Ukuqonda Iphuzu Eliyikhohlakalo Eliyikhoshayo Eliyilungelo Elikhethekile" Elikhishwa Ezicatshangeni Zobandlululo

I-Bona Feide Foccupal Qualiation (BFOQ) isendaweni encane kodwa ebucayi emthethweni wemisebenzi, ivumela abaqashi ukuba bacabangele iminyaka lapho kudingekile ngempela ekwenzeni umsebenzi. Ngaphansi kwe-Age Discision in Observation Act (ADEA) ka-1967, evikela abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu ekukhethekeni, i-BFOQ iyindawo eyinhloko yokubalekela i-valv. Nokho, izinkantolo zigcizelele ngokungaguquki ukuthi lenkeleleka kungu "mncane ngempela" futhi kumelwe isetshenziswe ngokucubunga ngokunelisa. Abaqashi abazama ukusebenzisa ubudala njengemfanelo yokuphepha engathi sína noma ukusebenza ngengozi engathi sína. Lesi sihloko sihlola iziteshici ezingokomthetho, izincazelo ezingokomthetho, izincazelo ezingokoqobo, iziteshici zezwezwezwezwezwe ngezindlela ezingokoqobo ze-BFF.

Iyini I - BFOQ Ehlukile?

I-BFOQ ivumela umqashi ukuba enze izinqumo zemisebenzi .Kuhlanganise nokuqasha, ukukhushulwa, noma umhlala-phansi ophoqelelwe − okusekelwe ebudalani lapho iminyaka ingu- imfanelo eqinisekile yesikhundla. I-ADEA inikeza lendlela yokuzivikela eqeshini 4(f),(1), ethi akuyona into engekho emthethweni ukuba umqashi athathe isinyathelo "lapho ubudala buyimfanelo efanelekile edingekayo ngokufanelekile emsebenzini webhizinisi elithile." Lolulimi luveza ilungiselelo elifanayo kwiSihlolo VII samaLungelo esingu-64 (f) ngenkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe, kodwa i-ADEFQ inomzimba wayo siqu ohlukile.

Okuhlukile kubangelwa ukuqaphela ukuthi eminye imisebenzi ifuna amakhono angokomzimba noma okuqonda ahambisana nobudala ngendlela engenakulinganiswa ngokuhlola komuntu siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhundla zomphakathi zokuphepha njengobashayeli bezindiza noma abaphathi bomthetho zingafuna ukuphumelela kakhulu komzimba, futhi iminyaka ingaba umbambeli wokwehla kwamandla. Nokho, umthwalo wobufakazi usebenza ngokuqondenembe kumqashi ukubonisa ukuthi imfuneko yeminyaka inguwo womabili edingekile futhi futhi [FLT] ihlobene ngokungaqondile kumouselties. iNkakhulu yebhizinisi. U.S.

Izindinganiso Ezingokomthetho Nencazelo Encane

Ukuze acele i-BFOQ isivikelo ngokuphumelelayo, umqashi kumelwe anelise ukuhlolwa okuyingxenye ezimbili okumiswe iNkantolo Ephakeme kweye-Western Air Liness, Inc. v. Criswell (1985):

  1. Imfanelo ehlobene nobudala kumelwe idingeke ngokunengqondo emqondweni webhizinisi lomqashi. U-"senso" webhizinisi akuyona nje inzuzo noma ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende; kumelwe ihlanganise isithakazelo esishukumisayo njengokuphepha komphakathi noma ikhono lokufeza imisebenzi engundoqo. Ngokwesibonelo, [ku-, iNkantolo ithole ukuthi ukuphepha emoyeni akudingekile kangangokuba isimiso somhlala-mhlala-phansi esisekelwe enkathini yonyaka sabashayeli singathethelelwa, kodwa uma umqashi ebengabonisa ukuthi iminyaka yobudala iwumthetho othembekile wokwehluleka ukwenza ngokuphepha.]
  2. Umqashi kumelwe abonise ukuthi akukhona okunye okungakho okungasetshenziswa ekukhetheni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umqashi akanakuthembela ebudaleni uma engafinyelela imigomo yakhe yokuphepha noma yokusebenza ngokuhlola okucushiwe, ukuhlola kwezokwelapha, noma ezinye izindlela zokuhlola ezinganzima kakhulu kuzisebenzi ezindala. Ukuba khona kwezinye izindlela ngokuvamile kunqoba i-BFOQ.

Izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa lolu vivinyo ngemiphumela ehlukahlukene ezimbonini. ku-EEOC v. (1996]), iNkathi yesihlanu yenqaba i-Exxon's impikiswano yokuthi inkathi yomhlalaphansi engu-60 kubo bonke abashayeli bezindiza yayingu-BFOQ, iphawula ukuthi inkampani yayingafakazanga ukuthi izibalo ezithile azinakwenzeka. Ngokuphikisanayo, iMerlines v. American Airlines, Inc. [192], inkantolo yamukela i-BFOQ yabashayeli be-Expocleaa, ezabe sezingu-60 ezisekelwe ezimisweni ze-FA, ezathi kamuva zavuselelwa ngaphansi kwezikhathi ezithile zika-60.

Icala Eliyinhloko Lenkantolo Lilahla I - BFOQ Umthetho

Imithetho eminingana ephawulekayo ibonisa indlela izinkantolo ezilinganisela ngayo izithakazelo zabaqashi nezivikelo zezisebenzi:

  • I-Western Air Lines v. Criswell (1985): INkantolo ePhakamileyo yagodla iminyaka engu-60 yabashayeli bezindiza yaba yi-BFOQ ngoba ukuphepha kwakusenkabeni yenkampani yezindiza futhi i-FAA yayinqume ukuthi inkathi yobukhomba-mvume obufaneleyo besikhundla esinciphile. Nokho, iNkantolo yagcizelela nokuthi i-FLT" i-BFOQ kufanele isetshenziswe enkantolo.
  • EOC v. City of Janesville (1993): Inkantolo yezicelo kahulumeni yenqaba ukugomela kwedolobha ukuthi inkathi yokuqashwa ephezulu yezikhulu zamaphoyisa engu 35 kwakuyi-BFOQ, ithola ukuthi idolobha lalingazange lifakazele ukuthi izikhulu ezindala azikwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ebalulekile.
  • EOC v. [[FT:2] (1996]] Isifunda sesihlanu sabusa ngokumelene neminyaka yokuthatha umhlala-phansi esemthethweni yekhulu lama-60 nge-injini ye-injini ye-injini, siphawula ukuthi inkampani yayingabonisanga ukuthi inkathi yobudala yayiyisibonakaliso esinembile sokuhlola okungokobuningi kwezwe uma iqhathaniswa nokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha ngandlela-nye.
  • [FLT] International Union, UAW v. Johnson Devior, Inc. (191] Nakuba lelicala lihilela ukucwaswa kobulili ngaphansi kwesihloko VII, ukucabanga kwalo ngo "ukuyeka ibhizinisi" kuye kwathonya ukuhlaziywa kwe-BFOQ ezimweni zobudala. INkantolo yathi umthetho wesivikelo se-presethian proted prote arvement arry'isona i-BFOQ ngoba ukuphepha kombungu kwakungeyona ingxenye yezebhizinisi.

Lamacala agcizelela ukuthi izinkantolo ngeke zivumelane nokucabangela abaqashi ngeminyaka. Zidinga ubufakazi obusekelwe emaceleni − izibalo, ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, noma izindinganiso zokulawula ukufaneleka okusekelwe ebudaleni.

Izinhlelo ezijwayelekile nezibonelo

Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuncane, i-BFOQ isebenza emongweni ochazwe kahle. Izibonelo ezivame kakhulu zihilela ukuphepha komphakathi, ukwenza imisebenzi yobuciko, kanye nezikhundla ezithile zomjaho.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nokuhamba

Ukusetshenziswa okucacile kwe-BFOQ kusembonini yokuthutha, lapho iminyaka yobudala ilinganiselwe yabashayeli bezindiza, abaqondisi bezindiza, kanye nokaputeni bemikhumbi ivamile. I-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inike imvume kade ukuba abashayeli bezentengiselwano bathathe umhlala-mzileni lapho beneminyaka engu-65, umthetho osekelwe njenge-BFOQ ngenxa yemiphumela ebucayi. Ngokufanayo, iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa nowomlilo inesikhathi esiphezulu sokuqasha, nakuba izinkantolo ziye zahlola lezi zinqubo ngokuseduze. EC v. City of Janesville, inkantolo yathola ukuthi ukuqasha okukhulu kwekhulu kwekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lamaphoyisa ngenxa yokuthi izikhulu zedolobha azikho ukubonisa ukuthi i-BFOQ, noma ukuqeqesha kwasebesebesebe-ka.

Ukuthatha Isenzo Nokulingisa

Inkathi ingu-BFOQ esemthethweni uma umlingiswa ebhayisikobho, emdlalweni, noma ekukhangiseni kumelwe abonise ngokukholisa umuntu oneminyaka ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufaka umdlali omdala oneminyaka engu-70 ukuze adlale umkhulu kuvumelekile ngoba ukuthembeka komsebenzi kusemthonjeni wobuciko. Nokho, lokhu kukhetha akunakwenziwa lapho ubudala bumane buyinto ethandwayo noma ewubuningi. Umqashi akanakwenqaba ukuqasha umkhandi omdala ngendima engadlalwa othile ongomuntu omdala.

Imidlalo Nezigilamkhuba Ezingochwepheshe

Emdlalweni, imingcele yobudala ingathethelelwa ngezidingo ezingokomzimba zomncintiswano. INational Football League (NFL) nezinye izinhlangano zinemithetho eqinile yenkathi ye-rhooki (umz., kumelwe ukuba iminyaka emithathu ukusuka esikoleni esiphakeme) eye yabekelwa inselele kodwa ngokuvamile isekelwa njenge BFOQs ngenxa yokuthi ukuvutha komzimba okufunekayo ekudlaleni kochwepheshe kuhlangene ngokungenakuphikwa nobudala. Ngokuphambene, iminyaka edingekile yokuthatha umhlala phansi kwabadlali ayivamile futhi ngokuvamile iyaphikiswa, njengoba ukuhlaziya kobuchwepheshe ngabanye ngokuvamile kuyinto eyenzeka.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezindlela Ezingafanele Zokusebenzisa

I-BFOQ ayisebenzi ezimweni eziningi lapho abaqashi bengase bathande khona ukusebenzisa ubudala. Izinkantolo ziye zenqaba ngokungaguquguquki lemiqondo elandelayo yokuhlukanisa okusekelwe ekugugeni:

  • I-Chorder ethandwayo: Umqashi akanakwenqaba ukuqasha izisebenzi ezindala ngenxa yokuthi abathengi bathanda izisebenzi ezisencane. Diaz v. Pan Am World Aiways1], inkantolo yaphethe ukuthi ikhasimende lithanda abalindi basendishi besifazane alikho i-BFOQ; ukucabanga okufanayo kusebenza ebukhulwini.
  • [[[NTL:0] Imali egciniwe: Abaqashi abanakuphikisa ngokuthi izisebenzi esezikhulile zibiza kakhulu ngenxa yamaholo aphakeme, izindleko zempilo, noma izibopho zempesheni. Injongo ye-ADEA iwukuvimbela ukuthethelelwa okunjalo kwezomnotho ekufihleni ukucwasa.
  • Izinkolelo zokuthi izisebenzi esezikhulile azisebenzi kakhulu, azivumelani nezimo, noma ziqeqesheka aziyi-BFOQ. Abaqashi kumelwe bathembele ebufakazini obuqinisekile, hhayi ezigomweni.
  • Imibono ephephile ngaphandle kobufakazi: [isivikelo] Nakuba ukuphepha kungathethelela i-BFOQ, abaqashi kumelwe babonise ukuthi imfuneko yobudala ihlangene ngokuqondile nemiphumela yokuphepha. Ukukhathazeka okuvamile ngokukhula akwanele.

BFOQ v. Okunye ukuzivikela okungaqondakali

Ngezinye izikhathi abaqashi badidanisa i-BFOQ nezinye izikhuselo, njengokuthi "isidingo sebhizinisi" noma "isici esinengqondo ngaphandle kobudala" (RFOA). Ngaphansi kwe-ADEA, isidingo sebhizinisi asisona isivikelo sobandlululo ngenhloso; sisebenza kuphela ezimweni ezihlukene. I-RFOA, ngokungafani, ivumela umqashi ukuba asebenzise izinga elingekho-mkhakhakha elisekelwe enkathini yobudala, uma nje umsebenzi uhambisana nesidingo sebhizinisi. I-BFOQ isobala ngoba iqaphela ngokuqondile ubudala njengemfanelo, futhi ithwala umthwalo onzima kakhulu wobufakazi.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Kubaqashi

Abaqashi abacabangela isimiso esisekelwe kubudala kufanele baqhubeke ngokuqapha. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo zingasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana ne-ADEA kanye ne-BFOQ enciphileyo:

  1. [ ichaza injongo yebhizinisi elibalulekile. Inquma ukuthi umsebenzi uhilela ukuphepha komphakathi, ukwenza indima ethembekile, noma izimfuno ezingokomzimba ezingavamile ezingenakuncitshiswa ngezindawo zokulala.
  2. Ubufakazi obungafezeki. Iqoqa ukucwaninga kwezesayensi, izindinganiso zezemboni, nobufakazi obungochwepheshe obubonisa ukuthi ubudala buyikhokha elinokwethenjelwa lemfanelo edingekayo. Gwema ukuthembela ezinkolelweni ezisekelwe ku-iecdota noma ku-stereodial.
  3. Izikhombisi ezinciphisanayo zokukhipha umlomo. Cabangela ukuthi ukuhlolwa okulula komuntu ngamunye (njengokuhlola amandla omzimba, ukuhlolwa, noma ukuhlola kobuchopho) kungafinyelela umgomo ofanayo ngaphandle kokukhuthuka kwenkathi. Uma ezinye izindlela ezinjalo zikhona, i-BFOQ ngeke iqhubeke ihlola.
  4. Akha ukuhlolwa. Gcina amarekhodi ebonisa imfihlo yemfuneko yobudala, ubufakazi obucatshangelwe, nokwenqatshwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa. Le mibhalo iyagxeka uma uhlelo lungacela inselele.
  5. Ihlola ngezikhathi ezithile. Njengoba ulwazi lwesayensi lushintsha, lulunganiswa ngaphambili lungase luphelelwe isikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, inkathi ephoqelelwe yokuthatha umhlala-phansi yabashayeli bezindiza yakhushulwa kusukela ku 60 kuya ku-65 ngemva kokucwaninga kwabonisa ukuthi isilinganiso sakudala sasinemingcele enzima kakhulu.

Abaqashi abaphambanisa ngokungeyikho ukumangalelwa kwe-BFOQ, ukukhokha intela, ukulimala okungaphucukile, nokukhululeka. I-Uncimence Obbethoction Opportunity Commission (EOC) ihlola ngokuzikhandla ukukhononda kobudala, futhi abathelisi abaphumelelayo bangathola izindleko zabameli. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, hlola [ i-EC'S Age Direction Directionctioniarence [[

Ithonya Kwabaqashi Namalungelo Abo

Izisebenzi ezindala ezikholelwa ukuthi ziye zacwaswa ngenxa yokungalingani kobudala okusekelwe kulokho okuthiwa i-BFOQ zingathola usizo. I-ADEA inqabela abaqashi ukuba basebenzise ubudala ezinqumweni ngaphandle kokuba umqashi angafaka i-BFOQ isiqiniseko. Abaqashwa kufanele:

  • Akha inkambiso noma isenzo [ eyayisekelwe ebudalani, kuhlanganise nanoma iziphi izigijimi ezibhaliwe noma izimemezelo ze-athod.
  • Icala nge-EEOC phakathi nezinsuku eziyi-180 (noma izinsuku ezingu-300 ezisezindaweni ezinenhlangano engakhethi yemisebenzi kahulumeni). I-EEOC izohlola futhi ikhiphe incwadi yesandla yesandla.
  • Ummeli waba nolwazi lomthetho wokucwaswa kwemisebenzi. Uma umqashi engakwazi ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo we-BFOQ, umqashwa angathola umonakalo ngeholo elilahlekile, ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo, futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukujeziswa.

Isimiso sokulungisa umthwalo emotweni i-ADEA idinga isisebenzi ukuba siqale simise i-facie futhi sibonise ukuthi ukucalulwa kubalulekile emsebenzini. Uma sekwenziwe, umqashi kumelwe aveze ubufakazi besizathu esisemthethweni, esingadibanisi. Ukuphumelela kukuzivikela kwe-BFOQ, umqashi kumelwe adlulele ngalé kwencazelo nje futhi afakazele ukuthi iminyaka yobudala ibalulekile emsebenzini. Ukuze athole imininingwane ebanzi yenqubo engokomthetho, bheka i-American Barcomplifict’s Law News News[FLT:].

Isiphetho

I-Bona Fedi Faquence Qualiation ibalulekile kodwa ibekwe njengethuluzi elisemthethweni emsebenzini. Iyaqaphela ukuthi ezimweni ezingavamile, ubudala ngokwabo bungaba imfuneko engokomthetho yomsebenzi (ngokuvamile lapho ukuphepha komphakathi, ubungcweti, noma izimfuno ezinzima kakhulu ezingokomzimba zisengozini. Kodwa izinkantolo ziye zaxwayisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi inqaba akumelwe ibe yindawo yokucwaswa. Abaqashi abacela i-BFOQ kumelwe baveze ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi akukho zindlela zokungalawuleki kakhulu, kuyilapho izisebenzi zilondoloza ilungelo lokubekela inseleleka imithetho ewaphika ngokungafanele amathuba asekelwe ebudala. Njengoba ukusebenza kuqhubeka kukhula nanjengoba ulwazi lwethu ngeminyaka ehlobene nezindawo, i-BFQQ ihlala isendaweni eqinile yomthetho, idinga ukulinganisela ngokunakekela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nokusebenza. [FFFF], i-Fonertive, i-Foright Trences. [F][3][3][3][3][3]