Umnyango wezempilo wendawo yakini ungenye yezinsika ezibaluleke kakhulu kodwa ezivame ukunganakwa kakhulu zenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Uma izibhedlela namahhovisi odokotela begxile ekwelapheni ukugula komuntu ngamunye, lezi zikhungo zisebenza ekusithekeni ukuze zivikele izifo, zithuthukise ukuziphatha okunempilo, futhi zivikele bonke abantu ezingozini zendawo ezungezile nasesimweni esiphuthumayo. Ukuqonda lokho umnyango wezempilo osendaweni yakini okwenzayo kungakusiza ukuba wenze izinkonzo zawo ziphumelele, uhlale wazile ngezinkinga zempilo zomphakathi, futhi usize ngisho nasekwena nemiphumela engcono yempilo yomphakathi.

Uyini UMnyango Wempilo Wendawo?

Umnyango wezempilo wendawo uyinxusa likahulumeni elisebenza esifundeni, edolobheni, noma emadolobheni amaningi ngokuthunywa kokuvikela nokuthuthukisa impilo yomphakathi ngokwegunya layo. E-United States, kuneminyango yezempilo ecishe ibe ngu-3 000 yendawo, ngamunye usiza abantu abasukela emadolobheni amancane asemaphandleni kuya ezindaweni ezinkulu. Imithwalo yabo yemfanelo mikhulu, ihlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekuhloleni izitolo zokudlela kuya ekuqhubeni imitholampilo yokugoma kuya ekulandeleni ukugqashuka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo.

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo iyiphuzu lokuqala lokuxhumana ezinkonzweni zezempilo zomphakathi. Isebenza ngokubambisana neminyango yezempilo kahulumeni, izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinjenge- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Nakuba izinkonzo ezizodwa zihlukahluka ngokwendawo, yonke iminyango yezempilo yendawo iqondiswa yimisebenzi eyisisekelo eyakha umsuka wendlela yokwelapha yomphakathi.

Imisebenzi ye-Core yoMnyango Wempilo Wasendaweni

Umsebenzi womnyango wezempilo wendawo ungahlanganiswa ube yizici eziningana eziyisisekelo. Lemisebenzi eyisisekelo iqinisekisa ukuthi le nhlangano isingatha izidingo zezempilo eziphuthuma kakhulu zomphakathi wayo kuyilapho ilungiselela izinselele zesikhathi esizayo.

  1. [[Umthetho:0] Imfundo ephambili nokuthuthukisa [[Umthetho:1]
  2. [[UMTL:0] Izinkonzo zokuguqula [
  3. [[UMTH:0] Ukulungiselela nokusabela [[Umthetho: 1]
  4. [[UMTL:0] Impilo engathi sína[
  5. [[UMTHWEBO:0] Iqoqo kanye nokuhlaziywa [[Umthetho:1]
  6. [ Intuthuko yePolity kanye nokungafundi

Ngazinye zalezi zindawo zibaluleke ngokufanayo futhi zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe isimiso sempilo somphakathi esibanzi.

Imfundo Yempilo Nokuthuthukisa

Imfundo yempilo iphathelene nokunika abantu amandla ngolwazi namakhono abadingayo ukuze benze izinqumo zolwazi ngenhlalakahle yabo. Iminyango yezempilo yendawo iqala futhi isakaza izinhlobonhlobo zemfundo, kusukela ku-injini ekugezeni ngesandla kuya kumqondisi ogcwele wokulawula izimo ezingamahlalakhona. Isebenzisa nezinhlelo zomphakathi ezihlasela imiphakathi eqondile, njengabazali, asebekhulile, nabezingeni eliphansi.

Izinhlelo zokuthola i-community systems iyingxenye eyinhloko yemfundo yezempilo. Lezi zingahlanganisa izindawo zokufaka ukudla ezifundisa imikhaya indlela yokulungiselela ukudla okunempilo ehleliwe, amakilasi okubhema anikeza kokubili ukwelashwa kokwelapha okunenzuzo kanye nokubuyisela i-nicotine, nemikhankaso yezempilo enciphisa ihlazo futhi ixhumanise abantu nemithombo yemali. Iminyango eminingi futhi isebenzisana nezikole ukuze inikezele isikole sobudala, izihloko ezifana nokuthomba, ukuvimbela kokusetshenziswa kwemishoshoshoshosholo, nokushayela ngokuphepha.

Ukuxhumana ngemishini sekubaluleke kakhulu. Iminyango yezempilo yendawo manje isebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana, amaphephandaba e-imeyili, kanye namawebhusayithi ukuze izwane nokwaziswa okufike ngesikhathi ngenkathi yomkhuhlane, izifo ezibangelwa omiyane, kanye nokushintshwa kwemijovo.

Izisekelo zokuvimbela

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo inikeza izinkonzo eziningi zokuvimbela eziklanyelwe ukuhlasela izinkinga zempilo ngokushesha noma ukuzivimbela ngaphambi kokuba ziqale.

Izinhlelo zokugoma cishe ziyinkonzo eqashelwa kakhulu yokuvimbela. Iminyango yezempilo iphethe imitholampilo yomphakathi yokugoma yezingane, abantu abadala, nasebekhulile, iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uyakwazi ukugoma kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumshuwalense unjani. Balandela izimiso ezituswa yiCDC ne-Advisory Committee on Immunization Practics (ACIP). Phakathi naleyo nkathi yokuqubuka, njengesimungunda noma i-petustesis, iminyango ingamisa izindawo zokugoma ngengozi futhi ifundise umphakathi ngokubaluleka kokuzivikela komhlambi.

Izinkonzo zokuhlola zisiza ekutholeni izimo ezinjengomfutho wegazi ophezulu, isifo sikashukela, kanye nomdlavuza othile ngaphambi kokuba kuvele izimpawu. Iminyango eminingi yezempilo yendawo inikeza ukuhlolwa kwamahhala noma okungabizi kakhulu kwe-cholesterol, u-glucose, nomfutho wegazi. Ihlanganisa nokuhlola umdlavuza, kuhlanganise nama-mammogram, ama-Pap squares, nama-colonoscopies, ngokuvamile asebenzisana nemithola-maki ye-maki noma izikhungo zezempilo zomphakathi ukuze afinyelele emiphakathini egciniwe.

Ezinye izinkonzo zokuvikela zihlanganisa ukuhambela abantwana abahle, ukunakekela kwangaphambi kokubeletha, nokweluleka kokudla komama nezinsana. Eminye iminyango iphatha izinhlelo ezinjenge WiC (Abesifazane, Izinsana, nezingane), okunikeza ukudla okwengeziwe nemfundo yempilo emikhayeni efanelekayo.

Ukulungiselelwa Okuphuthumayo Nokusabela

Uma kugadla inhlekelele, iminyango yezempilo yendawo isendaweni engaphambili. Isungula amasu aphelele okusabela okuphuthumayo ahambisana nezibhedlela, abathathi-mphikiswano, nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lamacebo ahlanganisa izenzakalo eziningi, kuhlanganise nezinhlekelele zemvelo ezinjengeziphepho nokuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqubuka kwezifo njengesifo se - COVID-19 noma umkhuhlane, kanye nezenzakalo zobuphekula.

Ukusabela ngokushelelayo amasu wempendulo kuhlanganisa iziphakamiso ezilandelwayo ze:

  • Ngokushesha sisakaza izinto zokwelapha nemijovo
  • Ukumisa ezinye izindawo zokunakekela lapho izibhedlela zigcwele
  • Ukudlulisela ukwaziswa okucacile nokunembile emphakathini
  • Ukuqeqesha izisebenzi zokwelapha nezisebenzi zokuzithandela
  • Ukuvivinya umzimba ukuze ubone ukuthi ukulungele yini

Phakathi nenhlekelele, iminyango yezempilo ishukumisa isikhungo sayo esiphuthumayo futhi isebenze ubusuku nemini ukuze ihlole isimo, ikwazi ukuphatha, futhi inikeze isiqondiso emphakathini. Ibuye ilandele ukusakazeka kwezifo, ixhumanise ukuhlola nokuxhumana, futhi iqinisekise ukuthi abantu abangavikelekile bathola ukusekelwa okudingekile.

Impilo Endaweni Ezungezile

Indawo ezungezile inendima enkulu kwezempilo, futhi iminyango yezempilo yendawo inomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlola nokuqondisa izici ezingenza abantu bagule.

Ukuhlola ukudla kuyingxenye evamile yomsebenzi wezempilo yendawo ezungezile. Abahlanzi bahlola izindawo zokudlela, amaloli okudla, izitolo, izitolo zesitolo, nezindawo zokudlela ezidayiswayo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi bayavumelana nemithetho yempilo ephathelene nokugcinwa kokudla, ukulungiselela, nokuphatha. Uma isifo esibangelwa ukudla sivela — kungaba kusukela kuSalmonella embonini yezentengiselwano noma esitolo sokudla — umnyango wezempilo uhlola umthombo, usebenza ngezimiso zempilo zokulungisa inkinga, futhi uvimbela umphakathi.

[[NT.0] Ukuhlola okusesilinganisweni kungomunye umthwalo obalulekile. Iminyango yezempilo ihlola izimiso zamanzi okuphuza komphakathi, imithombo yamuntu siqu, namanzi okuzijabulisa anjengamachibi namabhishi angcolisayo anjengamabhaktheriya, umthofu, namakhemikhali angcolisayo. Ifaka isilinganiso esiphephile samanzi ngaphansi kwe-Gaved Meter Act futhi ikhipha izihlungu uma ukungcola kutholakala. Ilawula futhi izimiso zokungalawuleki nokulahla indle ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcola kwamanzi asemhlabeni.

Ezinye izinkonzo zempilo yendawo ezungezile zihlanganisa ukuhlola amadamu okubhukuda ne - spas ukuze kuphephelwe futhi kukhuculwe indle, ukugada izinga lomoya wasendlini ezakhiweni zomphakathi, ukusabela ekucindezelweni kwemicikilisho eyingozi nokulawula ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu eyingozi.

Ukuqoqwa Kwemininingwane Nokuhlaziywa

Ngaphandle kokwaziswa, impilo yomphakathi ingaba ingenangqondo. Iminyango yezempilo yendawo iqoqa futhi ihlaziye ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezifo, ukuziphatha kwempilo, ukuchayeka kwendawo ezungezile, nokukwazi ukunakekelwa kwempilo.

Iziphetho zeHealth kanye nemibiko[ zingamathuluzi ayinhloko okuqoqa ukwaziswa. Izezomnyango ezihlola impilo yomphakathi njalo eminyakeni embalwa, ngokuvamile ebuhlotsheni nezibhedlela nabanye abafaka izimali. Lokhu kuhlola kuveza izinkinga zempilo ezicindezela kakhulu, njengenani eliphakeme lokukhuluphala noma ukuncitshiswa kwemali, futhi kusiza ekuhleleni imithombo yemali ngokuphumelelayo.

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo ibika futhi izifo eziboniswayo ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, ezibe sezithumela ukwaziswa kuyi CDC. Lesimiso sokuhlola sivumela izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi ukuba zilandele izimo eziguquguqukayo, zibone izinsongo eziqhamukayo, futhi zihlole ukuphumelela kokungenela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokugula okufana nomkhuhlane kusiza ukubikezela inkathi yomkhuhlane nokutusa kokugoma okuqondisa.

Imibiko etholakalayo yomphakathi, njengemibiko yaminyaka yonke ngezifo ezithathelwana ngobulili noma ukusakazeka kwezifo ezingapheli, isiza amalungu omphakathi nabenzi bezimiso ukuba baqonde i-speeds zempilo yendawo. Iminyango eminingi manje inikeza amabhodi ahambisanayo emawebhusayithi ayo lapho izakhamuzi zingahlola khona ukwaziswa ngezihloko ezifana nemiphumela yokuzalwa, ukulala esifweni sesifuba somoya, kanye nezinga le-COVIID.

Izinkonzo Ezengeziwe Ezinikezwa Imithombo Yempilo Yendawo

Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi eyisisekelo, iminyango eminingi yezempilo yendawo inikeza izinkonzo ezikhethekile ezifanelana nemiphakathi yayo.

  • [ Izinhlelo zezempilo zabantwana kanye nezokunakekela : ukuvakashela ekhaya omama abasha, ukuncelisa ibele, amakilasi okukhulisa, nokuhlolwa kokukhula kwezinsana nezicabucanu.
  • [[NTL:0] Imitholampilo engokwezentengiselwano ne-STD : ukuhlola nokunyanga okuyimfihlo kwezifo ezithathelwana ngobulili, ukuhlola iHIV, PREP (i-pre-preprophylaxis), nezinkonzo zokweluleka ekuhleleni umkhaya.
  • I-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i--'isebenzisa izinkonzo zokuphazamiseka' [: Izinhlelo ezidinga ukushintshana kwe-naloxona, ama-parea asebenzisa imithi, ama-parea asiza asizayo, nemfundo yomphakathi ngokuvimbela ukuphuza ngokweqile.
  • Ukulawula isifo seChronic [: amakilasi okuzilawula kwesifo sikashukela, izinhlelo zokulawula umfutho wegazi, kanye nokusekela amaqembu ezimo ezinjengesifo senhliziyo nesifuba somoya.
  • [ Izinkonzo zezempilo zesikole: ukubona nokusesha ukuzwa, izinhlelo zokuqinisa amazinyo, nokubambisana nabahlengikazi besikole ekuthobeleni ukugoma kanye nokuphatha izifo ezithathelwanayo.

Ukuxhasa Nokuhlelwa Kweminyango Yezempilo Yendawo

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo ixhaswe ngenhlanganisela yezindawo, isifundazwe, nemithombo yendawo. Isimiso sezimali eziqondile siyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezizweni eziningi, iminyango yezempilo yendawo ithembele kakhulu ezintelani zempahla nakwemali yezifunda. I-Federal inikeza ngezinhlangano ezinjenge CDC neResources ne-Administration (HRSA) ukusekela okwengeziwe izinhlelo ezithile ezinjengokugoma, ukulungiselela isimo esiphuthumayo, nempilo yabantwana.

Ngokwe- i-National Association of County and City Health Actigionals (NACKO), ukuxhasa imali yeminyango yezempilo yendawo kuye kwabhekana nezinselele ezinkulu phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule. Ukugawulwa kwemali, ukwehla kwamandla emali, nokufunwa okukhula kwamandla kuye kwaphoqelela iminyango eminingi ukuba inciphise izisebenzi, ilinganisele izinkonzo zasekhaya, noma ithembele kakhulu ezinikezwayo ezingase zingabi khona. Ukuqonda le migoqo kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ezinye izinkonzo zingaba namahora alinganiselwe noma zilinde izikhathi.

Ngokwesakhiwo, iminyango yezempilo yendawo ingahlelwa ngezindlela ezihlukene. Eminye iyingxenye kahulumeni wesifundazwe, eminye iyizinhlangano ezizimele, futhi kwezinye izindawo, izibalo eziningi zihlanganyela isifunda esisodwa sezempilo. Ibhodi ebusayo, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi ibhodi lempilo, ingahlanganisa izikhulu ezikhethiwe, ochwepheshe bezokwelapha, nabameleli bomphakathi abamisa izinqubo nongamele umsebenzi womnyango.

Izinselele Imithombo Yempilo Yendawo Ebhekene Nazo

Naphezu kwendima yayo ebucayi, iminyango yezempilo yendawo ibhekana nezinselele eziningana eziqhubekayo ezithinta ikhono layo lokukhonza imiphakathi ngokuphumelelayo.

  • Ukungantengi okunyakazisayo: Iminyango eminingi isebenza ngezimali eziqinile futhi isengozini yokunqamuka phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho. Umqedazwe weCOVID-19 waqokomisa indlela iminyaka yokuncishiswa kwemali eyaye yaphazamisa ngayo isakhiwo sempilo somphakathi.
  • Ukuswelakala kwamandla omsebenzi : Umhlala-phantsi phakathi kochwepheshe bezempilo zomphakathi abangomakadebona, uhlangene namaholo aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa namakhasi omuntu, kuye kwadala izinkinga zokujoyina nokuzigcina. Iminyango eminingi izama ukugcwalisa izikhundla ze-epidemiology, umhlengikazi, kanye nezikhundla zezokusebenza kwendawo ezungezile.
  • Ukucindezela komphakathi nomphakathi [[FLT: 1]: Izinqumo zempilo yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo, zingaba ezithathelwanayo. Iminyango yezempilo ingabhekana nokuzifihla ngokumelene nemithetho yokufihla imbonakalo, izimfuneko zokugoma, noma ukuvala isikole, okwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa izinyathelo ezisekelwe kubufakazi.
  • [[QUT:0] Ukungalingani kohlobo lwezimo : izinto ezivimbela impilo engokwenhlalo — njengobumpofu, ukuntuleka kwezokuhamba, nokungatholakali kokudla okunomsoco okulinganiselwe — kudala ukungalingani okuqhubekayo. Iminyango yezempilo yendawo kumelwe ixazulule lezimbangela lapho isebenza ngaphansi kweziphakamiso zayo.
  • usongo olujikelezayo: izifo ezintsha nezithathelwanayo eziphinde zanda, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungathi ukushisa okukhulu nemlilo, futhi umqedazwe weopioid ulokhu ubekela inselele amandla eminyango yezempilo yendawo ukuba ivumelane nezimo.

Indlela Yokuthola Nokuhlanganyela NoMnyango Wempilo Wakini

Nazi izinyathelo eziwusizo zokusebenzisa izinkonzo zabo nokusiza ekuthuthukiseni impilo yomphakathi.

  1. Ivakashela ingosi yayo esemthethweni: Iminyango eminingi yezempilo yendawo igcina ingosi enemininingwane efika phambili ngezinkonzo, amahora omthola-lwazi, izenzakalo ezizayo, izivulo zomsebenzi, kanye nokwaziswa kwezempilo yomphakathi. Bheka izingxenye ezimayelana nokugoma, imibiko yokuphepha kokudla, nezinhlelo zomphakathi.
  2. Bathintana ngokuqondile[: Uma unombuzo oqondile — njengokuthola ukuhlolwa kwe-COVID-19 noma ukubhala indlela yokukhala ngesitolo sokudlela — ucingo noma i-imeyili emnyangweni. Abaningi banikeze imigqa yocingo yempilo yendawo ezungezile, ukubika izifo, kanye nemibuzo yabathengi.
  3. Ihlanganise isenzakalo sempilo elungile noma somphakathi : Iminyango yezempilo ivame ukumema noma ukuhlanganyela embukisweni wempilo yendawo, ehamba ngesivinini sokugoma, nasezindaweni zokufundisa. Lezizenzakalo ziyindlela enkulu yokuthola izivivinyo zenkululeko, ukubuza imibuzo, nokuxhumana nezisebenzi zezempilo zomphakathi.
  4. faka umsebenzi noma isisebenzi sokuzithandela: Uma unesithakazelo emsebenzini empilweni yomphakathi, iminyango yezempilo yendawo inikeza amathuba abahlengikazi, othisha bezempilo, izazi zokugoma, nezisebenzi zokuphatha. Izikhundla zokuzithandela, njengokusiza emitholampilo yokugoma noma ukusiza ekuphumeni komphakathi, nazo ziyatholakala.
  5. Iproject direct: Iminyango eminingi yezempilo ihlola impilo yomphakathi. Ukwaziswa kwakho kungasiza ekulolongeni izinto eziza kuqala futhi kuthuthukise izinkonzo. Ukuba khona emihlanganweni yezempilo noma ukunikeza izimpendulo kuyi-inthanethi ukuze izwi lakho lizwe.

Isiphetho

Inhlangano enamandla esebenza nsuku zonke ukuze kuvinjelwe izifo, kuvikelwe indawo ezungezile, kulungiselelwe izimo eziphuthumayo, futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuphila okunempilo emphakathini wakini. Ngokuqonda imisebenzi yayo nokusekela umsebenzi wayo, ungathuthukisa hhayi impilo yakho kuphela kodwa nempilo yakho siqu. Ungazi ukuthi ungazi, sebenzisa izinkonzo ezikhona, futhi ucabange ukuhileleka — ngoba isimiso sempilo somphakathi esiqinile sizuzisa sonke.