Icala lobugebengu liyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho, esimelela inqubo engokomthetho lapho umbuso umangalela khona abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. Inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, enezigaba eziningi eklanyelwe ukulinganisela isithakazelo somphakathi ekulondekeni komphakathi namalungelo omthetho-mthethweni walabo abamangalelwa. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nanoma ubani ohilelekile eqenjini lomthetho, ukuqonda indlela amacala aqhubekela ngayo ekuhlolweni kwecala ukuze athole isigwebo, futhi athole isijeziso noma i-arexistence . Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubheka okubanzi, okunwebekile engxenyeni ngayinye yezephula-mthetho, kuhlanganise nendima yabadlali abayinhloko njengabashushishisi, abashushici, abameli, nabahluleli, kanye nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezivikela ukulunga nobulungisa.

Lenqubo isekelwe ekucabangeni ukuthi umsulwa, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokufanelekile, nemfuneko yokuba uhulumeni abonise umuzwa wecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lezizimiso aziyona nje imiqondo engaqondakali; ziphoqelelwa ngemithetho ethile yenqubo, ubufakazi, nezimiso zobuchwepheshe. Ngokuhlola isigaba ngasinye ngokujula, singaqonda kangcono indlela isimiso esizama ngayo ukunikeza ubulungisa kuyilapho sivikela izinkolelo ezingalungile, ukusebenzisa kabi amandla, nokuphoqelelwa kobulungisa.

Inqubo Yobulungisa Yesigebengu

Inqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu e-United States kanye nezinye izikhundla zomthetho ezivamile zinezigaba eziningana ezihlangene. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka ngokwe-gue project(federal vs. sifundazwe, naphakathi kwezifunda ezihlukene, kungokuphawulekayo ukuthi ukwakheka kwezwe kuyavumelana. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi izikhalazo zibekwa kanjani, zincintiswane kanjani, futhi zixazululwe kanjani.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuwona wonke amacala akhona, amaningi axazululwa ngokufaka isikhalazo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, futhi amanye axoshwa ngokushesha ngenxa yobufakazi obunganele noma ukushiyeka okungokomthetho. Noma kunjalo, isigaba ngasinye sikhona ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa ngesisekelo esiqinile esiyiqiniso nesingokomthetho.

UKUFUNDWA

Isigaba sokuhlola siyisisekelo sanoma iliphi icala lobugebengu. Izinhlangano zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwecala. − njengamaphoyisa, amaphoyisa, amanxusa kahulumeni (FI, DEA, ATF) ) − ukuqoqa ubufakazi bokuthola ukuthi ubugebengu buye benzekile yini, uma kunjalo, ukuthi ubani onecala. Lesi sigaxa sihlanganisa izinqubo eziningi neziphazamiso ezingokomthetho:

  • izingxoxo zoFakazi nezinkulumo:[ izikhulu ziqoqa ama-akhawunti ezisulu, izibukeli, nabanikazi. Ufakazi wofakazi bokuzibonela unganamandla kodwa futhi uyakwazi ukukhumbula amaphutha nobandlululo.
  • [ Iqoqo lobufakazi obubonakalayo: Ukuhlelwa kweminwe yobugebengu, kuhlanganise nokufakwa kweminwe, iDNA isampuli, i-colless, kanye nokuhlaziywa kobufakazi. Isayensi ye-Fensic ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu, nakuba ukwethembeka kwayo kuvame ukucubungulwa.
  • Ukuhlola nokuhlola kogesi: ukuhlinza kobuso, ama-walltap, i-GPS, nokuhlola ukwaziswa kobuchwepheshe. Lezi zinqubo zidinga imvume futhi zingaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine esivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka.
  • Imvume zokuhlola: Ukusesha ikhaya, imoto, noma imishini yobuchwepheshe, amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso esikhishwa umahluleli ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka. Okuhlukile kukhona, njengokuvumelana, izimo eziqinile, noma ukuphenya isenzakalo sokubopha.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukugcotshwa namalungelo e-Miranda: Izinsongo ezisejele kumelwe zitshelwe ngelungelo lazo lokuthula nokuba nommeli (] imanda v.). Izinkulumo ezithathwe ngokwephulwa kweMirada aziqondakali.

Izinga lophenyo nomthetho kuthinta ngokuqondile amandla aleli cala. Uma ubufakazi bungcolisiwe noma buqoqwe ngokungekho emthethweni, bungavinjelwa, bungaholela ekuxoshweni noma ekulahlweni. Umshushisi uyokuhlola ngokucophelela ukuphelela nokuvumelana okungokomthetho ngaphambi kokunquma ukuqulwa kwamacala.

Ukuboshwa

Ukuboshwa kwenzeka lapho umthetho ufaka umuntu ejele ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka sabangela ukukholelwa ukuthi umuntu wenze ubugebengu. Imbangela efanelekile iphansi kune "Ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo"; idinga inkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe ezimweni ezingokoqobo, ukuthi ubugebengu benziwa noma sebenziwa. Ukuboshwa kungenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • [[NTL:0] Enesiqinisekiso: Umahluleli unikeza isiqinisekiso sokubopha ngemva kokubukeza i-affidavit esungula imbangela okungenzeka. Abanqophi bempi ngokuvamile bayadingeka ukuze bangene ekhaya, nakuba bengekho.
  • Ukuboshwa okungenacala: Amaphoyisa angabopha ngaphandle kwemvume uma ebona ubugebengu noma enesizathu esingaba nokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa futhi isisombululo sesizobaleka noma siqede ubufakazi. Ukuboshwa okungathandeki ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi icala lenzeke phambi kwesikhulu.

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umsoli uyiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa sokubhala izincwadi, inqubo ehlanganisa ukuqopha ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, ukuthatha izithombe, ukuthatha iminwe, nokuseshwa komuntu. Osolwayo ube esebheke ukuma phambi komahluleli, ngokuvamile phakathi namahora angu-48. Kulokho kubukeka, umahluleli utshela omangalelwe ngamacala, abeluleka ngamalungelo abo, futhi ahlele izimo zokukhululwa (bail).

Ukuphakamisa

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umshushisi uveza uhulumeni, ubheka ubufakazi obuvela kumthetho ophoqelelwe futhi unquma ukuthi kufanele afake amacala angokomthetho yini. Lesi esinye sezinqumo ezilandelayo esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Umshushisi uyakwazi ukunquma:

  • [ amafayela asolwa [ ngobugebengu obubodwa noma obungaphezulu obusekelwe ebufakazini nasemthethoni.
  • [ wenqabela ukuqulwa [ uma ubufakazi bunganele, icala alinasithakazelo somphakathi, noma amakhambi ahlukile (izinhlelo zokuguqula) angcono kakhulu.
  • Ukuncishiswa kwemali [ ngokubambisana noma njengengxenye yesicelo sokuxoxisana.
  • Funa ukumangalelwa kumphathi omkhulu wamajaji (emacaleni ecala kahulumeni kanye nezinye izifundazwe) noma funa isikhalo sobugebengu esilandelwa ukuqulwa kwecala lokuqala.

Ithuluzi elikhombayo liyahlukahluka: enkantolo kahulumeni, amacala anecala alethwa ngecala (ugogo oyisigebengu) noma ukwaziswa (ofunyanisiwe abahluleli abaphezulu); ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, isikhalo noma ukwaziswa kuvamile. Umshushisi kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi amacala asekelwa [ imbangela engalungiseki futhi ihambisana nezibopho ezingokomthetho "funa ubulungisa" kunokumane nje izinkolelo ezilondekile ( ABBA I-ABA I-Imodelity Appline... 3.]

Icala

Icala liyicala lokuqala elingokomthetho lomangalelwayo ngemva kokuqulwa kwamacala. Kulokhu kuqulwa kwecala umahluleli.

  • Ufunda amacala ngokuzwakalayo bese eqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uyawaqonda.
  • Ukhuthaza ummangalelwa wamalungelo awo omthetho - sisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokululeka, ilungelo lokuthula, nokufaneleka kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Icela ummangalelwa ukuba angene esikhonkosini: umqulu, [[FT:2] engenacala[, noma nolo i-interiere[ (akukho umncintiswano). "angenacala" ukuncenga" kusho umncintiswano wommangalelwa izikhalazo; "umncintiswano" noma "umncintiswano" ungaholela ngokuqondile ekugwetshweni.
  • Ikheli libopha noma ukuvalelwa kwangaphambi kokwahlulela [. Inkantolo inquma ukuthi ingamkhulula ummangalelwa ngokuqaphela, ifake ibheyili yemali, noma ibeke izimo ezinjengokuboshwa kwendlu, ukugadwa kweGPS, noma ukungabikho miyalelo e-oct. Umthetho uBail Reform Act u-Act olinganayo ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa ufaka ingozi noma ingozi emphakathini.

Uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli futhi ebheke phambili esikhathini esingase sejele, inkantolo kumelwe imise enye ([[FLT: 0]] Gideon v. Wainwright[ ye-felonies; Argunger v. Hamlin [ngephutha eliphumela ekuboshweni).

I - precation

Inkathi yangaphambi kwenkathi ebucayi lapho izinhlangothi zombili zilungiselela ukuqulwa kwecala. Imisebenzi ebalulekile ihlanganisa:

  • Incazelo: Ukushumayeza kumelwe kuhlanganyele ubufakazi nesivikelo, kuhlanganise nemininingwane yokuhlola ( Brady v. Maryland). Abameli bavikela izikhali baveza ubufakazi obuthile, obunjengofakazi noma ukuzivikela kobuhlanya.
  • Izenzo zomthetho: abameli bavikelayo bangathatha amafasidi ukuze bacindezele ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho (umzk., Ukuphulwa kweSichibiyelo Sesine), balahle ukumangalelwa ngenxa yokungatholi sizathu, ukungashintsheli kwendawo, noma ukuphoqelela ukutholwa. Le ntshukumo ingaholela ekuxoshweni phambili noma imingcele yecala lomshushisi.
  • Izingxoxo zecala: Icala elikhulu lobugebengu (abangaphezu kuka-90%) lixazululwa ngokucela izicelo kunokuba liqulwe. Abashushisi banikeza imvume (izikhangiso eziphindiwe, imisho elula) ukuze bafake icala. Isivikelo kumelwe sihlole izingozi zokuqulwa kwecala ngokuqiniseka kwesicelo. Izivumelwano ze-Plea zifanele zivunyelwe ngokwahlulelwa futhi kumelwe zivumelwe ngokuzithandela.
  • Ukuhlola okusemthethweni: Uma isimo sengqondo sommangalelwa sikhona, ukuzwa okuncintisanayo kunquma ukuthi bangawaqonda yini amasethi futhi basize ekuvikeleni kwabo. Abamangalelwa abangafakelwe banikezwa ukwelashwa kuze kube yilapho umncintiswano ubuyiselwa.

Inkathi yangaphambi kokuqulwa kwezakhiwo ingathatha amasonto noma izinyanga, kuye ngokuthi isimo siyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululwa ngokunxusa, liqhubekela phambili ecaleni. Ukuqulwa kwamacala kungaba phambi kwabahluleli (amacala amakhulu kakhulu) noma phambi kwejaji lodwa (icala lecala). Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelisobala, futhi ufakazi bamangalelwe. Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhetha i-jury (i-voir jad): Abathathi be-Atmorney bangabuza ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba ijaji libone ubandlululo. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingabekela inselele ngembangela noma isebenzise inani elilinganiselwe lezinselele ukuze ikhiphe ngaphandle kwesizathu.
  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ zombili izinhlangothi ziveza udaba lwazo, zichaza lokho okuzoboniswa ubufakazi. Lamazwi awabona ubufakazi kodwa anikeza imapu yomgwaqo.
  • Ukunikezwa kobufakazi: Umshushisi uhamba kuqala, ubiza ofakazi nokwazisa imibukiso. Isivikelo singahlangana nofakazi ngamunye. Ngemva kokuphuma komshushisi, ulwelwelo lungaveza ubufakazi balo. Ummangalelwa akadingi ukufakaza.
  • Ubufakazi: Imithetho ye-Federal of Ubufakazi (noma isifundazwe esifanayo) ibusa ukuhluleka. Ukuzwa ngokuvamile akukhishwa ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe okuhlukile; ukusebenza nobandlululo kuyalinganiswa; ubufakazi obungangochwepheshe kumelwe buhlangabezane nezindinganiso zokwethembeka ([] DAUBT noma FLT]FYRY [[FFLT:5]]]]).
  • Izimpikiswano ezibonisayo: Izingxenye zonke zifingqa ubufakazi futhi ziphikisa ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele bathole icala noma ubumsulwa. Umshushisi uphikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi bufakazela icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo; ukuzivikela kuphikisa ngokuthi kunokungabaza okunengqondo.
  • Iziyalezo ezigunyazayo kanye nokuzicabangela: Umahluleli ufundisa abahluleli emthethweni ohlobene namacala. Khona - ke abahluleli bakhipha iziphakamiso ngasese ngasese, behlose ukukhipha isinqumo esivumelanayo (ezimweni eziningi). Uma bengenakuvuma, ikomiti enephutha (abahluleli abamele) ingakhishwa, futhi abamangaleli bangali futhi baphinde balihlole icala.
  • Icala: Ijaji limemezela "icala" noma "ayinacala"" isinqumo esingadinwa singesokugcina; ummangalelwa akanakuphinde aqulwe icala elifanayo ngenxa yengozi ephindwe kabili. Isinqumo esinecala siholela ekugwetshweni.

Icala liyisigaba esibonakala kakhulu senqubo, kuhlanganiswa isimiso sommeli lapho izinhlangothi ezimbili ziveza khona amacala azo phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. Ubufakazi bubhekene ngokuphelele nomshushisi, futhi ummangalelwa ucatshangelwa njengongenacala kulo lonke.

Ukugwetshwa

Ngemva kwesinqumo noma isicelo esinecala, inkantolo yenza icala lokugweba. Isigwebo siqondiswa yizimiso futhi, ngokwezigaba eziningi, ngeziqondiso zokugweba (isib., i-Federal Sentensig Guidelines). Izici ezicatshangelwayo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubekwa nobukhulu bomthetho: ubugebengu obuhlukene bunemithetho ehlukene (umz., izilinganiso ezibophayo zokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, izijeziso ezikhuliswe ngobugebengu benzondo).
  • Umlando ongokomlando: izinkolelo zangaphambili zingandisa imisho (umz., imithetho emithathu-ka-kathathu).
  • [[UMTL:0] ukuphathwa kwezisulu:[ izinkulumo zokuhlasela ezixhashaziwe zivumela izisulu ukuba zichaze ukulimala kwazo.
  • Izici ezithuthukisayo nezilungisayo: Izici ezihluphayo zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwesikhali, izisulu ezisengozini, noma indima yomholi; izici ezilungisayo zihlanganisa ukuntuleka komlando wangaphambili, izinkinga zempilo, noma ukuzisola.
  • Umbiko wonikezelo:[ Izikhulu zezenqubo zilungiselela umbiko onokwaziswa okunesizinda, ukuhlola izingozi, kanye nomgwebo otuswayo.

Imisho engenzeka ihlanganisa:

  • Ukunqanda (ngezimo ezinjengenkonzo yomphakathi, ukuhlola izidakamizwa, ukufika ngesikhathi)
  • Inzuzo Nokubuyiselwa
  • Ukuthunjwa (ukuvalelwa ejele)
  • Ezinye izigwebo (ikamu leziboshwa, ukuboshwa kwendlu, inkantolo yezidakamizwa, inkantolo yezempilo yengqondo)
  • Isijeziso esibulalayo (ezindaweni ezingu - 27 nasemihlelweni kahulumeni, nakuba siyivelakancane)

After sentencing, the defendant may appeal the conviction or sentence. Appeals typically focus on legal errors, not reweighing facts. Post-conviction remedies like habeas corpus are also available in narrow circumstances.

Indima Yabashushisi

Abamangaleli banesikhundla esikhethekile nesinamandla esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Ngokungafani nabameli abavikelayo, abalwela kuphela amakhasimende abo, abashushisi bangabameli bobulungisa abanomsebenzi ophindiwe: ukuphoqelela umthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ulungile. Imithwalo yabo yemfanelo ihlanganisa:

  • ubufakazi obuqanjiwe[ bese kunqunywa ukuthi uletha amacala yini. Lesisinqumo kumelwe sisekelwe ekuthakazeleni okungokomthetho nasezithakazelweni zomphakathi, hhayi ekucwaseni komuntu siqu noma ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.
  • ukumelela uhulumeni kuzo zonke izikhalo zenkantolo, kusukela ekubekeni isigwebo kuya ekugwebeni.
  • Ukuchaza ubufakazi bokuziphendulela kukuzivikela ngaphansi komthetho . Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaholela ekushintsheni ukuqiniseka noma ukuqeqesheka kochwepheshe.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Isivumelwano sokunxusa [[[QUL:1]] — inqubo edinga ukuhlolisiswa kobufakazi, izidingo zezisulu, nokuphepha komphakathi.
  • Ukunikeza umphumela wobulungisa [ kunokumane ukholelwe. Ukungaphathi kahle kwecala − njengokugodlela ubufakazi noma ukusebenzisa ubufakazi bamanga − kuyigebe elikhulu elingokokuziphatha.

Abashushisi basebenza emazingeni ahlukene: uhulumeni (u-Attorney), isifundazwe (i-Dieformation Attorneys, i-County Athorneys), kanye nezindawo (abashushisi becala elincane). Ukuhlakanipha kwabo kukhulu, kodwa kungaphansi kokungamelelwa izinkantolo, ukuphatha kobuchwepheshe, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile kubekwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe noma umphakathi.

Imibono Yezokuzivikela

Abameli bavikelayo bafeza indima ebaluleke ngokufanayo, beqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ommangalelwa avikelwe kuyo yonke le nqubo. Imisebenzi yabo ihlanganisa:

  • [ Inikeza usizo oluphumelelayo lweseluleko [ njengoba kuqinisekisiwe yiSichibiyelo sesithupha. Lokhu kusho ukumelelwa okufanelekile, hhayi nje umzimba ofudumele.
  • Ukwembula ubufakazi bomshushisi ngezindlela zokuhamba ukuze ucindezele, uhlole, futhi ukhombe ubuthakathaka kuleyondaba.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Isikhongozo esikhombayo esithatha ipeni elithi nciphisa izijeziso uma kufanele, kuyilapho silondoloza ikhono lekhasimende lokuncintisana namacala uma kufunwa.
  • [[QULT:0] ukuvikela ekuzifakeni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvuma izono noma izimemezelo kungokokuzithandela futhi kutholakale ngemva [ Mira[ izixwayiso.
  • Ukulungiselela ukuqulwa kwecala ngokuhlola amaqiniso, ukuxoxa nofakazi, nangokubeka imfundiso yokuzivikela (umzk., ukuzivikela, ukuzimelela okunephutha, ukusangana).

Abamangalelwa abaqinile banelungelo lokumiswa kweseluleko .Njengoba umlweli womphakathi noma ummeli owabelwe ngasese. Amahhovisi okuvikela umphakathi avame ukuncishiswa futhi asebenze kakhulu, okungathinta izinga lokumelelwa. Icala lengqophamlando Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]) wamisa ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko kwabamangalelwa abanecala, kamuva elinwebelwe kwabathwele kabi abaphethwe yizisulu.

Ummeli ubophekile ukuba aqondise ikhasimende, kodwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho. Abakwazi ukukhipha isigwebo noma ukuchitha ubufakazi. Isimiso somthetho sixhomeke ekushiseni ngentshiseko nhlangothi zombili ukuze kuvezwe imiphumela elungile.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda ukuqulwa kwecala kobugebengu kungaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwezemfundo; kubalulekile ukuba umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi, afundele umthetho, futhi abophe inqubo engokomthetho nesimiso sokwahlulela. Inqubo yokuphenya ngokugwetshwa iklanyelwe ukusekela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo kuyilapho isiza umbuso ukuba uvimbele futhi ujezise ubugebengu. Isigaba ngasinye sineziphetho nezilinganiso zaso siqu (ukusukela ekubangeleni okulindelekile okudinga ukuboshwa nesiqinisekiso sokuthola indinga engaphezulu kwendlela enengqondo ekuqulweni, kanye nesivikelo seseluleko, ukuxabana, nokunxusa.

Kubafundisi, ukudiliza lezi zigaba kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde indlela izimiso ezingekho ngqiqweni ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni ezingokoqobo zezwe. Kubafundi, ukukwazi lokhu kwaziswa kunikeza isisekelo semisebenzi yomthetho, ukugcinwa komthetho, iziluleko, noma isimiso. Ezingeni lomphakathi eliqonda inqubo yokunqanda ukunqandwa komthetho kuhlonyiselwa kangcono ukusekela izinguquko zokwenza ushintsho. Ngokunjengokunciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga, ukuthuthukisa imikhuba yamaphoyisa, nokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela iseluleko esifanelekayo kubo bonke abantu.

Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu siqu kubucayi, futhi isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu asiphelele.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola i-Cornell Legal Information yenqubo yobugebengu [[[FLT:]], iBureau of Justice Statistics ibika [ ukubulawa nezinkantolo, kanye neNhlangano yaseMelika ye-Bar's indlela izinkantolo eziqondisa ngayo umsebenzi.