Ukumenyezelwa Kwezigebengu Nezigebengu

Izimiso zomthetho zamazwe amaningi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisekelwe emthethweni ovamile, zihlukaniswa zaba izinsika ezimbili eziyinhloko: ububusi bomphakathi nobuphathi bobugebengu. Nakuba zombili ziyisisekelo sokulondoloza ukuhleleka nobulungisa, zisebenza imisebenzi ehluke kakhulu futhi zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene, izinqubo, nezindinganiso zobufakazi. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwemithetho yesizwe neyobugebengu akubalulekile kodwa kochwepheshe bezezezezomthetho kuphela kodwa nakuzakhamuzi, abafundisi, nabafundi abafisa ukusebenzisa indawo engokomthetho ngokuphumelelayo. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okunganqamuki kwegunya ngalinye, ukuhlukanisa kwabo okuyinhloko, ukuhlukanisa kwabo, i-procedial reconformations, kanye nezicie threations.

Uma kuqhathaniswa, umthetho wesizwe usingatha izingxabano phakathi kwabantu abazimele − abantu abazimele, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano − lapho elinye iqembu lizisholo ukuthi lilinyazwe noma lilahlekelwe ngenxa yezenzo noma ukushiyeka komunye. Umthetho wesigebengu, ngokuphambene, uhilela amacala amelene nombuso noma umphakathi uwonke, lapho uhulumeni emangalela khona umuntu noma umuntu othile ngenxa yokuziphatha okubhekwa njengokuyingozi emphakathini. Lokhu kungafani okuyisisekelo kubumba yonke into kumaqembu ahilelekile kanye nomthwalo wobufakazi obukhona obungaveza imiphumela namacebo akhona.

Kuyini Ukulahlwa Kwecala Kwabantu Bonke?

Igunya lomphakathi lihlanganisa indikimba yomthetho elawula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, izinkampani, noma ezinye izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni. Injongo eyinhloko iwukunikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho lokuxazulula izingxabano, ukubuyisela amalungelo, nokuhlanganisa amaqembu afuna ukukhohliswa ngemali. Amacala omphakathi avame ukuhlanganisa ukukhokha imali, ukwenza okuthile, noma imiyalo (imithetho yenkantolo yokukwenza noma ukuyeka ukwenza okuthile).

Izibonelo zezehlakalo zomphakathi zihlanganisa ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, izikhalo zokulimala komuntu siqu (amathonsi), izingxabano zempahla, isehlukaniso nokuwinwa kwabantwana, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, nokuphambana kwempahla engokwengqondo. Ngakunye kwalezi zenzo, iqembu liletha icala − ummangalelwa ufuna ikhambi kummangalelwa, othi uye wonakalisa umsebenzi noma ilungelo elingokomthetho.

Umthwalo wobufakazi ezicabeni zomphakathi ngokuvamile uwukubheka phambili kobufakazi , okusho ukuthi ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba kungabi (kunamathuba angu-50%) ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephansi kunasezigebengwini, uveza iqiniso lokuthi isijeziso samakhaya sisetshenziswa kakhulu noma silingana nomqondo ofanayo wokuthunjwa.

Ukubusa komphakathi futhi kuphawulwa ngendima esebenzayo yamaqembu. U-acttiff uqala icala, ulawula icala, futhi angakhetha ukuhlala nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Abalweli bangazimelela (pro se) noma baqashe abameli bomuntu siqu. Umbuso (uhulumeni) awuyona inhlangano eqondile ngaphandle kwalapho uhulumeni ungummangalelwa (izindaba zokuzivikela kombuso).

Siyini Isigebengu Esimelene Necala?

Imithetho yokubusa kwecala enqatshelwe umthetho ngenxa yokuthi isongela ukuphepha komphakathi, inhlala - kahle, noma ukuhleleka kokuziphatha. Izwe, lisebenzisa umshushisi, liletha icala kumuntu noma enhlanganweni (ummangalelwa) emangalelwe ngokwenza ubugebengu. Injongo ayikona ukukhokhela isisulu esithile (kungase kufunwe isijeziso) kodwa ukujezisa owonile, ukuvimbela ukuziphatha kobugebengu kwesikhathi esizayo, nokubuyisela isimangalo uma kungenzeka.

Ubugebengu buhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: amaphutha (ngaphandle kwecala elingathi sína, ngokwesibonelo, ukweba izinto ezincane, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile) kanye namahlazo (amacala amakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga ngezikhali). Amanye amazwe ahlukanisa futhi iziphambeko noma ukwephulwa kwemithetho (isib., amathikithi ezimoto), ngokuvamile aphathwa ngaphandle kwenqubo yobugebengu engokwesiko.

Ezinkantolo zobugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi ungowokuqala owaziwayo emthethweni: ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [. Lokhu kusho ukuquliswa kwecala kumele kufakazele zonke izici zobugebengu ngokwezinga lokuba kungabikho muntu onengqondo ongasola icala lommangalelwa. Lendinganiso ephakeme ivikela abangenacala ekukholweni okungalungile futhi ibonise imiphumela enzima yenkululeko, ukuhlazeka, nokulahlekelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.

Abalweli ezinkantolo zobugebengu banesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esikhulu, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi elisheshayo, ilungelo lokwelulekwa (omisiwe uma eqanjwe ukuba azimele), ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, kanye nesivikelo ekuziphindiseleni (ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu eU.S.). Lezizivikelo aziqinile kakhulu ezindabeni zomphakathi.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwezigebengu Nezigebengu

Nakuba zombili lezi zingxenye zomthetho zisebenza esimisweni esisodwa sasenkantolo, ukungefani kwazo kukhulu.

Isimo Secala Nezidili Kuhilelekile

.I-CIILI: Impikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele (awuwodwa ama-paintff vs. ummangalelwa). Uhulumeni ngokuvamile akayona ingxenye ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni umangalele noma uphendulwe (umz., i-tort ephika ukuthi inxusela i-authoration).
[FLT]] [FLT]] Uhulumeni (isigqeba, uhulumeni, noma indawo) umangalela ummangalelwa wokwephula umthetho wobugebengu. Isisulu asilona iqembu; bangase sibe ufakazi noma i-partumthe traintion.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi

: Ukuzindla ngobufakazi (cishe kungabi njalo). Kwezinye izimo, njengokukhwabanisa, indinganiso kungaba "ubufakazi obucacile nobukholisayo," obuphakathi.
[FLT]] : .[FLT]] .

Imiphumela Nezikhokhelo Ezingase Zivele

I-CIILI: Imali echithwayo (inhlawulo, indinganiso, igamana) noma ukukhululeka okulinganayo (injformations, inqubo ethile). Akukho ukuboshwa.
] Ukuphatha: Ukulungisa, ukuhlawulisa, ukulinganisela, inkonzo yomphakathi, ukubuyisela izisulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi isigwebo sokufa. Icala lobugebengu lingaphumela futhi ekulahlekelweni amalungelo okuvota, amalayisensi, nezinye iziphene zomphakathi.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

I-CIIIL:[ Akukho siqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo sokukhulula ukumelelwa ngokomthetho uma umsizi engakwazi ukukuthenga (ngaphandle kwezinye izimo njengokuqedwa kwamalungelo omzali).
] Icala:[ ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, futhi izinkantolo kumelwe zimise ummeli wamalungelo abamangalelwa ababhekene nesigwebo.

Ukufakwa Kwentuthuko

.ICIIL:[ Inkantolo ayikwazi ukuqulisa icala lomphakathi ngokwayo.
'Criminal:[[ Uhulumeni (umshushisi) ufaka amafayela emafayilini ngemva kokuphenya kwamaphoyisa futhi kaningi ngemva kokubekwa icala kwejaji elikhulu noma ukuqulwa kohlulwa kohlulwa kohluzo. Inkantolo ifuna ukulahla amacala.

Izinga Lesinqumo SikaJury

[[FLT: 0] Isinqumo: I Jury ayidingi ukuvumelana ngaphandle kwezinye izikhundla zezindlela ezithile zecala. Icala lezakhamuzi linqunywa amajaji kuphela (icala lecala).
] Umthetho:[[FLT:] emacaleni angathi sína kakhulu, izinqumo zejaji kumelwe zivumelane kuyi-U.S. (nabanye bathi zivumela abangathathiwe izinqumo zecala eliphansi). UmSlahlwe unelungelo lokuqungamela icala lomthetho ongathi sína.

Isivikelo Esikabili Sobuhlungu

ICIIL: Asebenza. Umuntu angamangalelwa ngokwesizwe futhi amangalelwe ngokungemthetho ngesenzo esifanayo (umz., O.J. Simpson wakhululwa ngecala kodwa watholakala enecala enkantolo yomphakathi).
] Ubugebengu:[[ [[FLT]]] ISiphendulo sesihlanu sivimbela izingozi eziphindwe kabili", ukuzama kabili icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunywa ngemva kokulahlwa (kungathi kuyenzeka ngephutha noma ukudluliswa kwesivikelo).

Ukuwa Nokungezwani Phakathi Komthetho Wezakhamuzi Nowesigebengu

Nakuba imibuso yomphakathi neyobugebengu ihlukile, ngokuvamile isebenzelana. Isenzo esisodwa esingalungile singabangela kokubili ukuquliswa kwecala lobugebengu kanye nokumangalelwa komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umshayeli odakiwe obulala othile angase abhekane namacala obugebengu (umbulali) futhi amangalelwe umkhaya (ukubulala ngokungemthetho). Icala lobugebengu ligxila ekujeziseni nasekunqandeni; icala lomphakathi lifuna ukukhokhelwa umkhaya.

Ngokufanayo, ukuphamba, ukuhlasela, ukweba, nokuphulwa kwendawo ezungezile kungaveza izenzakalo ezifanayo. Imiphumela ingahluka ngoba ubufakazi obudingekayo ukuze kuwinwe icala lomphakathi buphansi kunalowo odingekayo ukuze kubekwe icala lobugebengu. Ummangalelwa angase atholakale engenacala enkantolo yobugebengu kodwa aphinde abekwe icala enkantolo yomphakathi, njengoba kwakunjalo ecaleni lokubulawa ngokungafanele kwecala leO.J.

Uma ummangalelwa ethola icala lokukhwabanisa, isigwebo singase sifakwe esuthwini likahulumeni elilandelayo ukuze kutholakale icala, nakuba umthwalo uhlala kumphathi wecala ukuze kutholakale umonakalo.

Inqubo Yezesayensi: Izinhlangano zomphakathi.

Zombili lezi zinqubo zilandela izinqubo ezihleliwe, kodwa izinyathelo nezindawo ezithatha isikhathi zihluka kakhulu.

Ukubukeza Kwamaprojekthi Angaphakathi

Inqubo yomphakathi ngokuvamile iqala ngecala elidluliswa ummangalelwa. Khona - ke ummangalelwa uphendula ngempendulo noma ngokunyakazisa ukuxoshwa. Ukufica kwalandela, lapho bobabili abachaphazeli befaka khona izincwadi, ukuthatha iziphakamiso, nokuphenya. Ukutholwa kwamacala omphakathi kungaba kukhulu futhi kuncishiswe kakhulu. Icala lomphakathi lihlala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala (hhala) phakathi nemihlangano. Uma kungekho sivumelwano esifinyelelwayo, ibhentshi noma icala lejaji liyenzeka. Ijaji noma ijaji elinquma ukuthi linecala nesijeziso. Izikhalo zingenzeka, kodwa zilinganiselwe emaphutheni omthetho.

Inqubo yomphakathi ilawulwa yimithetho enjenge-Federal Umthetho we-Civil Procedare (ezinkantolo zikahulumeni wase-U.S.) noma evumelana nemithetho efana nayo. Lemithetho igcizelela ukusebenza kahle nezindleko. Ukusetshenziswa kabi kokuthola izinto akunzima kakhulu kunasezinkantolo zobugebengu.

Ukubukeza Kwezenzo Zobugebengu

Inqubo yobugebengu ilawulwa kakhulu ukuze ivikele amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo abamangalelwa. Lenqubo iqala ngokuhlola (search jugion, qhama). Ngemva kokuboshwa, ummangalelwa ulethwa phambi komahluleli ukuze avele. Icala lokuqala noma ijaji elikhulu linquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kube nesizathu sokuqhubeka. Ummangalelwa ugunyaziwe ugunyaziwe futhi angene esikhongozweni. I-Pleasencencel ivamile `area procements percents' (engaphezulu kwe-90% yecala eligcina ngokudluliswa kwecala kunokuba liqulwe icala. Uma icala liququze icala, ummangalelwa kumelwe anikeze ubufakazi obungabazeki. Ummangalelwa angase akhethe ukunikeza ubufakazi noma ahlale buthule. Uma isigwebo, isigwebo singase sihlanganise umbiko othunyelwe ngaphambi kokuba avume neziphakaniso. UmShunyusi unecala waso sokunxenxela.

Inqubo yobugebengu ingokomthetho futhi ivikela amalungelo abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, ubufakazi obutholakala ngokufuna okungekho emthethweni bungavinjelwa ngaphansi komthetho oweqalwe, kuyilapho ubufakazi obunjalo bungase bungagwegwesiwe endabeni yomphakathi. Imithetho yobufakazi (isib., inzwabethi) isetshenziswa ngokuqine ngokwengeziwe ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu.

Izindinganiso Zobufakazi Ezijulile

Indinganiso yobufakazi ingenye yezici ezigxeka kakhulu. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa udinga ukuqinisekisa umthathi-cala ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu kunokuba ummangalelwa afanelwe yicala. Lokhu kuyibhaka eliphansi: uma ubufakazi bulinganiswe kahle, ummangalelwa uyaphumelela. Ngokwezwi elingokoqobo, lokhu kusho ukuthi ummangalelwa angawina ngisho noma ijaji lingu-51% kuphela.

Uma kuvela ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala, inkantolo kumelwe ikhiphe isigwebo esinengqondo. Lokhu akusho ukuqiniseka okuphelele, kodwa kunalokho kusho ukuqiniseka ngokokuziphatha ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala. Uma kungenzeka ukuthi ummangalelwa angase abe msulwa, abahluleli kumelwe bakhiphe icala.

Kukhona futhi indinganiso ephakathi nendawo [1] icwebezela nobufakazi obukholisayo − esetshenziswe kwezinye izindaba zomphakathi njengokukhwabanisa, ithonya elingafanele, noma ukuqedwa kwamalungelo omzali. Lendinganiso idinga ubufakazi obuphawuleka kakhulu kunanoma akunjalo, cishe cishe ngo 75-80% ukuqiniseka.

Ukuqonda lezi zindinganiso kubalulekile ekusebenziseni inqubo engokomthetho. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa angase afune ukukhokha izaba ezibuthakathaka ngenxa yokuthi umthwalo uphansi.

Indima Yamabhungu Emacaleni Omphakathi Nawezigebengu

I Juries ifeza indima ebalulekile kuzo zombili izifunda, kodwa ukuqanjwa kwazo nemisebenzi kuyahluka. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, ummangalelwa unelungelo elingokomthetho lokuqulwa icala nganoma iliphi icala elithatha ukuboshwa izinyanga eziyisithupha (e-U.S.). Ijaji linquma icala; umahluleli ukhipha isigwebo. Izigebengu ngokuvamile kumelwe zivumelane nesigwebo, futhi noma iliphi iqhinga elinengqondo lingaphumela ekubeni lifakelwe ijaji (inkantolo).

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala labahluleli likhona ngenxa yezinkulumo ezithile (isinye, isiHluzi seSembethi ezinkantolo zecala lengozi lase-U.S.), kodwa amacala amaningi angokomthetho anqunywa abahluleli. Ngisho nalapho kuvela ijaji, isango lesinqumo lingase lingadingeki ukuba lingabekeki imingcele; amazwe amaningi avumela izinqumo zomphakathi ngecala lomphakathi elingu-5/6 noma 3 noma 3/4. Ijaji elisenkantolo linquma kokubili ukubekelwa icala nesijeziso (ngaphandle kokuba uma ijaji ligumbuqe noma lilungise isigwebo).

Inqubo yokukhetha ihlukile futhi. Ezicaleni zobugebengu, ukushushisa nokuzivikela kubangela ubandlululo olunamandla kakhulu ukuze kuvulwe. Abangahluleli bangabangabaza kakhulu ngesimo sengqondo ngobugebengu, ukugcinwa komthetho, kanye nokukholelwa ukuthi umsulwa.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zochwepheshe Nezakhamuzi Ezingokomthetho

Kubameli, ukuqonda uhlobo olubili lomthetho kubalulekile lapho beluleka abathengi. Ibhizinisi eliphamba ikhasimende lingase libhekane namacala obugebengu (ukuququlwa kwesivumelwano, ukucetshiswa ngokungafanele). Ummeli kumelwe axhumanise amasu kuzo zombili iziqu, ephawula ukuthi lawomazwi ashiwo ecaleni lomphakathi angasetshenziswa ecaleni lobugebengu (ngokusekelwe ezicini zezesiphendu sesihlanu).

Kubantu ngabanye, ukuqaphela umehluko kuyasiza ezimweni zansuku zonke. Uma uhileleke engozini yemoto, ungase umangalelwe ngokwesiko ngenxa yengozi, kodwa ngeke ubhekane namacala obugebengu ngaphandle kokuba ushayela ngethonya noma ngokunganaki. Uma umangalelwa ngobugebengu, imithombo emikhulu kahulumeni ibekwe phambi kwakho, futhi unelungelo lokuthula nokuba nommeli phakathi nokuphenywa.

Amabhizinisi kumelwe futhi acabangele ukuthi ukwephulwa komthetho (isib., OSHA noma umthetho wendawo ezungezile) kungaholela kukho kokubili izinkokhiso zomphakathi (izijeziso zokuqondisa) nokuquliswa icala uma lokho kwephulwa komthetho kwakulimaza ngamabomu noma kubangele umonakalo.

Isiphetho

Umehluko phakathi kwemithetho yomphakathi neyobugebengu usekelwe ekwakheni umthetho. Umthetho wombango unikeza indlela yokuxazulula impikiswano yangasese nembuyiselo, kanti umthetho wobugebengu usekela ukuhleleka komphakathi futhi ujezisa ukuziphatha okungalungile. Izinqubo zabo ezihlukene, imithwalo yobufakazi, nesivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa busebenza ngokungafani kuye ngesimo sokulimala. Ngokuqonda lokhu kungafani, abafundi, othisha, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nezakhamuzi zingaqonda kangcono ukunkinga kwesimiso somthetho futhi zenze izinqumo ezingokolwazi ekuphileni kwazo siqu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, imithombo yokucwaninga enjenge Cornell Legin Information ye-'FLT's' ye-', U.S. i-Courts yezobugebengu[, kanye nokuqhathaniswa [[[FLT]]] i-civil v. umthetho wobugebengu ovela eBritannica. Lemithombo inikeza ukujula okwengeziwe nomongo onegunya.