Table of Contents
Ukuqonda Ubuchwepheshe Bokwamukeleka Kobuso Nendima Yabo Ekulondekeni Kwanamuhla
Ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa buye bavela njengenye yamathuluzi aguqula kakhulu ekulweni nobuphekula embulungeni yonke. Lobu buchwepheshe obunamandla buvumela ukuqashelwa kwabantu nokunembeka okusheshayo kosizo ekuvimbeleni imisebenzi yobuphekula nokwenza izindawo zomphakathi zilondeke ngokwengeziwe. Njengoba ukusongela kwokulondeka kuqhubeka kushintsha ngobunkimbinkimbinkimbi, ohulumeni nezinhlangano zokugcinwa komthetho emhlabeni wonke ziphendukela ngokuqhubekayo ezimisweni ezithuthukisiwe zesayensi yemvelo ukuze zivikele izakhamuzi nezakhiwo zabo.
Ngokwezenhlolo zeMarkers and Markets, intengo yokuqaphela ubuso ilungele ukufinyelela amadollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2025 ngo-2025, ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kusuka ku-R3,8 000 000 000 ngo-202020. Lokhu kukhula okuqhumayo akubonisi nje kuphela amandla obuchwepheshe akhulayo kodwa futhi ukubaluleka kwawo okukhulu ezikhungweni zokhuseleko lwezwe. Ukusuka ezikhumulweni zezindiza naseziphambanweni zezindiza kuya emiphakathini yasemadolobheni kuya ezimbonini nasebusweni yokuhlola, ukuqaphela ubuso kuye kwaba isici esiyisisekelo sezindlela zanamuhla zokulwa nomthetho.
Emnyombweni wayo, ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso bumelela umshado oyinkimbinkimbi wokubona nge-computer, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, kanye nokuhlola i-biometric. Ubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa izici zobuso bomuntu ngokwezimo zezibalo ezingasetshenziswa amacomputer futhi aziqhathanise, ukuhlaziya izici eziyinhloko zobuso njengebanga eliphakathi kwamehlo omuntu, ububanzi bekhala, ukuma kwemihlathi, kanye nokwakheka komhlathi, bese benza amathematina ayingqayizivele e-biothe ekwazi ukuhlola i-DICLES enqamleza izigidi zezigidi zobuso. Lelikhono lokuhlola nokulinganisa ubuso obufana nesivinini esingakaze sibonwe futhi izinga lokuvikela lishintshe indlela izinhlangano ezisondela ngayo ekuhlongeni nasekuvimbeleni.
Ukuziphendukela Kobuchwepheshe Bokwamukelwa
Kusukela Ekuqaleni Kuya Ezimisweni Ezinamandla Ayisitha
Lobu buchwepheshe bubuyela emuva ngawo-1960 lapho umfana ogama lakhe linguWoodrow Wilson Bledsoe eqala ukuvela nesimiso sokuhlela izithombe zobuso esebenzisa ibhedi elikhethekile. Lezi zimiso zakuqala zazingathandeki ngokwezindinganiso zanamuhla, zidinga ukufakwa kwezincwadi futhi zisebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwa kakhulu. Kuwo-70, abantu abahlakaniphile basebenzisa izingqwembe ezingu-21 eziqondile, njengombala wezinwele nobubanzi bomlozi, ukuqaphela ubuso obukhethekile, kanye no-80/90s babona indlela entsha yokusebenzisa i-Eigentaface, eyaba isisekelo sezimiso zanamuhla.
Umshintshi wangempela wemidlalo wafika ngawo- 2000 egcwele imithombo yezokuxhumana, njengoba kwakunezigidi zezithombe ezibhalwe ka-inthanethi, nikeza lezi zimiso i-data enkulu ukuba ifundwe kuyo. Lokhu kuqeqesha okuningi, kuhlangene nentuthuko yokufunda izimpawu zemishini, kwenza izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso zikwazi ukufinyelela amazinga okunemba ngaphambili aye angacatshangelwe. Namuhla, nge-AII kanye nokufunda okujulile, izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso bamabhizinisi ziye zanemba ngendlela emangalisayo futhi ngokushesha.
Indlela Izimiso Zokwazisa Zanamuhla Ezisebenza Ngayo
Izimiso zanamuhla zokuqaphela ubuso zisebenza ngenqubo ethatha imizuzwana eminingana. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa ukuqaphela i-specter, lapho isimiso siveza futhi sithola ubuso ngaphakathi kwesithombe noma i-tek-tem. Lokhu kulandelwa ngoku-otherne, lapho isimiso sigcina indawo yobuso, ubukhulu, nendlela yokuhlola okungaguquguquki kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-engile noma ibanga elisuka kwikhamera.
Kube sekulandela ukukhipha okunengxenye, lapho isimiso siveza khona futhi silinganise izici zobuso ezihlukile. Lezi zilinganiso zishintshwa zibe umfanekiso wezibalo obizwa ngokuthi i-exchange ye-octentime exmone. Ekugcineni, isimiso senza okufanayo ngokuqhathanisa leli silinganisi namasilinganisi agciniwe e-proxy, siveza i-spectal ebonisa ukuthi kungenzeka yini komentshiso.
Izimiso zanamuhla zokuqaphela ubuso zibamba futhi zihlaziye izithombe zabantu ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu zokubona nokuhamba. Lelikhono libalulekile ekusebenziseni izinhlelo zokulwa nobuphekula, lapho abasolwayo bengase bathunjwe khona ngezinyawo zokuqapha ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, kuhlanganise nezibani ezingezinhle, ukukhanyisa okungaphelele, noma ezinsikeni eziqinile.
Izinhlelo eziqediwe ekumelaneni nemisebenzi yobuphekula
Ukuvela Kwesikhathi Sangempela Nokutholakala Kosongo
Ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso buye bavela njengethuluzi lokuguqula imishini yokulwa nezentshontsha, inikeza amakhono athuthukile okuhlukanisa, ukuhlola, nokubamba abantu abanesithakazelo, begxile ezindinganisweni ezintathu eziqondile: ukuqapha kwangempela, ukulawula imingcele, nezinqubo zokuhlola. Ezindaweni zomphakathi eziminyene, izikhungo zokuhamba, naphakathi nezenzakalo ezinkulu, izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso zingahlola izixuku futhi ziqaphe ngokushesha uma umuntu onesithakazelo etholakala.
I-AI yenza ukuba ukuqapha okuzenzekelayo nokuzichaza kuhlole amaqembu amakhulu abantu ngokwesilinganiso futhi ngejubane elingakholeki ngaphambili. Lokhu khono kubaluleke kakhulu phakathi nezenzakalo eziphakeme lapho izixuku ezinkulu zihlangana khona, njengemibuthano yezombangazwe, imicimbi yezemidlalo, noma imikhosi engokwesiko. Izinhlangano zokulondeka zingathumela izimiso zobuso zokuqaphela ukuqaphela amachashaza okungena kanye nezinhlangano zezixuku, zikhombisa izinsolo ezingase zingene ekuhlaseleni.
Ukuphepha okukhuliswe kunikeza ukugada okuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezihamba phambili, kuveza abantu abanesithakazelo, futhi kuthola abantu abalahlekile abasebenza kahle kakhulu. Ikhono lobuchwepheshe lokusebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokukhathala liyenza ibe yiqhaza eliyigugu kakhulu ezisebenzini zokulondeka ezingabantu, ezingagxilisa ukunakekela kwazo ekuhloleni izixwayiso nasekusabeleni ezisongweni ezingase zivele.
Ukulawula Ukulondeka Komngcele Nokufuduka
Ukuwela imingcele nezikhumulo zezindiza kumelela izindawo eziyingozi ezivinjelweyo emizamweni yokulwa nobuphekula. Uma umuntu (kuhlanganise nephekula) eza e-United States evela phesheya, ngokunokwenzeka udlula endaweni yokuhlola abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe echweba lokungena, futhi uma ebheka i-conostics, lendawo yokuhlola isendaweni lapho amaphekula engachayeka kakhulu khona. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqaphela i-picecture buye baba yithuluzi elibalulekile kulokhu kuhlola okubucayi.
I-FRT ilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu odlula ngomthetho womngcele ngempela umuntu oboniswe ebhukwini lokuzichaza (umz., ipass), futhi i-Interpol ithumele isimiso sayo soMkhandlu wokuqala ukuze isize iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zibone abalwa namaphekula bangaphandle (FTFs). Lezi zimiso zingahlela izihambi ngokushesha ngesikhathi esisodwa zihlola izimpawu zazo ngokumelene namaphekula aziwayo noma asolwayo, ngokuphawulekayo zithuthukisa ukulondeka ngaphandle kokwenza amabhodlela amakhulu ahamba abahambi.
Imishini ingavimbela ukwebiwa kwemininingwane nokukhohliswa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezincwadi zokuhamba, njengendlela yokuhlanganisa iminwe yomuntu engafakwa ephepheni, njengepassport noma i-visa, ekhodweni lebhar, i-chip, noma umcu kazibuthe, okungenza kube nzima ngomuntu ukuba athathe izimpawu zomunye umuntu. Uma kuhlangene nokuqaphela ubuso, lendlela yokuvikela eqinile eqinile ekwazini komzimba engenza isivikelo esiqinile ngokumelene namaphekula azama ukungena emazweni esebenzisa izincwadi ezikhohlisayo noma ukwebiwa.
Izithobo zokuhlola nokuyifonelela
Izimiso ze-biometic zingathola amaphekula aziwayo noma asolwayo ngokusebenzisa i-biometric buso noma indlela ye-FaceCcock lapho kutholakala isithombe salowo osolwa njengephekula, futhi lokhu kuphenywa kufunwa kumphathi weziyalezo zamaphekula asolwayo. Lelikhono liye labonakala libalulekile ekuhloleni ngemva kwesiqalo sobuphekula, lapho izinhlangano zokuphepha zihlola khona ukuqapha abaphangi kanye nabangane bazo.
Esikhundleni sokuhlola ngezandla amahora okuhamba futhi baqhathanise ubuso nobuso, abaphenyi bangasebenzisa ukuqaphela ubuso ukuze baphenye ngokushesha ezinqolobaneni ezinkulu ze - video yokuhlola, baphawule abasolwayo futhi balandelele ukuhamba kwabo ezindaweni eziningi nasezikhathini eziningi.
Ibutho lezempi lase-U.S. liye laqaphela futhi ukubaluleka okubalulekile kokuqaphela ubuso emikhankasweni yobuphekula. I-U.S. Special Acts Commission (USSOCOM) ibeka isisekelo sokwanda okuphawulekayo kokuhlakanipha kwalo nokuhlakanipha kokusebenzisa amandla, ukuveza umbono obanzi nokwazi ngendlela engokobuchwepheshe yezindlela ezikhethekile zokuqoqa, ukuhlaziya, nokusebenzisa ukwaziswa okuhlobene phakathi nemisebenzi, ifuna ukuqonda ezindaweni ezinhlanu eziyinhloko zobuchwepheshe: ukuqaphela ubuso, ukuhlukanisa izikhulumi nezwi, ukuhlanganisa ngokugcwele i-SFIF Site Explatiation Eve Evision, ukuhlaziya okusheshayo kweDNA, nokuhlola i-AIAP, kanye nomshini wokufunda ulwazi lwe-AIA.
Izinzuzo Ezisebenzayo Ekuvimbeleni Ubuphekula
Ijubane Nesilinganiso Sokubonakala
Enye yezinzuzo eziphawuleka kakhulu zobungcweti bobuso obumelene nobuphekula yikhono layo lokulungisa nokuhlaziya ubuso ngejubane elikhulu kakhulu kunawo wonke amakhono omuntu. Ubuchwepheshe obusha bunike umbuso amandla amaphekula amasha ukuba athole ukuthi ayeyaziwa ngaphambili ahlela ukuhlasela izakhamuzi okuthi umbuso kufanele uvikele, futhi amandla okwenza lokhu, uma kusebenza ngokuphumelelayo, kungasiza ekulweni nobuphekula, njengoba ubuchwepheshe bobuso buthembisa ukunikeza lombuso ngokuqondile.
Izindlela zakudala zokuhlukanisa abasolwa zazixhomeke kakhulu enkumbulweni yomuntu nasekuqhathaniseni izithombe ngezandla, izinqubo ezazithatha isikhathi futhi zithambekele ephutheni. Isikhulu sezokugada esikhumulweni sezindiza esiminyene sasingabuka inani elilinganiselwe labantu ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi ngisho nezisebenzi ezinolwazi kakhulu zingamkhumbula umuntu osolwayo. Ngokungafani, izimiso zokuqaphela, zingabona ngasikhathi sinye amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zobuso, ziqhathanisa umuntu ngamunye nezindawo zokuhlola izinto ezisemqoka kakhulu ngesikhathi sangempela.
Lelikhono libaluleke kakhulu ezimweni ezizwelayo isikhathi lapho imizuzwana emincane. Uma izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha zithola ukwaziswa ngosongo oluseduze, izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso zingasetshenziswa ngokushesha ukuze zihlole izinqubo zokuhlola kuwo wonke amadolobha, zingathola izinsumpa ezisolwayo phakathi namahora noma izinsuku.
Izindawo Zokwandisa Izindiza Ezithuthukisiwe
Ngokuqaphela i-biometric, imithetho-algorith ejulile yokufunda, kanye nemininingwane emikhulu, ukunemba nokusebenza kahle komsebenzi wokuhlakanipha kuthuthukiswa futhi umsebenzi wokuhlola ongokwesiko uba umzabalazo ophambili nowesivikelo. Ukuqaphela kobungqabavu kuguqula ukuqapha kwethuluzi elisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ekuhloleni ngemva kwenqubo esheshayo ekwaziyo ukuvimbela ukuhlasela ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke.
Lobu buchwepheshe busiza izinhlangano zokulondeka ukuba zenze amakhamera agcwele asebenza njengesimiso sokuhlola esihlangene kunokuba athole amaphuzu ahlukene. Uma umuntu onesithakazelo etholakala kwenye indawo, le simiso singalandelela indlela ezihamba ngayo phakathi kwe-nethiwekhi, sinikeze izisebenzi zokulondeka ukuhlakanipha kwangempela ngemisebenzi yazo kanye nokuhlobana kwazo. Le khono libalulekile ekuqondeni izinhlangano zamaphekula futhi lazi amalungu angaziwa ngaphambili ezinhlangano ezineziphekula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso zingasebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa kokunaka nokukhathala komuntu.
Umphumela Wokwehla
Uma abahlaseli beqaphela ukuthi bakhona, babhekene nezingozi ezinkulu zokuzichaza nokuzethusa. Lokhu kungaphazamisa izinqubo zokuhlela, kuphoqelele amaphekula ukuba asebenzise amasu angasebenzi kahle, noma avimbele ukuhlasela ngokuphelele.
Imiphumela yokuvimbela idlulela ngalé kosongo olusheshayo lokuzichaza. Izimiso zokuqaphela zamehlo ziveza umbhalo ohlala njalo wezibalo ongahlaziywa esikhathini eside ngemva kwesenzakalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho noma amaphekula ekwazi ukubalekela ukutholakala ngokushesha, ashiya ubufakazi obungasetshenziswa ukuze athole ukuthi zikhona kamuva, alandelele izinhlangano zawo, futhi adalule izinhlanganisela zawo. Lokhu kulandisa okuthatha isikhathi eside kunezela enye ingozi amaphekula okumelwe ayicabangele lapho ehlela imisebenzi.
Ukuzuza Imithombo
Ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha buvumela izinhlangano zokulondeka ukuba zithuthukise imithombo yazo elinganiselwe ngokuhlela imisebenzi yazo yokuzihlela nokuqondisa ulwazi lomuntu lapho kudingeka khona kakhulu. Kunokuba zabele izisebenzi ukuba ziqaphe ngezandla ukuphapha noma zihlole amabhukwana emingceleni, izinhlangano zingathumela izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso ukuze zinakekele lemisebenzi kuyilapho abasebenzisi abangabantu begxile ekuhloleni izixwayiso, ukuqhuba izingxoxo, nokwenza izinqumo ezigxekayo.
Lokhu kubekwa kahle kubaluleke kakhulu uma kunikezwa izinselele zokulondeka zanamuhla. Lapho izigidi zezihambi zidlula ezikhumulweni zezindiza nsuku zonke futhi zithatha amahora amaningi ziqaphe zivulwe ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, kungeke kwenzeke ukubukeza konke lokhu kwaziswa ngezandla. Izimiso zobuso zingasebenzisa lo kwaziswa okukhulu ngokuzenzakalelayo, zinciphise ingxenyana encane edinga ukunakwa abantu.
Izinselele Ezibucayi Nokulinganiselwa Kwezobuchwepheshe
Ukunemba Nokuhle Kwamanga
Naphezu kwentuthuko ephawulekayo kwezobuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso, ukunemba kuseyinkinga enkulu, ikakhulukazi ekulweni nezenzo zobuphekula lapho imiphumela yamaphutha ingaba mikhulu khona. Indlela yokuqaphela ubuso iye yabonakala ihambisana nokungapheleli kobuchwepheshe nobuthakathaka, kodwa ingasetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo ukuze kuncishiswe ubuthakathaka bayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kubalulekile ekusebenziseni lobu buchwepheshe ngendlela efanelekile nephumelelayo.
Nakuba ngokuvamile abantu bengenza izinqubo zokuqaphela ubuso kahle, lemisebenzi iseyinselele kakhulu ezimisweni zobuchwepheshe, njengoba ngaphandle kokuba isithombe sibanjwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwa kakhulu, isimiso singase sibe nobunzima bokuhlukanisa umuntu noma ngisho nokubona ubuso bakhe esithombeni, futhi isimiso sisebenza kangcono lapho izici zendawo ezungezile ezinjenge - angle yekhamera, ukukhanya, ukubukeka kobuso nabanye, zilawulwa ngezinga elikhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.
Izinzuzo ezingamanga − uma isimiso sichaza ngokungeyikho ukuthi umuntu ungumuntu onesithakazelo − kumele ukuba labo ubuchwepheshe obungasebenzi kahle bangakwazi ukuqinisekiswa yi-FRTs /icasus nokuqashelwa okungaqiniseki, futhi ngokungaphezulu, bayodukiswa ngokungaziwa kakhulu, okungase kubabangele ukuba basolwe njengephekula noma esinye isigebengu esingathi sína. Ukwaziswa okunjalo okungakhohliswa kungaholela ekubeni abantu abangenacala baboshwe, baphenyelwe, noma baphathwe izinqubo zokuphepha eziyingozi, futhi kube nemiphumela emikhulu kakhulu neyo emphakathini.
I-NIST isanda kuhlola isilinganiso esikhulu esigxile ekuboneni ubandlululo eFRT, ngokugcizelela okukhulu izinga eliqondile – ie, ukuphindaphinda kwe-algorith kulula umfanekiso womuntu, futhi imiphumela ibonise ukuthi "amanani abantu abanezilinganiso, amazinga amahle avame ukuhlukahluka ngezici eziphindwe ka-10 kuya ku-100, kuye ngokuthi iziphi izinombolo zemithetho-algoriths ezisetshenziswayo. Lokhu kuhlukahlukahluka kwamaphutha phakathi kwezimiso ezihlukene kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuhlola nokweqiniseka kobukhomba ngaphambi kokuba ubuchwepheshe bobuso buthathe izinqubo zokusebenza eziphezulu zokuzivikela.
I - Demographic Bias ne - Aligoritimeic Fairness
Enye yezinselele ezinkulu kakhulu ezibhekene nobuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso ukucwasana kwabantu − ukuthambekela kwezimiso zokwenza ngokunembe kakhulu emaqenjini athile amanani abantu. Izinhlelo ezintathu ezidayiswayo zezobuchwepheshe ezivela ezinkampanini ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe zibonisa kokubili ukucwasana kwesikhumba nobulili, futhi ekuhloleni kwabacwaningi, amaphutha ezinhlelo ezintathu ekunqumeni ubulili bamadoda akhandleke ukukhanya ayengakaze abe mabi kakhulu kunamaphesenti angu-0,8, kodwa kwabesifazane abamnyama, nakuba, amazinga amaphutha eqiniswayo — ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-20 esimweni esisodwa nangaphezulu kwamaphesenti angu-3 kweminye.
Iphutha lamadoda aphundlekile lingu 0.8%, uma kuqhathaniswa no-3,7% yabesifazane abaphundleke kakhulu, ngokwe-2018 ukuhlolwa kwe-"Genendershades" nguJoy Buolamwin noTimnit Gebru, eyakhishwa yi MIT Media Lab. Lokhu kuhluka okuphawulekayo ngamazinga okunemba kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngokulunga nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho uma ukuqashelwa kobuso kusetshenziswa ekulondekeni nasemqoka komthetho.
Iphimbo lesikhumba lithinta ukunemba kwangempela, ngemisindo yesikhumba esilula elokhu idlula izimpawu ezingabonakali. Ukucwaninga futhi kuthole ukuthi izihloko zabesilisa zithola ukunemba okungcono kunezihloko zabesifazane, okubangelwa izici ezinjengokugoba kwezinwele ezinde nokushintsha kobuso ngenxa yokuzilungisa.
NgoAugust 2023, owesifazane omnyama wamangalela iDetroit Police Device Devier ngemva kokuboshwa amaphoyisa esebenzisa i-software yokuqaphela ubuso engakasebenzi kahle, futhi lenkinga idlangile kuyi-software yokuqashelwa ebusweni, evame ukuveza izinga eliphakeme lokungalungi kwabantu abangemhlophe. Izenzakalo ezinjalo zibonisa imiphumela yangempela yokucwasa kwamaphoyisa futhi zigcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sezimiso zokuqaphela ubuso ezingonaka ngokulunganga.
I-Nist ithola imiphumela ephambene ngokwengeziwe lapho kufikelwa eMpumalanga Asia, eMelika yoMdabu, eMelika, e-Indiya, e-Alaska, nasePacific Islands. Ukusakazeka kwalokhu bandlululo kuwo wonke amaqembu amanani abantu abaningi kusikisela ukuthi lenkinga ingokwesimiso kunokuba ibe yeyodwa kubantu abathile noma imithetho ethile.
Izimbangela Eziyinhloko Zemizimba
Ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso buye bathuthuka kakhulu ngokunembile ngenxa yokuhlakanipha okuphambili kokuzenzela (AI) okuqeqeshwe ngezithombe ezinkulu zobuso, kodwa lemidwebo ngokuvamile ayinazo izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanga, ubulili, nezinye izinhlobo zabantu, okubangela ukuba izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso zenze umonakalo omkhulu emaqenjini angaphansi kwalawo avezwayo uma kuqhathaniswa namaqembu amaqembu anezimo ezihlukene ekuqeqesheni ukwaziswa.
Inkinga yobandlululo ivela emithonjeni eminingi. Imininingwane engokomlando esetshenziselwa ukuqeqesha izimpawu zobukhombane idla ngokuba nezinhlangothi zabesilisa abamhlophe, okubonisa inani labacwaningi nezinhlangano ezabadala. Lapho ama-algorith efunda ukubona ubuso ngokuyinhloko kule mininingwane elinganiselwe, ngokwemvelo yenza kangcono ebusweni obufanayo futhi izama ukubhekana nobuso obuhluke kakhulu ekuqeqesheni kwabo ukwaziswa.
Abaningi bathi iningi lalezi zimpikiswano libangelwa ukuhlelwa kokwaziswa okungalingani. Nokho, inkinga idlulela ngalé kophawu olulula. Ngisho noma i-data ihlanganisa ubuso obuhlukene, ezinye izici ezifana nezimo zokukhanya, izinga lekhamera, kanye nesithombe sokulungiswa kungathinta ngokungenakuqhathaniswa izinga lezithombe kubantu abanemibala emnyama, okuhlanganisa izinkinga eziqhubekayo zokunemba.
Imizamo Yokuhlasela Ama - bias
Abacwaningi nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe baye baqaphela ukuthi inkinga yobandlululo inzima futhi basebenza ngenkuthalo ekuxazululeni. Ngo-2018, iMicrosoft yamemezela ukuthi i-FRT yabo etholakala ngokwezentengiselwano ithole imvume yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinhlanga nabobulili obufanayo ngokuthuthukisa amaqoqo okwaziswa asetshenziselwa ukuqeqesha amanani omshini wobuchwepheshe nangokuthuthukisa izinga lokunemba okukhulu, futhi lentuthuko yaphumela, ngokwenkampani, amaphutha aphindwe izikhathi ezingu - 20 ezindlela ezimnyama zesikhumba namazinga angaphansi ka-9 ezindlela ezingalungile ngabesifazane.
Abacwaningi baqala baqaphela izithombe ezintathu zobuso eziqoshiwe — i - Arcpie, i - Ada Face ne - Elastic Face — emininingwaneni emikhulu, elinganiselwe eyavela, futhi umphumela awuzange nje kuphela uthuthukise ukunemba okuphelele uma kuqhathaniswa nemifanekiso eqeqeshwe emibhalweni elinganiselwe ekhona, kodwa futhi futhi kwancipha ngokuphawulekayo ukulinganiselwa kwenani labantu, kanye nezibonelo eziqeqeshwe ezibonisa ukunemba okulinganayo kuzo zonke izinhlanga uma kuqhathaniswa nemifanekiso ekhona ebonisa ukungasebenzi kahle kweqembu elingaphansi kweqembu elikhona.
Kuyi-Fair Fair Fair Faircseseti, ukunemba kwathuthukiswa kusukela ku-9,2,8% kuya ku-9,47%, kuyilapho i-DoB (DoB) incishisiwe isuka ku-3,86 kuya ku-1.16, okumelela ukwehla cishe kwekhulu elingu-70%, futhi ngokuphawulekayo, intuthuko ephawulekayo yaqashelwa amaqembu amelelwe phansi, njengentuthuko enembile kwabesifazane abamnyama kusukela ku 80.2% kuya ku-90%, kuyilapho kugcinwa ukusebenza okuqinile kwamaqembu akhona kakade.
I-nethiwekhi yokususa i-adversarial (Debfie), isebenzisa isithombe-to-feature dern, izilinganiso ezine ze-compatificiers, i-division, i-agnificier, kanye nesici esibonakalayo se-agbian compation, kanye ne-divinity ye-adifiers (iers), kanye ne-adiviers, ne-adifiniciers, ne-adifiber, i-acide, i-asethine, ne-adifinicity, ne-acity, i-me e-difinificifssss, i-gever, i-ader, kanye nobudala, nokuzime, nokuguqula ukuguqukela okungase kube yizicishicishine, ukwenza i-projeko ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwamaqembu-zo-zo-m, i-injini, i-injini, i-enziphonsitive i-injini, i-injini, kanye ne-enzithi, kanye ne-injini
Izinkinga Zomuntu Siqu Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi
Inqwaba Yabantu Nelungelo Lokuzifunela Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu
Ingxenye enkulu yamandla inohlangothi olubi, futhi iFRT ayihlukile, njengoba iphakamisa izimpikiswano ezingathi sína nokukhathazeka mayelana nokungafihliwe, ukuziphatha, kanye nethonya lomphakathi. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso ngezinjongo zobuphekula kuvuselele ukuphikisana okukhulu ngokulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka nokuyimfihlo, futhi abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqapha okusakazekile kusongela inkululeko eyisisekelo yomphakathi.
Izinselele ezingokomthetho, ezingokomthetho, nezokuzifihla zihlanganisa ukukhathazeka ngokudukisa, ukukhwabanisa, nobandlululo kuyi-memorial. Ikhono lokulandelela izinhlangano zabantu ezinqamula ezindaweni zomphakathi ngaphandle kolwazi noma ukuvuma liphakamisa imibuzo ejulile mayelana nesimo semfihlo emphakathini wanamuhla kanye nemingcele efanelekile yemibuso yokuhlola kahulumeni.
Abagxeki bakhomba ezingozini ezinkulu zomuntu siqu kanye nokuphazamisa inkululeko yomphakathi, bebangela ukukhathazeka ngokuqoqwa kwemininingwane engagunyaziwe, ukungavunyelwa kwemvume, kanye nokusebenza okungasetshenziswayo kunyakaza ngalé kwe-(indlela okusetshenziswa ngayo ukwaziswa okuqoqwe ngenjongo eyodwa engahlobene ngaphandle kolwazi noma ukuvuma komuntu. Ukwesaba kuwukuthi izimiso zokuqala ezazibekwe ngenxa yobuphekula obumelene nenkululeko yomphakathi zinganwebeka kancane kancane ukuze ziqaphele izakhamuzi ezivamile ezihileleke emisebenzini esemthethweni, zidala isimo sokuqapha esipholisa ukuqamba kwenkululeko nenhlangano.
Izizathu ezibekwa phambili zokuvinjelwa okunjalo ziwukuthi amaFRT ahlushwa ubandlululo olusakazeke kabanzi olubangelwa izinzuzo nokulimala okusakazwa ngokungenakulinganiswa phakathi kwamaqembu, uhulumeni uyosebenzisa ngokungenakugwenywa lezobuchwepheshe ngezinjongo ezingekho emthethweni, nokuthi ukuba khona kweFRT kupholisa ukuziphatha kwethu (ukusho, kubangela abantu ukuba bazihlole ngenxa yokwesaba ukugada). Lokhu kubangela ukuba bangahlanganyeli kwentando yeningi ngokunqanda abantu ukuba baye ekuphileni, ezingqungqutheleni zezombangazwe, noma eminye imibuthano yomphakathi lapho bengase babonwe futhi baqashelwe khona.
Ukusabela Okuphuthumayo Nokuvinjelwa
Ngo-2019, i-San Francisco yaba idolobha lokuqala e-US elinqabela ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso (FRT), ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa nezinye izinhlangano, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amanye amadolobha amaningana aseMelika aye asebenzisa ukuvinjelwa kwawo okufanayo kwe-FRT, kanye namakhemisi asedolobheni laseBoston aqokomisa ngokucacile impikiswano eyodwa: ubandlululo lobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kubonisa ukukhathazeka komphakathi mayelana nokwenzeka kobuchwepheshe kokuxhashazwa kanye nezinkinga eziboniswayo ngokunemba nokulunga.
Nokho, lokhu kuvinjelwa kwendawo akuzivimbelanga izinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nezinye izinhlangano eziningi ukuba ziqhubeke ziqaphela izinjongo zokuvikela ubuso, kwakha umsebenzi ombaxa - mbili wemithetho ehluka kakhulu ngokwezindawo.
I-European Union iye yathatha indlela ebanzi ngokwengeziwe, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuqaphela ubuso lapho kubhejelwa ngokuthula kunyuswa ingozi yezindlela zokuqapha ngobuningi kanye nemiphumela yokuvikela amalungelo abantu. Izikhulu zaseYurophu ziye zahlongoza ukulinganiselwa okuqinile ekusetshenzisweni kobuso emphakathini, kanye nokusekela ukuvinjelwa okuphelele ngaphandle kwezimo ezicashiwe ezihilela ubugebengu obungathi sína noma ukusongela okusondela.
Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko
Kuyinto eyinhloko ukuthi uma umbuso ungasebenzisa lobuchwepheshe ukuze wandise amandla awo okulwa nobuphekula, lombuso ucindezelwa kangangokuthi ukuxhashazwa nokuziphatha okubandayo akwenzeki, futhi umbuso kumelwe udale iziphazamiso ezingokomthetho ezivumela kuphela ukuba amaFRT asetshenziswe ezindaweni lapho abantu bengenakusetshenziswa khona (futhi akufanele) bajabulele ukulindela okunengqondo ukuthi umuntu uzoba nomuntu siqu (isimo sezindiza, ukuwela imingcele).
Amakhamera ahlonyiswe ngeFRT kumelwe aphawulwe ukuze aqinisekise umphakathi ukuthi awakholeki ezindaweni okumelwe alindele ukuba umuntu abe wedwa, futhi amaFRT kufanele avunyelwe ukuthola izigebengu ezingathi sína (isimo, amaphekula). Leziziphakamiso ezihlongozwayo zimelela umzamo wokulondoloza izinzuzo zokuqashelwa kobuso kuyilapho zilinganisela amathuba okuxhashazwa nokuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi.
I - FRT imelela ithuluzi elinamandla ezikhalini ezilwa nobuphekula, elenza kube nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezazingafinyeleleki ngaphambili, kodwa lokhu kuwubuchwepheshe obudinga ukulinganisela okukhulu phakathi kwezinzuzo zayo ezicacile nokucabangela okubalulekile okuhlobene nazo, futhi okwamanje, kungase kube ukuthi ukulinganisela kuncike kakhulu ekusekeleni izinzuzo ezicacile ze - FRT futhi akuhambisani nokulunga, ukungezwani nokwethembeka okufanele kuqondiswe ekubuseni kwayo.
Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Engokomthetho Neyobuciko
Ukucabangela Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Namalungelo Abantu
Izinhlelo ze - RT ezisetshenziswa ukuphoqelelwa komthetho ekuphawuleni ubugebengu obusolwayo zinephutha elikhulu kakhulu ezithombeni zobuso ezibonisa imisindo emnyama yesikhumba nabesifazane uma ziqhathaniswa nezithombe zobuso ezibonisa abesilisa baseCaucasia, futhi lokhu bandlululo kungaholela ezakhamuzini eziphenywa ngokungeyikho amaphoyisa asebenzisa ubuhlanga nabesifazane, njengoba ukugcinwa komthetho okunobandlululo kungqubuzana nemfuneko ephakeme yokuthi uhulumeni uphatha zonke izakhamuzi ngokulinganayo ngaphambi komthetho.
Isimiso sokuvikela esilinganayo somthetho-sisekelo wemithetho-sisekelo eminingi sidinga ukuba izenzo zikahulumeni zingacaci ngenxa yobuhlanga, ubulili, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe. Uma izimiso zobuso zibonisa ubandlululo oluhleliwe ngokumelene namaqembu athile amanani abantu, ukusetshenziswa kwazo izinhlangano zikahulumeni kungase kumelane nalezisivikelo ezingokomthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kudala inkinga engokomthetho: nakuba ubuchwepheshe bungase buthuthukise ukulondeka, ukusebenza kwabo okunobandlululo kunganikeza ukusetshenziswa okungavumelani nomthetho wamalungelo abantu.
Ososayensi be - computer baye bazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokusetshenziswa komthetho wokusebenza kwe - FRT ukuze baphawule abasolwayo, bephawula ukuthi kungenzeka i - computer enjalo isetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa abasolwayo, futhi ngaleyondlela, iphutha ekuphumeni kwemithetho egunyaziwe esetshenziswa njengomthoba wokuqashelwa ebusweni kwezinye izinto lingaba nemiphumela engathi sína, njengoba umuntu engase asolwe ngokungafanele ngobugebengu obusekelwe ephutheni kodwa ngokuqiniseka ekuhlolwa komenzi wobugebengu ngokungafanele kwe - video.
Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa
Itusa ukuqondiswa okunamandla, ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, nokubusa okusobala ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso obuyi-Al kuvumelana namalungelo abantu nenkululeko eyisisekelo. Ukubona ngokucacile ngokuphathelene nendlela izimiso zobuso ezisebenza ngayo, amazinga azo okunemba, nokulinganiselwa kwazo kubalulekile ukuze umphakathi wethembeke futhi ulandise ngentando yeningi.
Ukumisa imithetho ecacile nebanzi ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso, ihlanganisa izindinganiso zembulunga yonke nezimiso zesizwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungaguquguquki, futhi igunya lokuhlola njalo kwezimiso ze-FRT ukuqinisekisa ukulandelwa kweziqondiso zezimiso zezimiso. Ukuphenywa njalo kungasiza ekuboneni izinkinga ngokunemba noma ubandlululo ngaphambi kokuba ziholele engozini engathi sína, kuyilapho izimiso ezingokomthetho zinikeza isiqondiso ezinhlanganweni zokuphepha ngokusetshenziswa okufanelekile kobuchwepheshe.
Izingozi akufanele ziholele ekuvinjelweni kokusetshenziswa kwe - AI noma ukuvinjelwa kwezinye izindawo, kodwa kunalokho, kufanele kube ukunxusa ukuba ohulumeni bathathe isinyathelo sokufuna umklamo ongcono wamathuluzi abo e - AI/ML, okusho ukuzuza ukwaziswa okungcono nokwakha imibuso yokuvivinya ezikhandlayo elinganisela izingozi nokudalula amaphutha ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi indlela yokusiza lokhu iwukumisa izindinganiso ezichazekayo ze - AII kanye nezimiso zokubona ngokucacile okwenza ohulumeni baqonde ngokuhluzeka kwazo zonke izinyathelo ezithathwa yisimiso.
Isivikelo Semininingwane Nokukhumbula
Umbuso akumelwe usebenzise izinkampani zengxenye yesithathu eziphula izimo ezintathu zokuqala phakathi nokudalwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwenkonzo yazo, futhi izinkampani zesithathu akumelwe zikwazi ukufinyelela noma ukufunda ukwaziswa okuzwelayo okuqoqwe yi-octal eqoqwe izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso kuzwela kakhulu futhi kungokomuntu siqu, kudinga isivikelo esiqinile ekungeneni okungekhona okugunyaziwe, ukusetshenziswa kabi, noma ukuphulwa kokwaziswa.
Imibuzo ephathelene nokugcinwa kokwaziswa ibaluleke kakhulu. Ulwazi lokuqaphela ubuso lungagcinwa isikhathi esingakanani? Ubani ongase akwazi ukuluthola? Ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo lungahlanganyelwa nezinye izinhlangano noma amazwe? Lemibuzo ayinazo izimpendulo ezicacile ezimisweni eziningi, idala ukungaqiniseki ngemiphumela emide yokuqaphela ubuso.
Ingozi yokuphulwa kokwaziswa futhi ibalulekile. Iqoqo lokwaziswa okunemininingwane yokuqashelwa ebusweni kwezigidi zabantu lingaba isisulu esikhangayo kubacuphi, izinkonzo zokuhlakanipha kwamanye amazwe, noma izinhlangano zobugebengu. Uma ukwaziswa okunjalo bekungahlehliswa, kungasetshenziselwa ukwebiwa kwamagama, ukucupha, noma ezinye izinjongo ezimbi, kanye nemiphumela engaqhubeka iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka.
Imibono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nokulahlekelwa
Izindlela Zokutholwa Kwezingane Zokutholwa Emhlabeni Wonke
Ukugcinwa komthetho: Ukuqashelwa kobudoda njengamanje njengobuchwepheshe bokuhlola obuthandwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, obunezinga lokutholwa elingu-64%, elidlula kokubili iziteshi zedolobha ezihlakaniphile nezindlela zamaphoyisa ezihlakaniphile. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe okusakazeke kakhulu kubonisa ukubaluleka okucatshangelwayo kwokulondeka kanye nezinqubo ezihlukene ezithathwa amazwe ahlukene.
Amazwe abhekene nezinsongo zokulondeka ezingafani futhi anemibono engafani ngasese nangasese, okuholela ezindinganisweni eziphawulekayo endleleni ubuso obuqashelwa ngayo. Amanye amazwe aye amukela ngentshiseko ubuchwepheshe, abusebenzise kakhulu emphakathini ngaphandle kwemingcele ephakeme. Amanye aye athatha indlela yokuqapha, alinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwawo ekubekeni imingcele ekhethekile ephakeme noma abeke izimfuneko eziqinile zokwengamela.
U-Furl et al. (2002) wathola ukuthi i-FRT yasungulwa futhi yasetshenziswa emazweni aseNtshonalanga yayinembe kakhulu ezithombeni zobuso baseCaucasus, kanti emazweni aseMpumalanga Asia, ama-FRT amanani ayenembe kakhulu ezithombe zobuso baseMpumalanga Asia. Lokhu kuthola kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuthuthukisa izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso eziqeqeshelwe ukumelela imiphakathi ehlukahlukene lapho izothunyelwa khona.
Ukubambisana Nezindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke
Ubuphekula buwusongo lwezizwe zonke oludinga ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke ukuze kulwe ngokuphumelelayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa bungasiza ekusebenzeni ngokusiza amazwe ukuba ahlanganyele ukwaziswa ngamaphekula aziwayo noma asolwayo futhi aqondise imizamo yawo yokuwaqapha. Nokho, lokhu kuhlola komhlaba wonke kuphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuhlanganyela ukwaziswa, ukuvikela komuntu siqu, namalungelo abantu.
Amazwe ahlukene anezindinganiso ezihlukene ezingokomthetho zesivikelo sasese, ukugcinwa kokwaziswa, nenqubo efanele. Uma ukwaziswa kobuso kuhlanganyelwa emingceleni, kungase kuncishiswe isivikelo esiqinile ezweni elamukelwayo kunasezweni lapho kwakuqoqwe khona. Lokhu kudala izingozi zokuthi ukwaziswa okuqoqwe ngaphansi kwesivikelo esiqinile sobuso bomuntu siqu kungasetshenziswa kabi ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe ngezindlela ezibuthakathaka.
Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge-Interpol ziye zasungula izimiso zokusiza abantu ukuba baqaphele ubuso obubodwa ngokumelene nobuphekula. Lezi zimiso kumelwe zisebenzise indawo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe, zilinganisele izinzuzo zokuphepha kokwaziswa okuhlangene ngokumelene nezindaba zomuntu siqu, amalungelo abantu, nobukhosi besizwe. Ukuthuthukisa izindinganiso nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zokusebenzisa ukuqaphela ubuso ngokunesibopho ekulwisaneni nobuphekula kuseyinselele eqhubekayo.
Ukuzicabangela Nokwethemba Umphakathi
Izici Ezibangela Ukwamukelwa Komphakathi
Abasekeli be-FRT bagcizelela ukuthi ingakwazi ukuvikela umphakathi, ukuvimbela ubugebengu, nokuvimbela ubuphekula, bephawula ukuthi i-FRT yenza ukuba izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zikwazi ukubona abasolwayo futhi inqande ukungena okungekho ngokomthetho ezindaweni ezivikelweyo lapho kukhona khona izinto eziyigugu noma abantu abasengozini. Ukusekela komphakathi ekuqapheleni ubuso ngokuvamile kuxhomeke emongweni oqondile okusetshenziswa kuwo, ngokuvunyelwa kakhulu kwezicelo zokhuseleko ezisendaweni ephakeme njengezindiza.
Ukuthembela ezikhungweni eziqashelwayo kuyisici esibalulekile ekwamukelweni komphakathi. Uma abantu bethemba ukuthi izinhlangano zokulondeka ziyosebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ngendlela ehloniphekile nangengamele, bathambekele kakhulu ekukwamukeleni ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho ukwethembana kuncishisiwe ngenxa yokuxhashazwa kwangaphambili, ukuntuleka kokukhanya, noma ukukhathazeka ngobandlululo olungokomphakathi kuvame ukuba kuqine kakhulu.
Ukumukelwa kwe-FRT okuphumelelayo nokusakazekayo akuxhomeke nje kuphela ezingenini nasekuqondeni kwayo, kodwa nasekwethembeni komphakathi izimpawu zemithetho-mithetho zokuthi amandla amathuluzi okuqaphela ubuso, futhi lokho kuthemba kuzoba nzima ukwakha kuyilapho izibonelo zobandlululo lobuhlanga nemiphumela emihle engekho kuqhubeka ukufiphaza intuthuko yonyaka ngamunye ekwenziwa ekunembeni nasekusebenzeni kwe-software yonke.
Ukwakha Ithemba Lomphakathi
Ukuthembisana komphakathi ukuze kuxazululwe izinkathazo futhi kwakhe ukuzethemba. Ukuthembisana umphakathi ngokuzimisela kudinga okungaphezu nje kokwazisa abantu ngokuqashelwa kobuso; kusho ukuveza amathuba okuxoxa ngenzuzo, izingozi, nemingcele efanelekile.
Ukubonisana kwezimiso kubalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe izimali. Izinhlangano zokulondeka kufanele zibike obala amazinga okunemba, kuhlanganise nokuwohloka kweqembu elinamanani abantu, amazinga angcono, nokwaziswa ngendlela ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ngayo futhi bungamele. Lokhu kuvumela umphakathi ukuba wenze izahlulelo ezinolwazi ngokuthi ukulondeka kuyazithethelela yini izindleko zobumfihlo nokuthi ubuchwepheshe buyasetshenziswa kanjani.
Ukubonisa ukulandisa lapho kuvela izinkinga nakho kubalulekile. Lapho izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso ziholela ekuboshweni okungalungile noma kwezinye izinkinga, izinhlangano kumelwe zivume lokhu kwehluleka, zikhokhele izisulu, futhi zithathe izinyathelo eziqinile ukuze zivimbele ukubuya kwenkinga. Umkhuba wokuphika izinkinga noma ukususa umthwalo wemfanelo uyoqeda ukwethemba umphakathi futhi uqede ukuphikisa ubuchwepheshe.
Intuthuko Yesikhathi Esizayo Nezindlela Zobuchwepheshe Ezixubile
Intuthuko Ekunembeni Nasekhonweni
Eminyakeni yamuva, njengoba izakhiwo ezithuthukile nokwanda kwezingqimba nezilinganiso, ama - FR aye athuthuka kakhulu ekufundeni kwawo ukubukeka okuyinkimbinkimbi kobuso, futhi lezi zimo ezijulile, ngokuvamile ezinezingqimba ezingaphezu kwekhulu ezinezilinganiso ezihlukene, ziye zathuthukisa ikhono lezimiso ze - FR ukuze zikwazi ukuhlukanisa izimo ezivivinyayo, okuphumela ekuqapheleni kakhulu (kunokuncipha kobandlululo), futhi ngokungaphezulu, ukutholakala kwemiyalo ehlukahlukene kakhulu, kuye kwanezela ekufundeni imiphumela engcono, njengoba lemiyalwazi, ehlanganisa ukuhlukahlukahluka okukhulu kwemibono enjengaleyo, ukukhazimula, nokuveza (PIE), kuye kwangenza ukuba ngithuthuke kakhulu ekuthuthukeni nokulinganayo kokubili ukulunga ne - FR.
Izimiso zobuso ezizokwamukelwa esikhathini esizayo cishe ziyohlanganisa i-biometric systems, ukuhlanganisa ukuqaphela ubuso nokuhlola i-iso, ukuhlaziya, ukuqapha izwi, nezinye izindlela. Lendlela ehlukahlukene ingathuthukisa ukunemba ngokuvala izimpawu eziningi ze-octal explaine, ukunciphisa ithonya lamaphutha kunoma isiphi isimiso esisodwa. Kungenza kube nzima kakhulu ngamaphekula ukuba agweme ukuxilonga ngokususa noma ukushintsha ukubukeka kwawo.
Intuthuko ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa, ikakhulukazi ekufundeni okujulile kanye naseziminyeni zemithambo yengqondo, iyaqhubeka isunduza imingcele yalokho izimiso zobuso ezingayifeza. Lezizimiso ziba ngcono ekuqapheleni ubuso ngaphansi kwezimo eziyinselele, njengokungaboni kahle, ukukhanyisa okungaphelele, noma ukuthatha i-engile engaphezulu. Ziya zishesha futhi, zenze imifula yevidiyo esheshayo ekwazi ukuhlaziya imishini ethatha ividiyo ngokuthatha amakhamera amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukuxhumana Nezinye Izimiso Zokuhlakanipha
Ikusasa lokuqashelwa kobuso obumelene nobuphekula alikho ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe ngokwabo, kodwa nasekubuhlanganiseni nezinye izimiso zokuhlakanipha nokulondeka. Uma ukuqashelwa kobuso kuhlangene nokuhlaziywa kokuziphatha, ukudwetshwa kwezokuxhumana, ukuqashelwa kwezokuxhumana, neminye imithombo yokuhlakanipha, kuba yingxenye yesimiso sokuhlola esibanzi esiwusongo ngaphezu kwengqikithi yezingxenye zayo.
Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqaphela ubuso bomuntu onesithakazelo esikhumulweni sezindiza, kubangela ukuhlolisisa okwengeziwe izindlela zokuhamba, ukuhwebelana ngokwezimali, ukuxhumana nabantu abaziwayo.
Nokho, lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuhlanganisa futhi izinkathazo zomuntu siqu. Isimiso esihlanganisa ukuqaphela ubuso nokwaziswa okukhulu okuvela kweminye imithombo sidala amakhono okuhlola angasetshenziswa cishe ekuhloleni zonke izici zokuphila kwabantu. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso ezinjalo ezinamandla zisetshenziselwa kuphela izinjongo ezingokomthetho zokhuseleko futhi ngokuqondisa okufanelekile kuyoba inselele enzima kubenzi bezimiso.
Izindlela Zokunqoba Nezikhali
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso buba budlange kakhulu ebuphekulani, izitha ziyanda izindlela zokuvimbela ukuze zingatholakali. Lezi zinqubo zisukela ezilula njengokugqoka izifihla - buso noma izibuko zelanga kuya ezindleleni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezifana nezindlela zokwakheka zomchamo eziklanyelwe ukudida ukuqashelwa kobuso noma ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obujulile ukuze kuveze ubuqaba.
Lokhu kwakha umncintiswano wezikhali zezobuchwepheshe oqhubekayo, izinhlangano zokulondeka zisebenzela ukuthuthukisa izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso kuyilapho amaphekula nabanye abaphikisi besungula izindlela ezintsha zokuzinqoba. Ukuphumelela kokuqashelwa kobuso obumelene nobuphekula kuxhomeke kumakhono obuchwepheshe azuzwe ngefa kuphela, kodwa ekutheni angazivumelanisa kanjani nezinqubo ezishintshayo zokugwema.
Abanye abacwaningi bahlola izindlela zokwenza ukuba izinhlelo zokuqaphela ubuso ziqine kakhulu ekumelaneni nezindlela zokuhlola, njengokusebenzisa i-infrared fig ukuze babone ubuso ngisho noma bumbozwe kancane, noma bahlaziye igait kanye nokukhuluma komzimba ngaphezu kwezici zobuso. Abanye basungula izimiso zokubona ezikwaziyo ukubona phakathi kobuso bangempela nezithombe, izifihla - buso, noma imibukiso yamavidiyo, ukuvimbela ukuhlasela okungalawuleki.
Imikhuba Nezimemezelo Ezingcono Kakhulu
Izindinganiso Zobuchwepheshe Nokuvivinywa
I-NIST eqhubekayo i-Face Brigistranding Application (FRVTs) iye yahlola i-algorithm yobuso engaphezu kuka-400 kusukela ngo-2017, inikeza ukuqonda ngezibalo ezinembile zonke zabo bonke abakhiqizi abahlanganyelayo. Ukuhlola okuqinile, okuzimele kwezimiso zokuqaphela ubuso ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe kubaluleke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokunemba nokulunga.
Ukuhlola kufanele kuhlanganise ukuhlola amaqembu ahlukahlukene amanani abantu ukuze kubonwe futhi kuhlolwe noma yikuphi ubandlululo lwesimiso. Izimiso ezibonisa amazinga angamukeleki obandlululo akufanele zisetshenziswe kuze kube yilapho lezi zinkinga zilungiswa. Ukuhlolwa kufanele futhi kuhlole ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezingokoqobo ezisebenzayo, hhayi nje ezikhungweni ezilawulwayo zokucwaninga.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuxilonga okuqhubekayo ngemva kokuthunyelwa kwesakhiwo. Ukusebenza kwesimiso kungawohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengenkathi ye-algorithm noma njengoba inani labantu liqashelwa ushintsho. Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kungaveza izinkinga ezivelayo futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izimiso ziyaqhubeka zisebenza ngendlela ehambelanayo kukho konke ukuphila kwazo.
Iziqondiso ezisebenzayo
Izinhlangano zokulondeka eziqashelwa ubuso obumelene nobuphekula kufanele zimise iziqondiso ezicacile ezicacile ezibonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bungasetshenziswa nini futhi kanjani. Lezi ziqondiso kufanele ziphendule imibuzo enjengethi: Iliphi izinga lokuqiniseka okudingekayo ngaphambi kokuthatha isinyathelo? Ikuphi okunye ukuqiniseka okudingekayo ngaphambi kokuba kugcinwe umuntu ebhekene nobuso obufanayo? Kumelwe sisetshenziswe kanjani isimiso esihambisana nokwahlulela komuntu?
Akukho bantu noma imithetho yemithetho elandelwayo enephutha, futhi ubuthakathaka obufanayo bokwahlulela komuntu bungathinta ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqaphela ubuso, njengoba abantu bengathemba umphumela we-algorithth ``ucabanga ukuthi kumelwe kube "kuhle"" kunesinqumo sabo siqu ngokuthi imifanekiso emibili iyafana yini, naphezu kokukhetha okungaqondile noma okungaqondile kubuchwepheshe. Ukuqeqeshelwa izisebenzi ezisebenzisa izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso kufanele kugcizelele ukuthi ubuchwepheshe buyithuluzi lokusiza ekwenzeni izinqumo zabantu, hhayi ukuthathela indawo isahlulelo somuntu.
Abasebenzi kufanele baqeqeshelwe ukuqonda ukulinganiselwa kwesimiso, kuhlanganise nokukwazi kwaso ukucwasana nokukhetha okungamanga. Kufanele bakhuthazwe ukuba basebenzise ukwahlulela okuzimele futhi banganciki kuphela ekuphumeleni kwemithetho elandelwayo, ikakhulukazi uma imiphumela yamaphutha inzima. Imithetho ecacile yemithetho isho ukuthi ikuphi okunye ukucwaninga noma ukuqiniseka okudingekayo ngaphambi kokuba bathathe isinyathelo esisekelwe ekuqapheleni ubuso.
Ukuqondisa Nokulandisa Komshini
Izimiso zokwengamela eziqinile zibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso busetshenziswa ngokufanele nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemisebenzi kuyatholakala futhi kulungiswe. Lokhu kuqondisa kufanele kuhlanganise kokubili ukusebenza ngaphakathi ezinhlanganweni zokulondeka nokuqondisa okungaphandle kwemikhakha ezimele njengezikhulu zezindaba zomuntu siqu, amakomiti omthetho, noma ukubukezwa kokwahlulela.
Imishini kufanele ilondoloze izinsakazo eziningiliziwe zendlela izimiso zokuqaphela ubuso ezisetshenziswa ngayo, kuhlanganise nalokho okuhlolwayo, oziphathayo, nokuthi yiziphi izenzo eziphumela kulokhu. Lezi zingodo kufanele zihlolwe njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zihambisana nezimiso futhi zibone noma yiziphi izindlela zokusebenzisa kabi. Uma kutholakala izinkinga, kufanele kube khona izindlela zokuziphendulela ezicacile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu anomthwalo wemfanelo abhekene nemiphumela efanele.
Izindikimba zangaphandle kufanele zibe negunya nemithombo yokuhlola izinhlelo zokuqaphela ubuso. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthola ukwaziswa kobuchwepheshe ngendlela izinhlelo ezisebenza ngayo, indlela yokwenza imisebenzi, kanye nezingodo. Amaquator com lo hulumeni kufanele futhi abe namandla okuphoqelela izinguquko ezimisweni eziphula izindinganiso ezingokomthetho noma ezingokokuziphatha.
X Izithoba
Ukufezwa Kwesikhumulo Sezindiza Nokulondeka Komngcele
Izikhumulo zezindiza nokuwela imingcele kuye kwaba phakathi kwabaphathi bokuqala nobanzi bobungcweti bobuso bokuqashelwa ngenxa yezinjongo zokulwa nobuphekula. Lezindawo ezilawulwayo zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana zokuqashelwa kobuso: izihambi kumelwe zidlule ezindaweni zokuhlola ezimisiwe, izibani ne-engile yekhamera zingaqiniswa, futhi kunesiqinisekiso esicacile sokuthola ubufakazi.
Amazwe amaningi aye abonisa ukuqashelwa kobuso ezikhungweni zokuhlola abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi izihambi zihambisana nezithombe zazo zeposi lokungena nokuzihlola kumaphekula aziwayo noma asolwayo. Lezi zimiso ziye zahlanganisa izigidi zezihambi, nezinye izikhumulo zezindiza ezibika ukuthi ukuqashelwa kobuso kuye kwazenza zakwazi ukubona abantu abazama ukuhamba ngezincwadi zokukhohlisa noma ukusebenzisa izikhundla ezebiwe.
Ubuchwepheshe buye basetshenziswa futhi ekulungiseni izihambi ezithembekile ngezinhlelo ezivumela abantu abanezinsika ukuba basebenzise amasango anezimo ezizihambelayo ukuze bahlole ukuthi bazini ngokuqaphela ubuso. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okubili − ukuvikela nokusizayo kunakho konke lokhu kusiza umphakathi ukuba wamukele ubuchwepheshe esikhumulweni sezindiza.
Amanetha Ezinto Ezitholakala Emadolobheni
Amanye amadolobha athumele amakhamera amaningi ahlonyiswe ngamakhono okuqaphela ubuso ukuze aqaphele izindawo zomphakathi ezisongela ukulondeka. Lezi zimiso zingalandelela ukunyakaza kwabantu edolobheni, okungase kuphawule amaphekula ahlola izisulu noma ahlangane nabaphefumuli abakanye nawo.
Nokho, izinqubo zokuqapha zasemadolobheni ziye zabangela impikiswano enkulu ngenxa yamandla azo okuqapha izakhamuzi ezivamile. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lezi zimiso zidala ithonya elihlasimulisayo ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekileni nasekuhlanganeni, njengoba abantu bengase bagweme izindawo ezithile noma imisebenzi uma bazi ukuthi ziyaphenywa. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwezinzuzo zokulondeka nezindleko zomuntu siqu kunzima kakhulu ukugadla kulezi zinhlelo.
Ezinye izikhulu ziye zazama ukusingatha lezizinto ngokulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kobuso obuqashelwe emphakathini ezimweni ezithile, njengokuhlola ubugebengu obungathi sína noma ukusabela ekusongelelweni okuseduze. Ezinye ziye zafuna ukuba amakhamera aphawulwe ngokucacile futhi umphakathi waziswe ukuthi ukuqashelwa kobuso kuthunyelwaphi. Lezi zinqubo zizama ukulondoloza izinzuzo ezithile zokuphepha kuyilapho zilinganisela izici eziningi zokuqapha komphakathi.
Ukugada Isenzakalo Nesixuku
Izenzakalo ezinkulu zomphakathi − njengemihlangano yezombangazwe, izingqungquthela zomhlaba wonke, noma imidlalo emikhulu — imelela izisulu ezikhangayo zamaphekula futhi idinga izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha. Ukuqashelwa komphakathi kubekwe ezigijimini ezinjalo ukuze kuqashelwe izixuku futhi kubonwe izinsongo ezingase zivele phakathi kwalabo abakhona.
Lezindawo zokulwa zesikhashana zinikeza izinzuzo ezithile ngeminyango ehlala njalo yokuhlola. Zilinganiselwe ngesikhathi nangezinga, zigxile ezenzakalweni ezithile eziphezulu kakhulu kunokuba ziqashelwe njalo ezindaweni zomphakathi. Zingathethelelwa ngosongo oluphakeme lokuphepha oluhlangene nezenzakalo ezinkulu ezikhanga izixuku ezinkulu nezisulu eziphezulu.
Nokho, izinhlelo zokuphepha zezenzakalo ziphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuqashelwa kobuso kusetshenziselwa ukuqondisa ukubhikisha kwezombangazwe noma imibhikisho. Ubuchwepheshe bungasetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa nokulandela izisho zezombangazwe eziqinile ezingokomthetho ezingathi zishaqisayo. Iziqondiso ezicacile zokuthi ukuqashelwa kobuso kungasetshenziswa nini futhi kanjani ezinsukwini zomphakathi kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuxhashazwa.
Indlela Engaphambili: Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Namalungelo
Ukwakha Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Ewusizo
Ikusasa lokuqashelwa kobuso obumelene nobuphekula lixhomeke ekuthuthukiseni izinqubo ezivumela ubuchwepheshe ukuba busetshenziswe ngokuphumelelayo ezinjongweni ezifanele zokulondeka kuyilapho buvikela inkululeko yomphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukulunga. Lokhu kudinga ukuxoxa okuqhubekayo phakathi kochwepheshe bokulondeka, ochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe, abakhi bezimiso, abameleli benkululeko yomphakathi, nomphakathi.
Izici ezinjalo kufanele zisekelwe ezimisweni ezicacile: Ukuqaphela ubuso kufanele kusetshenziswe kuphela lapho kudingekile futhi kuhambisana nosongo lokuphepha; kufanele kusetshenziswe ngezindlela ezifanele zokuvikela ekuxhashazweni; kufanele kube ngaphansi kokuqondisa nokulandisa okunenjongo; futhi kufanele kuhlaziywe futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokunembe nangokucwasa.
I-mongo ehlukile ingadinga izindlela ezihlukene. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqaphela ubuso ezinqamuleni zomngcele, lapho kunokulunga okucacile kokuphepha nokulindela okulinganiselwe kobumfihlo, kungamukeleka kakhulu kunokusetshenziswa kwayo ekuqapheni izindawo zomphakathi eziqhubekayo. Izisekelo ezicaciwe zinganikeza isiqondiso esicacile kunemithetho yonke ehlangene.
Ukucwaninga Nokuthuthuka
Ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso kubalulekile. Lokhu akuhlanganisi ukuthuthukisa ukunemba kanye nejubane, kodwa kuhlanganisa ukusingatha izinkinga zobandlululo nokungalingani. Isilinganiso esingaphezulu nokuhlolwa okusemthethweni okufana ne-NIST kusiza ekuvuleni amaphutha avamile eFRT, futhi njengoba ososayensi nezisebenzi, onjiniyela abaqalayo i-FRT basebenza ngokuthuthukisa imiphumela ye-software ethuthukisa i-software ngemigqa emnyama yesikhumba – kanye nokunciphisa igebe legebe lobulili le-pist, futhi uma imininingwane nemiphumela ibekwa ngokucutha, ukuhlolwa okuncane, ososayensi banekhono lokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwemithetho futhi ngaleyondlela bakhulume ngemiphumela yokucwa kwe-software esikhathini esizayo.
Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso ezihlaziya imikhuba yokuziphatha noma izimpawu zokungaboni ukuthi abantu abathile bangaba nokwaziswa okuwusizo okuwusizo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izinto eziyimfihlo okuncane kunokuqaphela ubuso okungokwesiko.
Ukucwaninga okuhlanganisa ama - computer, ososayensi bezenhlalo, izazi zezimiso zokuziphatha, nezazi zomthetho kungasiza ekutholeni nasekubhekaneni nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibangelwa ubuchwepheshe bobuso.
Ukubambisana Nezindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke
Uma kucatshangelwa isimo sobuphekula esihlanganisa izizwe zonke, ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke ngezindinganiso zokuqaphela ubuso nemikhuba kubalulekile. Amazwe kufanele asebenze ndawonye ukuze athuthukise izindinganiso ezifanayo zokunemba, ukungalungi, nesivikelo sangasese, kuyilapho ehlonipha amasiko angokomthetho ahlukahlukene nezindinganiso zamasiko.
Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zingamisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zezimiso zokuqaphela ubuso ezisetshenziswa ekulwisaneni nobuphekula, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwayo kwemingcele kuhlangabezana nezimfuneko eziyisisekelo zokunemba nokwethembeka. Zingamisa nemithetho yokuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okuvikela izindaba zomuntu siqu namalungelo abantu kuyilapho kusiza ukubambisana okuphumelelayo ekusongelwani kwamaphekula.
Nokho, ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke kumelwe kulinganiswe ngokumelene nokukhathazeka mayelana nokukhokha imibuso yempoqo ukuba isebenzise ukuqashelwa kobuso ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Amazwe edemocratic kufanele aqaphele ngokuhlanganyela ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso noma ukwaziswa kohulumeni abangenazo isivikelo esiqinile samalungelo abantu nokubusa komthetho. Izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke kufanele zihlanganise izivimbele ekuvimbeleni ubuchwepheshe ekusetshenzisweni izinjongo ezingaqondile.
Isiphetho: Ukushintsha Indawo Eyinkimbinkimbi
Ubuchwepheshe obuqashelwayo buyithuluzi elinamandla ekulweni nobuphekula, linikeza amandla okuthola ukuthi ukhona, ukuqapha, nokucwaninga okungakholeki emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule. Ubuchwepheshe obusha bunikeze umbuso amandla amasha okuziqamba ukuba athole amaphekula ayaziwa ngaphambili ahlela ukuhlasela izakhamuzi okuthi uhulumeni uhloselwe ukuvikela, futhi amandla okwenza lokhu, uma ephumelela, angasiza ekulweni nobuphekula.
Nokho, lobu buchwepheshe buletha izinselele ezinkulu ezihlobene nokunemba, ubandlululo, ukuzifihla, kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi. Lenkinga idlange i-software yokuqashelwa ebusweni, evame ukuveza izinga eliphakeme lezinto ezikhohlisayo kubantu abangemhlophe, futhi ngokungafani ne-software yokuqaphela ubuso esetshenziselwa ukubopha othile, i-CT algorithism eqeqeshiwe ingabulala izakhamuzi, isenzo esingenakupheliswa. Iziphazamiso ezimelene nezinhlelo zobuphekula ziphakeme kakhulu, lapho amaphutha angaholela khona kubantu abangenacala ekuboshweni ngokungafanele noma, ngokuphikisana, kubantu abayingozi ababalekela ukutholwa.
Indlela engaphambili idinga ukulinganisela lokhu kuhlola okuncintisanayo ngokuthuthukisa inqubo ngokunakekela, ukuqondisa okuqinile, ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe, nokuxoxa nomphakathi okuqhubekayo. Akukho ukuvinjelwa okungafihlekile okuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kobuso ekuqapheleni izinjongo zokulondeka noma ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kumelela indlela engokomuntu efanelekile. Kunalokho, izici ezicacile ezivumela ukusetshenziswa okunenzuzo kuyilapho ukuxhashazwa kunikeza ithemba elingcono lokuqaphela izinzuzo zobuso lapho kuvikelwa amalungelo ayisisekelo.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka bushintsha futhi bukwazi kangcono, isidingo sokubusa okunengqondo siba esiphuthuma kakhulu. Izinqumo ezenziwa namuhla mayelana nendlela ukuqashelwa kobuso okuthuthukiswa ngayo, okusetshenziswayo, futhi okulawulwayo kuyohlela ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko iminyaka eminingi ezayo.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngobuchwepheshe be-biometric, vakashela i- National Institute of Direfective and Technology’s Face Stactiffic Art Artrifix uhlelo lokuhlola ubuchwepheshe be-biographic. Ukufunda ngokuhlola imfihlo yomuntu siqu kwezobuchwepheshe bokuhlola, hlola imithombo ye-Ectronic Foundation [. Ukuze uthole imibono yomhlaba wonke ngemithetho yokuqaphela ubuso, bheka iPhalamende le-AUNU] elisebenza eMthethweni we-AIURP .