IBill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngoDecember 15, 1791, ingenye yezincwadi ezaziswa kakhulu neziphikiswana kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Ukuhlanganisa izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kumthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, yamisa isihlangu esingokomthetho senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye esemandleni kahulumeni kahulumeni. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu- 230, lezi zinguquko ziye zaguqula inqubo engokomthetho yesizwe, zathonya izinhlangano zezenhlalo, futhi zasebenza njengophawu lwembulunga yonke lwenkululeko. Ukuqonda iBhili Lamalungelo akudingenzeki nje kuphela ukuba incazelo yemvelaphi yalo engokomlando kodwa futhi nokwazisa indlela amalungiselelo ayo aye achazwa ngayo, anwetshwa ngayo, futhi aphikiswa izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Lesihloko sihlola ithonya eligcwele lenhlangano yezenhlalo, izimpande zayo, izihlupho eziyinhloko, izibopho ezingokomthetho zezembubhikishi, izikhulu zanamuhla, nezinga lokuzi.

Umlando: Ukulwela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

UMthetho-sisekelo, owabuthelwa ngo-1787, wakha uhulumeni onamandla kunawo wonke i-Theats of Confederation. Nokho, amaMelika amaningi ayesaba ukuthi leligunya elisha likahulumeni lingawanyathela phansi amalungelo ayewalwele ukuwavikela phakathi neNguquko. Impikiswano yokuthi imvume yamalungelo yayidingeka yini cishe inciphekile. Umphumela waba ukuhlehlela emuva kwezombangazwe okwabangela izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi.

Impikiswano yokulwa no-Federalist v. Ukuphikisana no-Fedalist

Phakathi nemihlangano yokuhlambulula yekhulu lama-1787-1788, kwavela amakamu amabili ahlukene. abalandeli be-FLT , abaholwa ngu-Alexander Hamilton noJames Madison], baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo ulinganiselwe amandla kahulumeni ngokuhlelwa kwemibuso futhi wonezela irekhodi lamalungelo kwakungadingekile, futhi ngisho nayingozi, njengoba ukudweba amanye amalungelo kungase kusho ukuthi amalungelo angalinganiseki. Anti-FREDAlist [[[, kuhlanganise noGregg Henry noGeorge Mason, kwagcizelela ukuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile, uhulumeni ngokungenakugwenywa, ungenelwa kwenkululeko enjalo, inkolo, ukuvikelwa kwezelelwa kwezelelwa, nokuvikelwa kwe-ava.

  • Abaqondisi bamazwe babekholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka koMthetho - sisekelo — ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela — kwakwanele ukuvikela inkululeko.
  • Abalwa nezifo zasolwandle babefuna isiqinisekiso esilotshiwe samalungelo abantu njengesimo sokuwachitha.

Indima KaJames Madison

James Madison, ekuqaleni ongumFederalris, wagcina eyisisusa esilawula iBill of Rights. Ngemva kokuthembisa ukulungisa phakathi nomhlangano we-ratiation yaseVirginia, uMadison waqamba iziphakamiso zezenzo ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa ezisekelwe ekusikiseleni kwemihlangano yombuso nakusiVumelwa kwamalungelo aqanjwe nguGeorge Mason. UKhongolo lwazinciphisa zaba yishumi nambili, futhi iziphakamiso eziyishumi zagunyazwa yimibuso. Iminikelo kaMadison yaqinisa ifa lakhe ‘ njengoYise woMthetho-mthetho” nomlwenzi wenkululeko yomphakathi. [[FLT:] ISivumelo Sezinqolobane seMithetho Yesizwe sinikeza umlando ogcwele wenqubo ye-ratiation .

Izinqumiso Eziyishumi: Izivikelo Zekhora Nenkolelo Yazo Yokuvela KuNkulunkulu

Inguquko ngayinye eBill of Rights ikhuluma ngesici esithile senkululeko yomuntu siqu noma inqubo engokomthetho. Nakuba abanye beye bahlala bezinzile, abanye baye badala impikiswano enkulu amakhulu eminyaka. Ngezansi, sihlola inhloso ngayinye yokuqala nencazelo yayo yesimanje ngemithetho yenkantolo engokophawulo.

Isichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Yokukhuluma, Yenkolo, Yokunyathelisa, Yomhlangano Neyokunxusa

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivame ukubhekwa njengetshe lentando yeningi yaseMelika. Inqabela ukumisa imithetho ephathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, noma isicelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa lezi sivikelo kuhulumeni ngenqubo yeSimemezelo se-Gradetic Trease Claus(a) eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlanganisa .]

  • Inkululeko Inkulumo: Izehlakalo ze-Landmark ezinjenge Scheck v. United States (1919) yamisa “ingozi esobala nekhona” yovivinyo, kuyilapho [[FLT]] Brandenburg v. Ohio[[FLT] [[69]] [1969] imisa ibhande eliphezulu lokujezisa inkulumo eshubile. Namuhla, izimpikiswano ngokuzonda inkulumo esetshenziswa kwezezombangazwe ([FLT:]] .[FLT]] .[FLT][FLT][FLT] v ], kanye nokulinganisela kwezenhlalo.
  • Inkolo: Ukumiswa kuka-Claus kuye kwalungisa umthandazo wesikole, ukubonakaliswa kwasobala kwezimpawu zenkolo, nokuxhaswa kwezimali zikahulumeni kwezinhlangano zenkolo ( Lemon v. Kurtzman[, 1971). I-Free Expressicie ivikela ilungelo labantu lokusebenzisa ukholo lwabo, ngezenzakalo zamuva ezihilela ukukhulula ezingokwenkolo emsebenzini nasemkhakheni wempilo.
  • Izindawo noMhlangano: Izindaba zivikelekile ekuvinjelweni kwangaphambili, nakuba izindaba zokuphepha nezokuvikela kwesizwe zidala imingcele. Ilungelo lokuhlangana liye laba yinhloko yenhlangano yamalungelo abantu nemibhikisho yanamuhla njenge-Black Live Confect.

Ukuze kufundwe okwengeziwe ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, Cornell Legin Information Institute inikeza ukucubungula okubanzi.

Isichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibini sithi: “Izinqumo ezibekwe kahle, ezidingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi bathwale Izikhali, ngeke ziphazanyiswe.” Emlandweni omningi waseMelika, lokhu kulungisa kwachazwa ngelens yenkonzo yamabutho. Nokho, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme eziqondiswe kahle [iSishaya-mthetho] iHeller [2008] kanye [[FLT]] ne-McDonald. City of Chicago [20]] [20]) yaqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye unelungelo lokuba nezibhamu zezo zomuntu siqu, zombili izibhamu zombuso, zombuso nezomthetho.

  • Impikiswano yokulawula: Isinqumo seHeller saqeda ukuvinjelwa kwebhamu leWashington D.C. kodwa sashiya indawo yemithetho enengqondo. Amacala alandelayo aye akhuluma ngemithetho evimbela ukuhlasela izikhali, amandla omagazini, nokufihla. Inkulumo mpikiswano iyaqhubeka ikhula ngemva kokudubula okukhulu nokwanda kobugebengu.
  • Imithetho yeSizwe neMithetho: Amazwe anemithetho ehlukene kakhulu ekuhloleni isizinda, inkathi yokulinda, nokuvula. ISichibiyelo Sesibili sihlala siyindawo ebanzi kwezombangazwe zaseMelika.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamasosha

Lokhu kulungisa okungavamile kwenqabela uhulumeni ukuba aphoqelele abanikazi bamakhaya ukuba babaye amasosha asendlini ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume. Kuveza izikhalo zamakoloni ngokumelene nezenzo zokuhlanganisa izingxenye ezine zamazwe aseBrithani futhi kuye kwacashunwa ezimweni zanamuhla ngokuphathelene namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu (umz., ] Englom v. Carey, 1982]). Nakuba kungavamile ukulishwa, kugcizelela isibopho sabasunguli somthetho sokufihla izindaba zomuntu siqu ekhaya.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukufuna Nokuzimela

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela izakhamuzi ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nasekuqulekeni, okudinga izimvume ezisekelwe ekutheni kungenzeka yini. Ukuchazwa kwazo kuye kwavela ngokuphawulekayo ngoshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuzihlukanisa okutholakele ngokungemthetho kungenakusetshenziswa enkantolo. Kwasungulwa e Mapp v. Ohio (1961) futhi kwasetshenziswa ezifundeni.

  • I-Digalistion: Inkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu iye yandisa izivikelo zesine zeSichibiyelo kucingo nocingo (] Riley v. California, 2014), i-GPS ilandela i-rabo ([ United States v. Jones, 2012], kanye nemininingwane yezindawo zegumbi ( Centententree. United States[FL:], 2018], lokhu okunqumayo ukuthi ukucwaninga kohlelo kungokomzimba.
  • [[NTL:0] Izenzo zobuPolice:[ Ukumisa-furisk izinqubo, ukuma kwezimoto, futhi akukho kuqasha-nock ezigunyaza ukuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuquleka kwezinhlanga nokuquleka okungacabangeki.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Amalungelo Ecala Lobugebengu

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza izigwebo eziningi ezigxekayo kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu: ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwabasizi-jaji ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína, ukuvikelwa ezingozini eziphindwe kabili, ilungelo elimelene nokuziphindisela, inqubo efanele, kanye nembuyiselo kahulumeni othatha impahla yangasese. Umthetho owenziwe ngenkani cishe waziwa kakhulu uMirinda izixwayiso ezithiwe [ (] [MRANDA v.[FLT]], 1966], okudinga ukuba amaphoyisa asole amalungelo awo phambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo.

  • Inqubo elindelekile:[ Inqubo elindelekile ka-Claus isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa iBill of Rights isivikelo sezifundazwe nokuvikela amalungelo angaphansi njengesilinganiso somshado (bergefell v. Hodges, 2015).
  • Umkhakha ophambili: I-Piots Claus iye yaphikiswana, ikakhulukazi Kelo v. City of New London [2005], lapho iNkantolo yavumela khona uhulumeni ukuba athathe impahla eyimfihlo ukuze athuthukise izomnotho.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungagwegwesi

ISiphazamiso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nomphakathi okwenziwa yijaji elingakhethi esifundeni lapho ubugebengu benziwa khona, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ukubhekana nofakazi, ukuphoqelela ubufakazi, nokuthola usizo lweseluleko. Ilungelo lokululeka lanwetshwa ngokuphawulekayo Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963], okudingeka ukuba kunikezwe abamangalelwa abangenakubakhokhela emacaleni. Kamuva, [FLT:] Argumers v. Ham[FLT][FLD:3][12] [12]][197]]

  • [[QULT: 0] I-Jury Comition: Ilungelo kukhetho olungakhethi lifuna ukuba ukukhethwa kwejaji kukhululeke ekucwaseni ngokohlanga (] Babatson v. Kentucky, 1986).
  • [ Icala lejubane: I-Criminal Justice Act nohlelo lokuqulwa kwecala lwanamuhla lwenhloso yokuvimbela ukuvalelwa kwejele okunganqamuki ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Sinelungelo Lokuqashwa Ezimweni Zomphakathi

Lokhu kulungisa kulondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacala omphakathi angokomthetho lapho imali ephikisanayo ingaphezu kwamaRandi angamashumi amabili namashumi amabili. Nakuba ingahlanganisiwe ekumelaneni nezifundazwe, ibalulekile ekumangalelweni kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezimpikiswaneni zetort nesivumelwano. ISichibiyelo seSebeth siqinisa isimiso sokuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile kufanele zinqume izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso, hhayi izahluleli kuphela.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, amahlawuli aphakeme, nezijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile. Ukuchaza kwaso kuye kwaguqula izimpikiswano ngesijeziso sokufa, izimo zasejele, nokugwetshwa. Icala le-Landmark lihlanganisa Furman v. Georgia[ [7772], okuthi isijeziso sentambo yentambo yegazi sesikhashana, kanye [[FLT:]RN] v. [FLT] [2005], (2005], okuvila ukubulawa kwentsha. I-mendmentation inqabela futhi isijeziso esimelene nobugebengu ([FLD:]]]]). Florida[FLD:ram]

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Abantu Bathola Amalungelo

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo akuzukuthathwa njengokuphika noma ukuhlukanisa abanye abantu abagciniwe. Kwakuhloselwe ukulwisana nokwesaba ukuthi ukudweba amalungelo athile kungase kubonise ukuthi amanye amalungelo awazange abe khona. Nakuba kungewona umthombo wamalungelo akhethekile, kukhulunywe emicimbini ehilela imfihlo, kuhlanganise [Grislold v. Connecticut [1965]) eyabulala umthetho ovimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo, kanye ne[FLT]. Wade [12].[FLT] [3] [7] [7] [7] iSikhumbulwe ukuthi i-Bill Requencestion ayigcwele.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agcinelwe Elase - United States

ISichibiyelo seshumi esigciniwe samagunya esiKhongozelo asiphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma enqatshelwe ezindaweni noma kubantu. Sihlanganisa isimiso sombuso futhi silinganisela izinga legunya likahulumeni. Izehlakalo zamuva nje njengo National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20202] kanye [FLT] [NKA] MILY[FLD [2017] [2017] ISiphendulo seshumi sokushaya imbubhidi yombuso. Iyaqhubeka iyimpikiswano eyisihluthulelo engxabanweni emayelana namalungelo ezindawo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukunakekelwa, nokulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile.

Imiphumela Yesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni: Indlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Amalungelo Ezwe EMelika Esithonya Ngayo

I - Bill of Rights ayiwona nje umbhalo ongokomthetho; iye yathonya kakhulu amasiko aseMelika, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, kanye nokwazi ukuthi ingubani isizwe.

Izinkampani Ezilwela Amalungelo Omphakathi

Kusukela ekunqanyulweni ukuya e-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 nase-1960, abashisekeli baye basebenzisa iBill of Rights ukufuna ubulungisa. Izivikelo zeSichibiyelo sokuqala sokukhuluma nokuhlangana zazibalulekile ekuhleleni izikhawu, ukumasha, nokuxoshana. ISivumelwano sikaMartin Luther King Jr. ngokudume ngokudume kakhulu sakho uMthetho-sisekelo “eyethule ukusuka eBirmingham Jail.” Kamuva, iZiphetho zamalungelo abesifazane zazincike eSiphendulweni se-Ninth naseshumi nane namanethiyeni ukuze zilwe inkululeko yokuzala, kuyilapho iLBBTQQ isebenzisa iziphakaliso zokuqala nezeshumi elinesine zokuvikela ukulingana emshadweni [[FLT:] [FLD] ewellberg.

  • Ukulingana okungokomthetho: Isiqinisekiso samalungelo, kanye neSichibiyelo sokwakha kabusha (izikhawu ze-13, 14th, 15th), kwanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho se Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954]) kanye ne-Civil Rights Act ka-1964.
  • Amalungelo abesifazane: Ilungelo lokwethulwa (elisekelwe kwiSithako Sokuqala, Sesine, sesihlanu, nese-Ninth]S) elisekelwe Roe v. Wade nezokugcina ezicathulweni zokuvimbela ukuvimbela nokulingana kwabesifazane.
  • LBTQ+ amalungelo: Lawrence v. Texas [2003] yashaya imithetho ye-sodoma (imithetho yeSigqino se-Grandism seNkathi ye-145] esebenzisa inqubo efanelekile yeSichibiyelo, futhi bergefe [ wasebenzisa kokubili inqubo efanele nesivikelo esilinganayo.

Ukuquliswa Kwecala: Ukwandisa iSimemezelo Samalungelo Kahulumeni

Ekuqaleni, iBill of Rights yalinganisela kuphela uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni. Barron v. Baltimore (1833) waqinisekisa lokhu. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iSichibiyelo se-14th Claus (1868) sahlanganisa iSimemezelo Esimisiwe iSimendo sika-Claus esasisetshenziswa kancane kancane iNkantolo Ephakeme ukusebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yeSipho Samalungelo Kahulumeni nakohulumeni bendawo. Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, zonke izivikelo ezinkulu ngaphandle kwesesithathu, sesikhombisa, nelungiselelo elikhulu labahluleli leNkathi Yesihlanu labese lifakiwe. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi iMikhankambi yayingenakuphazamisa inkululeko eyisisekelo, ikhe isakhiwo esingaphansi samalungelo ezweni lonke.

Izincazelo Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Kulelikhulu lama - 21, iBhill of Rights ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha zezobuchwepheshe, ukukhathalela ukulondeka kwezwe, nokuhlukana kwezenhlalo. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nokusebenzisa umbhalo wekhulu le-18 kumaqiniso aphakathi kwama-21.

Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululeka Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ukuphakama kwama-decut ezokuxhumana njenge-Facebook, Tutter, ne-YouTube kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi yini ekhululekile ukukhuluma kuyi-inthanethi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi inkulumo ye-inthanethi ivame ukuvikelwa, kodwa kusele izimpikiswano: ingabavimbela abasebenzisi bamapulatifomu? Ingabe kufanele babhekwe njengabadlali bezentengiselwano zikahulumeni? Amacala anjenge- Packham v. Nyakathonje. [[FLT:][FLT:] [FLT] [2017]] [2017]) iqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo yezokuxhumana yezenhlalo iyi-yomphakathi yezenhlalo. Nokho, izimpikiswano ezingaphezulu ze-transport, inzondo, nokuphazamisa ubandlululo ziyaqhubeka ukuvivinya imikhawulo ye-Grabo.

Amalungelo Ezibhamu Nokulondeka Komphakathi

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sihlala singenye yezindawo ezicatshangelwe kakhulu. Ngamuva Heller [FLT] ne] McDonald[[, izinkantolo eziphansi zisekele imithetho eminingi yezibhamu, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme isanda kuthatha umbono othandabuza kakhulu. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [[FLT]]] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association. Bruen[FLD:] [202], iNkanto yeNkanto esha phansi iphethe imithetho eqinile efihlekile, iphethe ukuthi imingcele yanamuhla kumelwe ivumelane nesiko elingokomlando. Lesinqumo siye sabangela ukuphikisa imithetho ephikisa i-funzile.

Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nezici Eziningi

ISichibiyelo sesine sibhekene nokucindezela okuqhubekayo okuvela ezimisweni zikahulumeni zokuhlola, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa ngezinhlangano, nobuchwepheshe obusha. I-USA Patriot Act (2001) Act ebanzi yokuhlola; izinguquko kamuva njenge USA Freedom Act (2015) zibuyiselwe eqoqweni okukhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi abantu balindele ukuba babe bodwa ngokunengqondo emininingwaneni yabo yocingo ( i-Carcenter) kodwa iyaqhubeka iphendula imibuzo ephathelene nokuphenya kwemishini emikhawulweni, ukuhlola, nokuqaphela i-meosebusweni.

Isijeziso Esiyinhloko Nesichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili

ISichibiyelo Sesigqi seSichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili sokunqatshelwa kwesijeziso sonya nesingavamile sisalokhu sisenkabeni yezimpikiswano ngesigwebo sokufa. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ingasiqedanga ngokuphelele isijeziso sentambo yentambo, iye yanciphisa ukusebenza kwayo (_ukubulala abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni (]]] i-attins v. Virginia, 2002] nalabo abangaphansi kwe-18 (]RCOR [FLT[F:3])]. Ukubulawa okuthatha isikhathi eside, ukulinda emgqeni wokufa, futhi ukuhlulwa kohlanga kuye kwaholela ekukhuleni kokuphikiswa kanye nokubekwa kwezimo ezinswini eziningi.

Isiphetho: Isiqinisekiso Esiphilayo Samalungelo Abantu

I-Bill of Rights ayiyona nje into engokomlando. Incwadi ephilayo eyaqhubeka ibumba umphakathi waseMelika ngezindlela ezijulile. Isiqinisekiso sayo sokuveza inkululeko ekhululekile, inkululeko engokwenkolo, ukulingwa okulungile, kanye nokungahloniphi komuntu siqu kunikeza isisekelo sentando yeningi ezisa isithunzi somuntu siqu kuhulumeni ngokuphamba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlonishwa kwayo kanye nomlando kusho ukuthi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sichaze incazelo yaso entsha. Kusukela ku-Federalist-Anti-Federalysly kuqhubeke izimpikiswano zenkululeko yamanani, iBill of Rights ihlala iyinselele amandla amakhulu ashukumisayo, icela, icela futhi ivikela. Ukuqonda umphumela wayo kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifisa ukwazisa inkululeko echaza i-United States futhi sihlanganyele emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuqinisekisa inkululeko ebheke leyo.