izinto eziphilayo ziguqula, zifihle ngaphakathi emangqamuzaneni ahlalayo, futhi zingaba khona ngokunyamalala okuncane kakhulu. Amakhemikhali ahlukene ngokuhlelwa nangendlela yokusebenza, ngokuvamile angcolisa noma aguqula indawo ezungezile. Zombili lezi zici zifuna izinzwa ezizwelayo, eziqondile, ezisheshayo, nezimangele ngokwanele ukuba zisebenze ezimweni zasendle. Ukusingatha lezi zinselele kudinga indlela yokulungisa inqubo ehlukahlukene yokuhlanganisa imicrobiology, isayensi, ubunjiniyela, isayensi, nenqubo yomphakathi.

Ukujula Kwayo: Ukutholakala Kwezinselele Zosongo Lwezinto Eziphilayo

Izifo ezisongelayo eziphilayo i-— kuhlanganise namagciwane, amabhaktheriya, isikhunta, nobuthi obukhiqizwa izinto eziphilayo eziwukukwazi ukuthungatha izimpawu eziyingqayizivele ngoba zinamandla futhi zingazandisa ngemva kokukhishwa. Ngokungafani namakhemikhali, avame ukunyamalala noma ukuwohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, igciwane elingokwemvelo lingase liphinde liphinde lidlule ngaphakathi, okwenza ukuba litholeke ngokushesha nakakhulu kodwa futhi lingafinyeleli.

Igebe Lokungatholi Imali: Ukusakazeka Ngokuthula Phakathi Nokuhlangana

Enye yezinselele ezinkulu kakhulu yinkathi yokufika kwesikhathi phakathi kokuchayeka nokubonakala kwezimpawu. Ama-antigen amaningi ayingozi anezikhawu ezisukela emahoreni kuya emasontweni. Phakathi nalelifasitela, umuntu onegciwane angathathelwana noma ahambe aye ezindaweni ezintsha ngaphandle kokubonisa izimpawu zokugula. Izindlela zokuhlola ezincikene nezimpawu zesifo ziyophuthelwa ngokungenakugwenywa yilelifasitela elibucayi. Ngisho nokuhlolwa okuthuthukile kwamamolecule njenge-PCRCR noma isizukulwane esilandelayo kudinga isampula (igazi, inasswab, i-alhaving, i-osealcower) futhi zingathatha amahora amaningi ukuze ziveze umphumela. Igebe phakathi kokuchamba nokuxilonga inqubo kuyindlela engasakazeka kakhulu.

Izimiso zokuhlola ezingokoqobo noma eziseduze ne - YHWHreal Ígeal remages eziqhubeka zihlola amanzi angcolile, umoya, noma izindawo eziphakeme zisungulwa ukuze kulungiswe leligebe elishiywe ngemuva, kodwa zibhekana nemingcele yazo siqu: izindleko, ukufinyelelwa, nesidingo sokuhlukanisa izinto eziphilayo eziphila ngaphandle kwezinsongo zangempela.

Izimpawu Ezingacashiwe Nokudideka Ngokuxilonga

Uma izimpawu zivela, ngokuvamile azifani nezifo ezivamile. Isifo se-anthrax sifana nomkhuhlane oyingozi noma umkhuhlane; i-piramia ifana ne-nyumonia; isiqubungu sengxibongo singadideka ne-withpox. Lokhu kuqonda kuchaza ukuthi abagcini-zinkonzo zezempilo zempi yegazi bangase bangasoli umshini wobuphekula kuze kube yilapho kuvela iqoqo lezifo ezingavamile. Ngalesosikhathi, ifasitela le-prophylixia kanye nokufakwa kwe-metacity kungenzeka ukuthi liyavaleka. Ukuthuthukisa i-syndromic chalacy — ukuveza izindlela zezimpawu zeminyango yesimo esiphuthumayo ne-mmmmm; antican, kodwa kudinga usizo oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nensupheltations ezimbonini zokwelapha.

Ukungatholi Imiphumela Emihle Nokuthola Amakhambi

Ngisho noma abakhapheli bemitholampilo besola ukuthi ikhona into esongela isayensi, beqinisekisa ukuthi idinga amandla akhethekile okucwaninga. Ukuqubuka kwemisebe ephephile ye-octal 3 noma 4, ama-alabobster aqeqeshiwe, kanye nezimboni ezithile angazihlakazeki ngokulinganayo. Izindawo zasemaphandle, amazwe amancane kakhulu, futhi ngisho nezibhedlela zasemadolobheni zingantula amandla okuphumelela ekuhlolweni okuqinisekile. Phakathi nokuqubuka okukhulu, ukufunwa kwamathuluzi okuhlola, ukukhiqizwa kwemija, nemishini yomuntu siqu engadlula ngokushesha ukuthunyelwa kwe-starts. I-Ency &ndash ka-2016 ye-Ebola eNtshona Afrika ibonisa ngokucacile indlela okungaphumi okunga kahle kokunganisa nokudluliswa kwemisebe. Ukwakha, ukusheshisa okunenzuzo kuyinselele okudinga ukukhiqiniswa kwemali egciniwe.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Nezinhlobo Zezakhi Zofuzo

Amagciwane awazisulu ezinhlangothini. Amabhaktheriya ancishisana ngezakhi zofuzo, kanye nama-athogen angashintshwa ukuze agweme ukutholwa okukhona. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlobo zemfuluwenzane zishintsha futhi zikhukhuleke, zidinga ukushintshwa kwaminyaka yonke ukuze zihlole ama-premistry ne-scription. Abaklami bezikhali zokuzivikela ezicijile bangaguqula ngamabomu izakhi zofuzo ezihlolwa ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwe-PCR. Ngakho izimiso zokuhlola kumelwe zibe zibanzi zombili (zingakwazi ukubona imiphakathi ye-athogens) futhi zikwazi ukuhlanganisa izignomende ezintsha ngokushesha. I-metagenometic sequecid, efunda zonke izicid ezikhona ngohlobo olungenayo isampula, kodwa zinikeza ikhambiso, kodwa zisebiza kakhulu, futhi ziseza kakhulu.

Ingaphakathi: Izinselele Zokubhekana Nosongo Lwamakhemikhali

Usongo lwamakhemikhali luhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezakhi ezinobuthi: izinzwa (isib., sarin, VX), izinto ezibangela amabhamuza (isimo, sinaphi esisawuribi), izinto ezisebenzisa igazi (isimo, ihydrogen cyanide), izinto ezincishayo (umz., chlorine), nobuthi (umz., ammonia, phosgenee). Ngokungafani nemishini engokwemvelo, imishayo eminingi yamakhemikhali isebenza ngemizuzwana embalwa, ifuna izikhathi ezimfushane kakhulu kunezokudingeka ukuze kutholakale izinto eziphilayo.

Isidingo Sejubane: Imizuzwana Ingasindisa Ukuphila

Ku-intshinga, ngisho nokuchayeka isikhashana kungabangela umonakalo ongalungiseki noma ukufa. Ngakho - ke izimiso zokuthola kumelwe zisebenze ngesikhathi sangempela, zinikeze izixwayiso ngemizuzwana. Lokhu kuyinselele enkulu kakhulu ekutholeni i-spectration-paletive. Imishini eminingi yamanje ehlola i-ion i-spectrometary, i-flametry, noma iphepha le-colimetrict. La mathuluzi angashesha, kodwa athambekele ekuphazamisekeni, anamandla alinganiselwe, futhi angekho ukuhlukanisa izinto ezithile ezisemkhathini. Ukuhlola umoya okuhamba nokuhlolwa komzimba okune-screestomtry kungaveza ukucaciswa okukhulu, kodwa amathuluzi anjalo abizayo, abizayo, futhi adinga abasebenzisi abanekhono.

Ukuzihlela okuncane nokuzisebenzela kuyiziqondiso eziyinhloko zokucwaninga. Imishini ekwazi ukufinyeza amakhemikhali ebanjwa ngesandla esekelwe kuyimicrofluidcs, i - eunt YHWHenhanced Raman spetroscopy, noma imishini ye - electrochemic iba nekhono ngokwengeziwe, kodwa ayikho efana nokusebenza kwamathuluzi aphezulu ebhentshini ebhokisini elingagqokwa umuntu wokuqala osabelayo.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwezici Kudinga Izindlela Ezihlangene

I-chemical common i-chemistry common ikhulu. Akukho zinzwa ezikwaziyo ukubona wonke amakhemikhali anobuthi. Izigaba ezihlukahlukene zidinga izimiso ezihlukene zokuthola: i-cholinesterase inhibitiontions yemizwa yenzwa, i-sommusels forothreases for projectives. Umhloli oyedwa uvame ukumboza ucezu oluncane kakhulu lwezinga lokusongela. Abathathi-mza bangadinga ukuphatha imishini eminingi noma ukuthembela emishinini exubile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishini ivame ukufakwa ezixubanisweni noma ihlanganiswe nezincibilikiso, u-amafutha, noma izinto ezincibilikayo ezingafihla noma ezincibilikayo.

Ithuthukisa izindlela zokuthola indawo yonke i-— noma okungenani i-modar ebekwe kabusha emikhayeni ehlukene yamakhemikhali i-— ihlala iyindawo ekhuthele yokucwaninga. Umnyango we-Homeland Security ne-Device Desert Reduction Agency ibeke imali eningi kakhulu kulawo masimu, kodwa amakhambi enziwe kabanzi asekude.

Ukuhlangana Kwendawo Ezungezile Nezixwayiso Zamanga

Izinzwa zamakhemikhali kumelwe zisebenze ezintweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zendawo ezungezile: umoya wasedolobheni onezisindo semoto, izilungiselelo zezimboni ezinemiphunga yezincibilikisi, izindawo zezolimo ezihamba ngezibulala - zinambuzane, futhi izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba noma ezivalekile ezinomswakama oguquguqukayo nezingashisa. Wonke lamakhemikhali angasemva angabangela ukufundwa okungamanga okungaqondile, okuholela ekuchithekeni kwemithombo engadingekile, noma ukuphelelwa kwethemba esimisweni sokuhlola. Ngokusho, ukuphazamisa kungafihla usongo lwangempela (olungamanga). Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izibulala zinambuzane ezithi ezibizwa ngokuthi i-colinephaste zibulala zibulala zibulala zinambuzane zingabangela ukufundwa okufanayo njengemishini yenzwa, ziphoqelele izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa.

Imithetho-mithetho ebanzi esebenzisa ukuqashelwa kwendlela yokusebenza kanye nokufunda umshini iqeqeshelwa ukuhlukanisa izigqhibo zosongo emsindweni wesizinda. Isixhumi — ulwazi lokuhlanganisa oluvela kwizinhlobo eziningi zomqapheli i-— lunganciphisa ukungaqondakali, kodwa lunciphisa izindleko zohlelo nobunkimbinkimbi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlola kokubili kuzwela futhi kucaciswe ezimweni zangempela zomhlaba kuyinkinga yobunjiniyela obukhulu kakhulu ekutholeni usongo lwamakhemikhali.

Ukushaya Indlwabu Nokubhekana Nezimo

Ama-akhemikhali amaningi ayingozi kakhulu ekubekeni i-&mdash (ingxenye ngebhiliyoni elilodwa noma ngaphansi). Ukuze ikwazi, inzwa kumelwe ibe nenzwa esheshayo noma ihlanganise isinyathelo sokuhlanganisa i-athonsi eqoqa i-athomu emoyeni omkhulu noma emanzini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-Proconcentanition inezela ukulibazisa i-— umuntu kumelwe abonakale kuyilapho i-modelr isebenzisa i-— futhi idinga izinto ezithatha isilinganiso esikhulu samakhemikhali ngaphandle kokuwakhipha ngokushesha. Intuthuko ezintweni ezisemfashinishini (umz., i-metroorganss) ibonisa isithembiso, kodwa ukuhlanganisa i-patrovation, imishini ephathwayo, i-patroced imishini esebenzayo ihlala iyinselele.

Intuthuko Elungisa Ikusasa Lokuthola Ithemba

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele ezisabekayo, eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kuye kwaba nezindlela eziphawulekayo zokusungula izinto ezicindezela imingcele yalokho okungenzeka.

Izinzwa Ezikwazi Ukuxhumana Nezinto Ezithile Nezingagudluzayo

Imishini emincane ye-alytical iyanda. Imishini ye-Handheld PCR (umz., kusukela kwi-BioFire, i-Abott ID Manje) ingabona amagciwane amaningi phakathi nehora. Amabala amasha ashayekile kanye nemishini efana ne-smatch[6] angalokhu eqapha ukujuluka, uketshezi oluphakathi, noma i-aspirin amakhemikhali noma amakhemikhali. I-Defensed Exppendical Researchs Agency (DARPA) ixhase izinhlelo zokuveza izinzwa ezingabona izinsolo eziningi futhi zidlulisele ukwaziswa ngesikhathi sangempela sokuyaleza izikhungo. Ngenkathi kusekuseni, lemishini ithembisa ukuhamba ikwazi ukuzwa kusuka ku-endicator kuya eqophelweni lesidingo.

Ubuhlakani Nokwaziswa Okunemisebe

I-AI iguqula ukutholakala kwezindlela ezimbili. Okokuqala, izimonyo zomshini ezifundayo eziyinkimbinkimbi zingahlaziya ukufunda komshini ukuze kubonakale izigqhidi zosongo ezingabonwayo ukubusa ama-algorith. Okwesibili, ukuhlola okune-aIP kungenziwa amarekhodi empilo e-alctronic rom, ezokuxhumana, kanye nemishini yokuhlola indawo ezungezile yokuhlola ukuqubuka kwezinsuku noma amasonto phambi kwezindlela ezingokwesiko. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] CD]CDC [iSizwe se-Syndromic Surveillance Program kanye ne-[FLT:] I-earthmap izibonelo zendlela yokuhlola inqubo yemvelo] ingcono ngenxa yezinsongo.

Ukusebenzisa I - metagenomecs Ne - CRISPR 16)

Ngokulandelayo i-sequencling (NGS) iye yaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokuthola izinsongo ezingaziwayo zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Kunokuba ifune i-NGS ifunda zonke izinto ezisezakhini zofuzo ngesampuli futhi iziqhathanise nezincwadi ezaziwayo. Lokhu kuvumela ukutholakala kwezincwadi ezinolwazi noma izinto ezishintshwayo. I-Platforms njenge-Oxford Nanopore Mion incane ngokwanele ukuba isetshenziswe emkhakheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CRISPRPRN isekelwe ekuhlobiseni i-heasenses (umz. SHRLOCK, DETECTR) ingabona ukulandelana kwe-inciccid kanye ne-icecccs e-artrometic, futhi idinga amathuluzi alula kuphela. Lokhu kusetshenziswa ukuguqula i-screctalture ne-spectal.

Imishini Yenzwa nokwehla kwe - IoT

Ukuhlanganisa izinzwa eziningi eziphansi ze-clock à protections kuyi-network kunganikeza ububanzi be-îreareas for acromatics. Amadolobha ahlakaniphile aqala ukusebenzisa izinzwa zomoya ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezingase zihloselwe ukuthola amakhemikhali ayingozi emboni noma ngisho ne-bioparticles. Ukukhishwa kwe-Homeland Security Science ne-Technology Directoratetatetate kuhlola imishini yezinzwa esakazwayo ukuze ivikele izakhi zemvelo ezibucayi. Ukwaziswa okusuka ekususeni izinzwa (umsindo, amakhemikhali, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo) kunganciphisa izinkomba zenkohliso nokunikeza amabalazwe. Nokho, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikela ulwazi, ukuvikela imfihlo, [FLT] kulokhu kuyinsensensense inse inselele.

Ukunakekela Isimiso Somthetho, Ukuqeqesha, Nokuzilungiselela

Ubuchwepheshe bodwa akwanele. Ukuthola okunempumelelo kuxhomeke ezisebenzini ezinekhono, ezicacile, futhi ezizimisele ngokwezombangazwe. Amazwe amaningi asebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezihlukene lapho impilo yomphakathi, ukugcinwa komthetho, izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile, kanye nezempi ngamunye unawo amandla awo okubona kanye nokwaziswa. Ukubambisana kokwaziswa ngokuvamile akunamandla, futhi ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa kungavinjelwa yimingcele noma imingcele eqinile.

Ukuqeqesha iziphetho zokuqala ukusebenzisa imishini yokuthola ethuthukisiwe kubalulekile. Ngokuvamile, izinzwa ezibizayo zihlala zingasetshenziswa ngoba izisebenzi zesimo esiphuthumayo azizethembi noma azijwayelene. Ukubhola okungokoqobo okulingisa kokubili izimo zesayensi yomzimba namakhemikhali kungasiza ekwakheni inkumbulo yemisipha futhi kubone izikhala ekuthubeleleni umsebenzi.

Ukuhlanganisa izinzwa ezisekelwe enqubweni kanye nentuthuko kumelwe ziqine futhi ziqondiswe kuzo zombili intuthuko (iziqanda ezingcono, ukuhlola okuqinile ngokwengeziwe kwensimu) kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuguqula i-patroli (imizwa esekelwe kwi-biology/i-athonsity, i-automatiki nenkokhelo yokuthola iholo). I-National Institute of Allergy and Incopect Diseases Biodefense Research ibilokhu ingumshayeli omkhulu wentuthuko, kodwa imali iyahamba futhi igeleza ngokunaka komphakathi.

Ukubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe kubaluleke kakhulu ezinsongweni ezingokwemvelo, ezingahloniphi imingcele. Inqubo ye-Global Health Security Agenda ne-Joint External Externation ye-World Health Organization ihlola amandla amazwe okuthola nokuthuthukisa izinto eziphambili. I-Biological Weapons Convention futhi inikeza uhlelo lokuncitshiswa kosongo olubambisanayo, kodwa izindlela zayo zokuqinisekisa ziyaqhubeka zibuthakathaka. Ukuqinisa ukulondeka kwempilo yembulunga yonke kudinga ukuxhumana nokutshala izinhlelo zesayensi yezesayensi yezemali ezilawula umhlaba wonke.

Ukunxusa Isenzo: Indima Yemfundo Nokuqaphela Umphakathi

Nakuba ochwepheshe bethuthukisa futhi behlola izinhlelo, othisha nomphakathi banendima ebalulekile ekwakheni isiko lokuzilungiselela. ICurcula ku-microbiology, isayensi yokuthakatha kwemithi, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo kufanele kuhlanganise ukuhlola okungokoqobo kokuhluleka nokuphumelela. Abafundi kufanele baqonde izimiso eziyisisekelo ze-biosensission, ukulinganiselwa kokuhlolwa kwezindawo, nokubaluleka kokubika izifo ezisolekayo noma ukuchayeka kwamakhemikhali. Imikhankani yokuqapha umphakathi ingafundisa ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe lapho kuchithe amakhemikhali noma isayensi yesayensi yemvelo, kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi ukuxilonga ngokushesha kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini ezinolwazi ukuthi zingazi kanjani futhi zibike ukuthi zingabika kanjani.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakha ipayipi lososayensi abanekhono nonjiniyela abahloselwe ukuthungatha usongo kudinga izinhlelo zokuqeqesha izandla, izipho zokuncintisana, nezikhungo zokuqondisa eziphambili eziseceleni. Lapho abantu beqonda ukuthi lenselele iyinkimbinkimbi, cishe bayosekela ukutshala imali okudingekayo ukuze banqobe.

Isiphetho

Ukuthola usongo lwesayensi yamakhemikhali nento ephilayo akuyona inkinga eyodwa kodwa iqoqo lezinselele ezihlangene ze-— isayensi yokungafiki kwesikhathi, izinhlobonhlobo zamakhemikhali, ukuphazamisa kwendawo ezungezile, igebe lesisekelo, kanye nokuhlukana kwezimiso. Nokho izigxobo azikaze zibe zikhulu kakhulu. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungahleleki kwezwe, kanye nokutholakala okwandayo kobuchwepheshe obuhlangene obuhlangene kuphakamisa ingozi yokuthi ukuqubuka okungokwemvelo noma ukukhululwa ngenhloso kuyonyamalala kuze kube sekwephuzile.

Intuthuko iyenzeka ezinkonzweni eziningi: ukuhlola okuphathekayo kwamangqamuzana, ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa okunemizwa, izimiso ezihlangene, kanye nezinto ezintsha zokusebenzisa izinzwa ngaphambi kokuhlelwa nokuthunjwa. Kodwa akukho mpumelelo eyodwa engaxazulula zonke izinkinga. Ukuthola imvelo okuqinile kudinga ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo ekucwaningeni okuyisisekelo, ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi, ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, nokubopha umphakathi. Ngokuqonda izithiyo ezichazwe lapha, ababambi bezimo zokusebenza bangathuthukisa amasu anamandla kakhulu nokusebenza ngakwisikhathi esizayo lapho izinsolo zitholakala khona ngokushesha ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuvikele ukuphila nokuziphilisa.