Ukuqonda indlela isikweleti esihamba ngayo phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyakheka ngayo e-United States. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho iwuhambo oluyinkimbinkimbi oluhilela izinyathelo eziningi, ukuqapha ngokucophelela, nokubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sizokuhambisa kuzo zonke iziteji zendlela imvume ye-demokrati ewumthetho, kusukela embonweni wokuqala wokuvunyelwa kukamongameli, ekuninika ukuqonda okuphelele kwentando yeningi yaseMelika esenzweni.

Iyini Ibhilidi Nemibono Evelaphi?

Isivumelwano sokubhalisa siyisicelo somthetho omusha noma ukushintshela kumthetho okhona. Ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe ngisho nemvume, iqala ngokuthi ingomqondo `isu lokusingatha inkinga, ukuthuthukisa umphakathi, noma ukusabela ezidingweni zezakhamuzi. Noma yiliphi ilungu leSishaya-mthetho – elivela eNdlu noma eMzini noma eMbusweni - – onombono womthetho ungakhipha umthetho. Lemibono ivela kumalungu oMkhandlu ngokwawo noma ezakhamuzini zansuku zonke.

Imithombo yemibono yemithetho ihlukene ngokuphawulekayo. Izakhamuzi, amaqembu abathengi, amaqembu ochwepheshe, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ngisho noMongameli bangasikisela imibono yemithetho emisha. Nokho, amalungu amaKhomishane kuphela anegunya lokumisa umthetho ngokomthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba noma ubani engaveza umqondo othile, kumelwe athole umlweli wenhlangano ozimisele ukuwusekela futhi awuqondise ngenqubo yomthetho.

Ilungu eliyinhloko leKhongolokazi elisekela lesi sivumelwano libizwa ngokuthi "isibambiso". Amanye amalungu asekela lesi sikweleti abizwa ngokuthi "i-co-sponsors". Ukuba nama-asponsor amaningi kungabonisa ukusekela okukhulu kwemali futhi kwandise amathuba ayo empumelelo. Amalungu eSishaya-mthetho ngokuvamile ahambisa izikweletu ezihlongozwayo kubangane bawo ukuze bakhe lesi sisekelo sokusekela ngaphambi kokuba baqale.

Izigungu Ezimbili Zezishaya - mthetho

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene enqubweni yomthetho, kubalulekile ukuqonda isakhiwo soMkhandlu. E-United States, imibuso ye-ocement ye-(ikhono lokucabangela izikweletu nokumisa imithetho). (ikhondla ukubheka izindleko nokumisa imithetho), eyakhiwa iSigele sase-US neNdlu yabameleli. Lamakamu amabili asebenza ndawonye kodwa anezici nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene.

Amagumbi amabili alingana ngokuyisisekelo ezindima nasemisebenzini yawo yokushaya umthetho. Indlu kuphela engasungula umthetho wenzuzo, futhi iSigele kuphela esiqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ezivumelanayo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho ngaso sonke isikhathi kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngokuhlukana nencwadi efanayo ngaphambi kokuba ayinike uMongameli.

Ngenxa yokuthi igumbi ngalinye linegunya lomthetho-sisekelo lokuzenzela imithetho yalo, iNdlu neSigele ziye zasungula izindlela ezihlukene kakhulu zokuhlela imithetho, mhlawumbe ezisuka ngokwengxenye ekuhlukaneni kwazo komthetho-mthetho. Ngokuvamile, imithetho nemikhuba yendlu kuvumela iningi ukuba lisebenzise umthetho ngokushesha ngokwesilinganiso. Imithetho yeSigele nezinqubo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucubungula ngezenzo ezisheshayo, njengoba zinikeza abahlaziyi ngabanye inzuzo ephawulekayo.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Isingeniso Sebhola

Uhambo lwemithetho luqala ngokufakwa kwesivumelwano semvume. Uma isikweleti sesibhaliwe, kumelwe siqaliswe. Uma ummeleli engumxhasi, isamba semali sisungulwa eNdlu. Uma i-Senator ingumxhasi, isamba semali sifakwa eSigeqeni. Lokhu kuwumehluko obucayi ngoba yikho okunquma ukuthi igumbi liphi elizocabangela umthetho kuqala.

Uma kuqalwa isikweleti, sithola inombolo ekhethekile ehlukanisayo egcinwe kuso sonke uhambo lwaso. Izindleko zendlu zibizwa nge "H.R" elandelwa yinombolo, kuyilapho izimali zeSigele zibizwa ngokuthi "S" zilandelwa yinombolo. Uma sekusungulwe isikweleti, singatholakala eKhongolo.gov, eyiwebhusayithi kahulumeni esemthethweni elawula umthetho. Lokhu kuveza kahle kuvumela izakhamuzi, izintatheli, kanye namaqembu abaphathi bemithetho efuna ukuqondiswa.

Isethulo ngokwaso siyahluka kancane phakathi kwamagumbi. Endlini yabameleli, amalungu aqala izindleko ngokufaka ibhokisi lokhuni eliseceleni kwedesiki likaClerk eSikhungweni Sendlu. ESihlalweni seNdlela, inqubo isemthethweni kakhulu, futhi izikweleti zingeniswa zisuka phansi phakathi nesimiso.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: IReferral YeKomiti

Ngemva kwesethulo, kubhekiselwa isikweleti ekomitini. Lena enye yezigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokushaya umthetho, njengoba amakomiti esebenza njengamahhashi eSishaya - mthetho, eqhuba ukuhlola okuningiliziwe kwemithetho ehlongozwayo.

Kokubili iNdlu neSigele zinamakomiti ahlukahlukene akhiwa amaqembu amalungu oMkhandlu anesithakazelo esikhulu ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene njengezindaba zempilo noma zezizwe. USithethi wendlu noma uMholi weSishaya-mthetho unquma ukuthi yiliphi ikomiti ethola lo mthetho, ngokwendaba. Izincwadi ezithinta uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni kumelwe zibukezwe futhi ngamakomiti aphethe.

Kwezinye izimo, izimali zingabhekiswa kumakomiti amaningi uma zithinta izindawo eziningana ezihlukene. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-aterral futhi kungabangela ukuba inqubo yokushaya umthetho ibe yimbi kakhulu futhi ibe yinde kakhulu. Ikomiti ngayinye ethola izindleko kumelwe iqede ukubukezwa kwayo ngaphambi kokuba ikhokhele impoqo iqhubeke.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukubukeza Kwamabomu

Amakomiti angaphansi kwekomiti ahlelwa ngaphansi kwamakomiti futhi aphinde ahlolwe ngesihloko esithile. Ngokuvamile, amakomiti athumela izikweleti ekomitini engaphansi ukuze atadishe futhi athole ukuzwa kwawo. Lokhu kubukeza okwengeziwe kuvumela ukuba ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile obungcono kakhulu buhlolwe ukuba buhlolwe umthetho.

Amakomiti amaningi endlu neSishaya-mthetho amisa futhi amakomiti amancane – angaphansi kwekomiti egcwele lapho amalungu engagxila khona ezicini ezithile zendawo yesimiso. Izinga lapho ikomiti encane ifeza indima engokomthetho ekwenzeni izinqubo – ngokwesibonelo, ngokuphatha amacala noma ukuphawula umthetho omisiwe ngaphambi kokucabangela okugcwele kwamakomiti – ngokuhlukahluka ngokweziko lekomiti. Noma isiphi isikhundla ikomiti egcwele ivumela izibopho zayo ezingaphansi ukuba zidlale, izibopho ezingaphansi kwemithetho enqubeni, angeke abike umthetho wegumbi; amakomiti agcwele kuphela angenza kanjalo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuzona zonke izikweleti ezithathwayo. Ikomiti ngayinye ithola izikhombo eziningi ezikhombayo ngenkambo yeKhomishane - ngaphezu kakhulu kweqembu elikwaziyo ukuphishekela nganoma imuphi umniningwane. Isihlalo sekomiti sinegunya elikhulu lokuhlela ikomiti; empeleni, isihlalo siveza izikweleti noma izimpikiswano ikomiti eyozama ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho ngokuzwa nangemithelela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izihlalo zekomiti ziphethe amandla abalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi izindleko ziyini futhi yiziphi ezizohluphayo.

Isinyathelo Sesine Sekomiti Yokulalela

Izindleko ezinqunywa isihlalo sekomiti ukuba sizilandele, ukuzwa ngokuvamile kumelela isikhungo sokuqala somphakathi esikhulu sokuxoxa. Isinyathelo sokuqala esingokomthetho sekomiti esisekwe sikwesomthetho noma impikiswano kungaba ukuqulwa kwecala, okunikeza i-memone lapho amalungu ekomiti nomphakathi elalela khona, lapho ofakazi bezwa khona ngeziphakamiso ezinamandla nobuthakathaka beqembu elikhethiwe – njengezinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe indikimba, izimboni ezithintanayo, namaqembu amelela izakhamuzi ezithakazelayo. Izindlebe ziyindlela futhi yokukhanyisa umthetho kuzisebenzi ezisebenza nazo, umphakathi, kanye nezindaba. Ekulaleleni, ufakazi bamema ofakazi ukuba banikeze izinkulumo ezimfushane ekomitini ehlangene, kodwa ufakazi ngamunye uhambisa futhi uhlelo olubhaliwe isikhathi eside lwezikhasimende sencwadi yakhe noma isimemezelo sakhe.

Ikomiti ingakhetha ngisho nokubamba icala ukuze iqonde kangcono incazelo yaleli cala. Ukuzwa kuvumela imibono yegatsha eliphethe, ochwepheshe, ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi nabasekeli, nabaphikisi bomthetho ukuba babhalwe phansi. Lokhu kwenza umbhalo obalulekile ongahlolwa kamuva lapho kuchazwa inhloso yomthetho.

Nokho, ukuqulwa kwecala akudingeki ngokombono ocacile ukuze kuthathwe isikweleti esiqhubekayo ekomitini. Ezinye izikweleti ziqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kokuzwa, ikakhulukazi uma zingavumelani naleyondaba noma uma ikomiti isijwayelene kakade nendaba.

Isinyathelo 5: Isifundo Sokuphawula

Isimiso sokunyusa isakhiwo silapho kuyenzeka khona umsebenzi wangempela wokwenza umthetho. Ukuhanjiswa kwekomiti kuyisinyathelo esiyinhloko ekugcineni ikomiti ethathayo ukuze ikhiphe isikweleti sokuqhubekela phansi. Ngokuvamile, isihlalo sekomiti sikhetha isiphakamiso esizobekwa phambi kwekomiti yokubhalisa: isitatimende esikhonjwayo noma umbhalo omusha wokwenza umshini. Kulomhlangano, ovulekele umphakathi, amalungu ekomiti acabangela izinguquko ezingase zenzeke ngokunikela nangokuvota, kuhlanganise nommeleli ophelele wemibhalo yayo.

Phakathi nezikhawu zophawu, amalungu amakomiti aphikisana ngenzuzo yemali futhi ahlongoza ukubuyiselwa. Lokhu kulungisa kungahluka kusukela ekulungiseni okuncane kobuchwepheshe kuya kushintsho olukhulu kwenqubo. Ikomiti ivota ekulungisweni ngakunye, futhi imali ingashintshwa ngokuphawulekayo phakathi nalenqubo. Eqinisweni, lapho isikweleti siqeda inqubo yokugcwalisa, singabonakala sihlukile kakhulu kuleyonguqulo eyaqala ukusungulwa.

Ekuphetheni kwesinqumo, kuthathwa i-voti yekomiti noma amalungu angaphansi ekomiti ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi isiphi isinyathelo okufanele sithathe lesi silinganiso. Kungabikwa, ngokulungisa noma ngaphandle kokulungisa, okusho ukuthi ngeke kuthathe esinye isinyathelo kuyo. Uma ikomiti igcina isimemezelo, ifa ngokuphumelelayo, okungenani kulesosimiso soMkhandlu.

Isinyathelo Se 6: Umbiko Wekomiti

Lapho ikomiti ivota ukuvuma isikweleti, inikeza umbiko wekomiti. Ukuze kuhlolwe ukucwaninga ngomlando wemithetho, imibiko yamakomiti ngokuvamile iwumthombo obaluleke kakhulu wokunquma injongo yokushaya umthetho. Imibiko yekomiti ye-Congregation jikelele, futhi ikakhulukazi imibiko yengqungquthela, iwumthombo obaluleke kakhulu womlando wemithetho. Imibiko ikhishwa cishe ngawo wonke umthetho oba umthetho, futhi ngokuvamile kunombiko ovela kumakomiti asemakomitini endlu neSishayamthetho acabangela umthetho.

Imibiko ivame ukuphinda ibhalwe umbhalo wemali, ichaza izinjongo zayo, futhi inikeze izizathu zokutusa kwekomiti kulencwadi. Ngokuvamile, imibiko yamakomiti ihlanganisa umlando wesivumelwano somthetho, izinjongo zesivumelwano, nalokho ikomiti ekubheka njengesidingo somthetho omusha. Lemibiko isebenza njengezincwadi ezibalulekile zokuqonda lokho iSishaya-mthetho owawuhloselwe ukumiswa, futhi izinkantolo zivame ukuxoxa nazo lapho zichaza imithetho.

Imibiko yamakomiti ihlanganisa futhi imibono ephikisanayo evela kumalungu eqembu elincane angavumelani nokutusa kweningi. Lokhu kunikeza umbono ophelele wempikiswano ehlobene nomthetho nezincwadi ezikhomba umlando.

Kwenzekani Ezincwadini Ezingathuthuki?

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi izikweleti eziningi ezisungulwe eKhongolo-karres azikho neze zibe umthetho. Uma ikomiti ingathathi nyathelo, isambathiso sibhekwa "sifile". Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi isikweletu "ekomitini," futhi kungumphumela wengxenye enkulu yomthetho ohlongozwayo.

Kunezizathu eziningana ezingenza amakomiti angakwenzi ukuthatha isinyathelo esikweletini. Isihlalo sekomiti singase singasifaki phambili, isikweleti singase singakusekeli ngokwanele amalungu amakomiti, noma singabhekwa njengokuphindaphindeka komthetho. Ngezinye izikhathi kuqalwa izikweleti ngokuyinhloko ukuze kwenziwe isitatimende sezombangazwe noma ukwanelisa amalungu ekomiti, ngaphandle kokulindela okungokoqobo ukuthi izoqhubeka.

Isinyathelo Sesi - 7: Ukucabangela Okuhle Nempikiswano

Uma isikweleti sesikhishiwe ekomitini, singena phansi endlu noma esigedeni ukuze sihlolwe. Uma ikomiti ikhipha ikheli, isamba secala sibekwa ekhalendeni ukuze sivotelwe, siphikiswe noma silungiswe. Ukuhlelwa kwengxoxo yesitezi kulawulwa umholi weqembu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Impikiswano elawula iphansi iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi amabili. Endlini, impikiswano ihlelwe kakhulu futhi inesikhathi esilinganiselwe. I House Miless Committee ivame ukukhipha "imithetho" yesivumelwano ngasinye esikhulu, isho ukuthi singakanani isikhathi esizovunyelwa ukuba kuxoxwe ngaso nokuthi iziphi iziphetho zinganikezwa yini. Lokhu kuvumela iNdlu ukuba ilungise umthetho ngokunempumelelo.

Kuyi-Gabe, imithetho yempikiswano ivumelana kakhulu, ibonisa isiko lalelo gumbi lokucabanga okuthathelwe isikhathi eside. Abahlaziyi bangakhuluma isikhathi eside, futhi iqembu elincane linamathuluzi amaningi okuthonya noma ukubambezela umthetho. Yingakho iSigele ngokuvamile sichazwa njengelungu elideda kakhulu kunendlu.

Phakathi nengxoxo yasesitezi, amalungu axoxa ngezimfanelo ezinhle nezingqinamba zomthetho, achaze ukuma kwawo kubangane, futhi angase anikeze izinguquko. Lezimpikiswano zilotshwe kuyiCongregational Record, zidala omunye umthombo obalulekile womlando wemithetho.

Isinyathelo 8: Ukukhuluma Esigungwini Sokuqala

Ngemva kokuphetha impikiswano, isambati sifika evotini. Uma isikweleti sidlula ngeningi (218 kubantu abangu- 435), isambathiso sidlulela eNdlu yeSigele. Lokhu kuthatha isaziso esisuka eNdlu; uma sivela eSigeqeni, singathuthela eNdlu ngemva kokudlula iSigele.

Amavoti angathatha amafomu amaningana. Endlini, amavoti amaningi aqhutshwa ngemishini, ngevoti yelungu ngalinye ebhaliwe. Lawa abizwa ngokuthi amavoti aqoshiwe noma amavoti abizwa nge-optom. Amanye amavoti angaqhutshwa ngevoti yezwi, lapho amalungu amane amemezele "ye" noma "no," futhi isikhulu esiphethe sinquma ukuthi iluphi uhlangothi olukhona. Amavoti ezwi asetshenziswa kakhulu ezindimeni ezingezwani eziphikisanangaphikisani.

Esigele, izinqubo zokuvota ziyefana, nakuba ubukhulu obuncane begumbi (amalungu ayikhulu amelene no- 435 endlu) benza lenqubo ibe umuntu siqu ngandlela-thile. ISigele futhi inezinqubo eziyingqayizivele njenge-monilbuster, okungadinga amavoti angu - 60 ukuze kuqedwe impikiswano futhi kuqhutshwe ukuvota kokugcina ezinhlotsheni ezithile zomthetho.

Isinyathelo 9: Ukucatshangelwa Umkhandlu Wesibili

Uma inkantolo idlula kwenye indikimba yeSishaya - mthetho, kuya komunye umkhakha ukuze uqhubeke nenqubo efanayo yokucwaninga, ingxoxo, izinguquko, nokuvota. Lokhu kusho ukuthi icala kumelwe libukezwe ngekomiti, ukuzwa, ukuvala izindlebe, ukuqopha, ukuphikisana phansi, nokuvota futhi futhi egumbini lesibili.

Igumbi lesibili aliboshelwanga yizinqumo zegumbi lokuqala. Lingenza noma iziphi izinguquko elizibona lifaneleka, lizenqabe ngokuphelele, noma lizidlulise ngaphandle koshintsho. Uma kusetshenziswa, igumbi lesibili livame ukwenza ushintsho oluthile ukuze likhokhelwe, libonise izinto zalo eziza kuqala nezingaqondakali.

Lemfuneko yokuba zombili izingosi zemali zidlulise izinqubo ezifanayo isici esiyinhloko sesimiso somthetho waseMelika. Iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ubukezwa ngokucophelela ngezindlela eziningi futhi uvimbele ukuba noma iyiphi indawo ingasebenzi ngaphandle kokukhuluma.

Isinyathelo 10: Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Uma indlu neSigele kudlulisa izigaba ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, lokho kuphikisana kumelwe kuxazululwe ngaphambi kokuba izindleko ziqhubeke kuMongameli. Uma izindikimba zombili sezivotelwe ukuba zamukele imvume, kumelwe zilungise noma yikuphi ukungafani phakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili. Kunezindlela eziningi lokhu okungase kwenzeke ngazo.

Kunokungefani okuncane, izimali zingathunyelwa nje egumbini lokuvela ukuze kuvotelwe ukuthi kufanele uvume noma ukwamukela izinguquko ezenziwa igumbi lesibili. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuvota okuhlanganyelwayo. Uma indawo yakhona ivumelana nezinguquko, izindleko zikulungele ukuya kuMongameli.

Nokho, lapho ukungezwani kungathi sína kakhulu, ikomiti yengqungquthela imiswa ngokomthetho ukuba ilungise ukungafani okuphakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili esikwelinye isikhwama.

Uma isivumelwano sifinyelelwa, umbiko wengqungquthela ulungiselelwa ukuchaza ukutusa kwamalungu ekomiti ngezinguquko. Kokubili iNdlu neSigele kumele kuvumele umbiko wengqungquthela. Uma noma iliphi igumbi linqaba umbiko wengqungquthela, umbiko wemali uyafa. Lokhu kwenza omabili amakamu abe nemvume enkulu ezingxoxoni zokugcina zomthetho.

Amakomiti engqungquthela enza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho wokugcina, ikakhulukazi ezikweletini eziyinkimbinkimbi noma eziphikisanayo. Umbiko wengqungquthela uvame ukumelela ukuvumelana phakathi kokusondela kwenqubo ehlukene, futhi ngoba womabili amakamu kumelwe avote embikweni wengqungquthela ngaphandle kokulungisa, iyisici esithatha icala noma igwebu.

Isinyathelo Se - 11: Isinyathelo Sobumongameli

Uma iziteshi zombili zeSishaya-mthetho sezidlulisele izinqubo ezifanayo zesivumelwano, sithunyelwa kuMongameli ukuze sihlolwe. Ngemva kokuba kokubili iNdlu neSigele sezigunyaze umthetho ngendlela efanayo, umthetho uyathunyelwa kuMongameli. Uma uMongameli evuma umthetho, uyasayinwa futhi abe ngumthetho. Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo izinsuku eziyishumi ngesikhathi uMkhandlu useqenjini, umthetho uvele ube umthetho.

UMongameli unezindlela eziningana angakhetha kuzo lapho enikezwa isikweletu:

Ukusayina Ibhilidi Emthetho

Indlela eqondile yokukhetha iwukusayina kwencwadi, lapho kuvele kube umthetho khona. Omongameli ngokuvamile benza imikhosi yokusayina ngenxa yomthetho obalulekile, besebenzisa lesi senzakalo ukuze bachaze ukubaluleka komthetho omusha futhi babonge labo abasebenza ukuze bawudlulise.

Vumela Ibhuloho Libe Umthetho Ngaphandle Kwesitifiketi

Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo esibhakabhakeni izinsuku eziyishumi (izinsuku ezidlule ngamaSonto) lapho uMkhandlu useqenjini, isaziso ngokuzenzekelayo siba umthetho ngaphandle kwesigqwingo sikaMongameli. Lokhu kuyinto engavamile, evame ukusetshenziswa uma uMongameli ethanda ukukhombana ngesivumelwano kodwa engafuni ukusithatha.

I - Veto Brill

Uma uMongameli ephikisa izindleko, bangase baphendule isikweleti. Aveto ubuyisela isikweleti kuMkhandlu nomyalezo ochaza ukuphikisa kukaMongameli. Leli ithuluzi elinamandla elivumela uMongameli ukuba avimbele umthetho, nakuba kungewona aphelele.

I - pocket Veto

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kungekho sinyathelo esithathwa izinsuku eziyishumi futhi isinqunyiwe kakade isikhombe, kukhona "i-pocket vento". Uma umongameli engasayisayini esibalweni futhi asale engasasayinwa uma uMkhandlu ungasaphathwa, isibambiso sizothathwa ngokwephutha. Lesi senzo sibizwa ngokuthi iveto ephaketheni, futhi asinakungagcwaliswa yiSishaya-Myalo. Lokhu kwenza uMongameli athole isibambiso esengeziwe ekupheleni kwesimiso sobuhlanga.

Isinyathelo Se - 12: Ukugibela I - Veto Engumongameli

I-veto ewumongameli akulona igama lokugcina. Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungazama ukudlulisa i-veto. Uma kokubili iSigele nendlu kudlulisa isibalo ngenani eliphindwe kathathu, i-veto kaMongameli iyawuqeda umthetho, futhi umthetho uba umthetho.

I-Vto kudlalwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi idinga ukusekelwa okukhulu. Ukuthola inani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu kuwo womabili amakamu kuyibhande eliphakeme, ikakhulukazi esikhathini sokuhlanganisa i-vocation. Nokho, uma uMkhandlu uphumelela ukudlula iveto, kubonisa ukuvumelana okuqinile kwemithetho kulendaba.

Inqubo yokuhlulwa kwesimiso igcizelela isimiso esibalulekile sikahulumeni waseMelika: Nakuba uMongameli enamandla aphawulekayo, ekugcineni uMkhandlu unegunya lokumisa imithetho ngisho nangaphezu kokuphikisa kukamongameli uma kunokusekelwa okwanele.

Indima KaMongameli Enqubweni Yomthetho

Nakuba i-Congress iyigatsha lomthetho, uMongameli ufeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho. Nakuba injini yemibono yemithetho nezenzo kuyiSishaya-mthetho ngokwaso, uMongameli uthonye inqubo yomthetho, futhi. UMongameli utusa uhlelo lwezimali lwaminyaka yonke lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi usikisela umthetho. Mhlawumbe ngokuphawulekayo kakhulu, amandla okushaya umthetho angathinta okuqukethwe yizindleko ezidluliswa yi-Congress. Njengoba kungavamile ukuba umthetho umiswe phezu kwe-denary denational, i-Congress ishond i-money i-monery i-monery i-monery i-monement acustommentmentmentstion sy profectivession.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho noma uMongameli engenakukwazi ukumisa umthetho ngokuqondile, izinto eziza kuqala kumongameli ngokuvamile zithonya lokho okubhekwa uMkhandlu ocabangela izikweleti nendlela okubhalwa ngayo.

Ukungabikezeli Kwenqubo Yokushaya Indiva

Nakuba lesi sihloko sichazile izinyathelo ezivamile ezithatha izindleko, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo yokushaya umthetho ayicaci. Inqubo ethatha umthetho ayivamile ukuvunywa futhi ingahluka kakhulu ngokwezikweleti eziningi, le nqubo ngeke ilandele ukulandelana kwezinga lokuhlanganisa elivame ukuqondwa njengenqubo yomthetho. Imiboniso eqondene nezihloko ezilandelayo ezilandelayo ihlola ngokuningi ngokwengeziwe isigaba ngasinye esivamile lapho isibhakathi sihamba khona, kodwa khumbula ukuthi izinselele nezinguquko ziyakhula.

Amabhuleki angalungiswa ngezigaba eziningi, kuhlanganiswe nezinye izikweleti, ahlukaniswe abe yizingxenye ezihlukene zemithetho, noma ahlanganiswe njengezinciphiso zemali engahlobene. Lenqubo ingathatha amasonto, izinyanga, noma ngisho neminyaka. Ezinye izikweleti zidlula ngokushesha ngokusekela i-bipartisan, kuyilapho ezinye zigcwele impikiswano nokungavumelani okungalawuleki.

Okwenza Le nqubo Iklanywe Ngale Ndlela

Ubunkimbinkimbi benqubo yomthetho abunangozi. Abasunguli baklama isimiso esinama-sesho amaningi namathuba okunquma ukuthi kungavinjelwa umthetho osheshayo noma ocatshangelwa kabi. Imfuneko edlulayo ngamakomiti, ithola imvume kuzo zombili izikhongozelo zeSishaya-mthetho, futhi bathole imvume (noma i-presidenti) iqinisekisa ukuthi kucatshangelwa imibono eminingi futhi kunesisekelo esikhulu semithetho emisha.

Lesimiso sibonisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuyisisekelo kuhulumeni waseMelika. Akukho muntu oyedwa noma iqembu elingadala imithetho ngaphandle kokwenza kanjalo. Kunalokho, umthetho udinga ukubambisana nokuvumelana phakathi kwabadlali abaningi abahlukene, ngamunye emelela izinqumo ezihlukene kanye nemibono.

Nakuba lenqubo ingakhungathekisa futhi ithathe isikhathi, ifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile. Inikeza isikhathi sokuthola ukwaziswa komphakathi nenkulumo-mpikiswano, iqinisekisa ukuthi izindaba zobuchwepheshe zihlolwa ngokucophelela, futhi ivimbela ukudluliswa kwemithetho engenakusekelwa okukhulu. Ubunzima bokudlulisa umthetho busho futhi ukuthi imithetho, lapho imiswa, ithambekele ekubeni namandla anele ngoba idinga ukuvumelana okukhulu kangaka ukuba kudlule endaweni yokuqala.

Ukubaluleka Komsebenzi Wamakomiti

Enye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu kodwa ezingabonakali kakhulu zenqubo yokushaya umthetho umsebenzi owenziwa emakomitini. AmaKomiti alapho umsebenzi oningiliziwe wokwenza umthetho. Amalungu amakomiti athuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni zawo zokubusa, futhi izisebenzi zamakomiti zinikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe ekuhleleni nokuhlaziya izikweletu.

Isimiso sekomiti sivumela ukuba iSishaya - mthetho siphathe umqulu omkhulu womthetho ngokuhlukanisa umsebenzi phakathi kwamaqembu akhethekile, futhi sinikeza amathuba okuba amalungu athuthukise ubuchwepheshe nethonya ezindaweni abhekene nazo. Izihlalo zamakomiti, ikakhulukazi, zisebenzisa amandla aphawulekayo ekunqumeni ukuthi yiziphi izikweletu ezicatshangelwayo nokuthi zibunjwe kanjani.

Kubantu abahlala ezindaweni ezithile namaqembu abusayo afuna ukuthonya umthetho, ukuhlanganyela namakomiti ahlobene nawo ngokuvamile kuphumelela kakhulu kunokugxila kuphela ekuvoteni phansi.

Ukulandelela Imithetho

Kulabo abafuna ukulandela intuthuko yezikweletu ezithile, kunemithombo eminingi ekhona. iSishaya-mthetho seSishaya-mthetho sezwe, sinikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngawo wonke umthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nombhalo wemali, imibiko yezemali, imibiko yamakomiti, nemibhalo yokuvota. Izinhlangano eziningi zokukhomba ishaya umthetho ovumelana nezimpikiswano zazo futhi zinikeze izixwayiso nezenzo kumalungu azo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqonda ukuthi isigwebo siyini enqubweni yomthetho kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zazi ukuthi amazwi azo azwakala nini nokuthi athini.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Enqubweni Yokushaya Indiva

Nakuba kungamalungu e-Congress kuphela angamisa futhi avote umthetho, izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile enqubweni yomthetho. Amathonya omphakathi aphikisana neSishaya - mthetho abeka iziphakamiso zeSishaya-mthetho nendlela amalungu avota ngayo. Izakhamuzi zingathintana nabameleli bazo ukuze zibonise ukusekela noma ukuphikisa umthetho, zifaka ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwezindaba zamakomiti, zihlanganyele emikhankasweni yokulwa kwemithetho, futhi zivote nabazoza kanye nemithetho yazo.

Inqubo yomthetho iklanyelwe ukuba iphendule ekuqondiseni umphakathi. Amalungu eSishayamthetho anaka ukuxhumana okuvela kubantu abahlangene, futhi imikhankaso ehleliwe yokulawula ithonya kakhulu imiphumela yemithetho. Ukuqonda indlela lenqubo enika ngayo izakhamuzi amandla okuhileleka ngokuphumelelayo futhi enze amazwi azo azwakale ezindabeni ezizikhathalelayo.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngenqubo Yokushaya Indiva

Imibono eminingi eyiphutha ngokuphathelene nendlela izikweleti eziba ngayo umthetho. Okokuqala, akuzona zonke izikweleti eziqalweyo ezihloselwe ukuba umthetho. Ezinye zingenzelwa ukwenza inkulumo yezombangazwe, ukwanelisa, noma ukuqala ingxoxo ngomagazini. Okwesibili, inqubo ayiyona njalo i-panel .(bills) ingahlehlela emuva naphakathi kwezigaba, ihlanganiswe nezinye izikweleti, noma ibhalwe futhi kakhulu emaqophelweni ahlukahlukene.

Okwesithathu, izikweletu eziningi eziqanjwe eKhongolose azikho neze zibe umthetho. Lokhu akukhona ngempela ukwehluleka kwalesi simiso kodwa kunalokho kuwukubonakaliswa kohlobo olude lwenqubo kanye nebhanile ephezulu yokumisa umthetho omusha. Okokugcina, nakuba izinyathelo eziyisisekelo ezichazwe kulesi sihloko zisebenza emthethweni omningi, kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zemithetho ehlelekile nezihlukile ezingasebenza ezimweni ezithile.

Izinhlobo Ezikhethekile Zomthetho

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxile enqubweni ejwayelekile yokushaya umthetho, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomthetho zingalandela izindlela ezihlukene. Ukugunyaza izikweleti, okusekela imisebenzi kahulumeni, kulandela umjikelezo okhethekile waminyaka yonke futhi kunezimfuneko ezikhethekile zokuhlela. Ukuhlelwa kwezindleko zokubuyisana kungadluliswa neningi elivamile eSigeqeni, ukugwema imfuneko evamile yamavoti angu-60 ukuze kunqotshwe amavoti angu-Reinfalcester.

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zilandela inqubo ehluke kakhulu, idinga imvume ehlukene, ethatha ama-3-3 emagumbini oMkhandlu nokuhlanzwa yizishaya-mthetho ezintathu zezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Izivumelwano zidinga ukuvunyelwa kweSigele ngevoti yama-3 000 kodwa azifuni ukuvunyelwa kwendlu. Lokhu kuveza izimfuneko ezihlukene zomthetho-mthetho zokwenza izenzo ezihlukene zikahulumeni.

Umphumela Wokwehlukana Enqubweni Yomthetho

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukwanda kokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga kuye kwathinta kakhulu indlela inqubo yokushaya umthetho esebenza ngayo. Uma amaqembu amabili ayinhloko ehlukene kakhulu ezindabeni zezimiso, kuba nzima kakhulu ukufinyelela ukuvumelana okudingekile ukuze kubekwe umthetho. Lokhu kungaholela ekubekeni imithetho eqinile, lapho izikweleti ezinkulu ziba khona umthetho.

Isigaba sokuhlukana sithinta zonke izigaba zenqubo, lapho izikweletu zithola khona ukucatshangelwa kwekomiti ngendlela amalungu avota ngayo phansi. Abaholi beqembu bafeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondiseni icebo lomthetho nokunquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezithathwayo. Ukuqonda amandla ama-coralss eKhongolo kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi kungani ezinye izikweletu zihamba phambili kuyilapho ezinye zingasebenzi.

Inqubo Yomthetho Ezingeni LoMbuso

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxile enqubweni yomthetho kahulumeni, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umbuso ngamunye unenqubo yawo yokumisa imithetho kahulumeni. Izinqubo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zilandela indlela efanayo enqubweni kahulumeni, lapho kufakwa izikweleti, kubhekiswa kumakomiti, kuphikiswane, futhi kuvotelwe kuzo zombili izindlu zomthetho ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kumbusi.

Nokho, kunezinto ezingafani phakathi kwezizwe. Ezinye izifunda zinezindlu zomthetho zengxenye ezihlangana kuphela ngezikhathi ezilinganiselwe unyaka ngamunye, kuyilapho ezinye zinomthetho womthetho okhokhelwayo wesikhathi esigcwele. Ezinye izizwe zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze imithetho ngokuqondile ngezindlela zokuthatha i-ollet, zidlulise isishaya-mthetho ngokuphelele. Ukuqonda inqubo yemithetho eqondile kazwelonke kubalulekile ekuhilelekeni ngokuphumelelayo ezindabeni ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho, kunemithombo eminingi ekhona. I-Library of Congress inikeza izinto zemfundo eningiliziwe mayelana nendlela uKhongolo-mthetho olusebenza ngayo. Indlu neSigele ngalinye lilondoloza amawebhusayithi anokwaziswa okuphathelene nezinqubo zalo zamanje. I-C-SPAN ihlanganisa imicimbi eqhubekayo, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibuke inqubo yokushaya umthetho isebenza.

Amayunivesithi amaningi nama-agnome ashicilela ukucwaninga nge-Congress nenqubo yomthetho. Izinhlangano zezesivumelwano zivame ukunikeza ukuhlaziywa okucacile kwemithetho nenqubo yomthetho. Kulabo abafuna ukugxila kakhulu enqubweni yomthetho, le mithombo inganikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile nokwaziswa.

Ungahlola okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho ngemithombo engokomthetho njenge .Gov's Process Proceptional ikhasi, elinikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngokuthi izindleko ziba kanjani umthetho, noma livakashele incazelo yeNdlu yabameleli yenqubo yemithetho [ yokuqonda okuningiliziwe ngezinqubo zendlu.

Isiphetho: Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuyasebenza

Inqubo yokuba umthetho okuthiwa ingeyomthetho iyinkimbinkimbi, ihlongoze, futhi iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucatshangelwa okucophelelayo komthetho ohlongozwayo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwesethi yemali ngokubukeza kwamakomiti, impikiswano yaphansi, ukuhamba ngawo womabili amagumbi, kanye nesenzo sikamongameli, isinyathelo ngasinye sinikeza amathuba okufaka, ukucabangisisa, nokuthuthukisa.

Nakuba lenqubo ingathatha kancane futhi ikhungathekise, ibonisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi yaseMelika: ukubaluleka kokucabanga ngentando yeningi, ukubaluleka kwemibono eminingi, nesidingo sokuvumelana okukhulu ngaphambi kokumisa imithetho eyothinta izigidi zabantu.

Inqubo yomthetho ayisona nje isimiso esingabonakali sezinqubo . Isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi esisebenzayo. Wonke umthetho othinta ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke, kusukela enkambisweni yentela kuya ezimisweni zendawo ezungezile kuya ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu, uye wadlula kulenqubo. Ngokuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo, izakhamuzi zingakuqonda kangcono ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa, zihileleke ngokuphumelelayo ekulawuleni, futhi zibeke abameleli bazo abakhethiwe icala.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufunda ngohulumeni waseMelika, isakhamuzi esifuna ukuthonya isimiso, noma umuntu onesithakazelo endleleni esebenza ngayo idemokrasi, ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela i-Melika elawulwa ngayo. Isimiso singaba yinkimbinkimbi, kodwa siklanyelwe ukusabela ekwaneliseni intando yabantu kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho emisha ithola ukucatshangelwa nokusekelwa okukhulu. Ngalendlela, inqubo yomthetho ihlanganisa isimiso sentando yeningi sokuthi uhulumeni kufanele uthotyelwe, yiyo, futhi abantu.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthembisana komphakathi nokuqonda izinqubo zikahulumeni, ungavakashela USA.gov's iziqondiso zendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, enikeza izincazelo ezifinyelekayo ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukuqonda nokuhlanganyela enqubweni yomthetho.