Ukwaziswa okukude okuzwayo kuye kwaba yithuluzi elibalulekile ekulungiseni izimiso zokulawula amanzi asebenzayo. Njengoba imithombo yamanzi acwebile ibhekana nokucindezela okukhulayo kwenani labantu, izimfuno zezolimo, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokungcola, abenzi besinqumo badinga ukwaziswa okuqondile, okufike ngesikhathi, nokubanzi. Ukuhlola okuhamba emoyeni kunikeza umbono we-synoptic yezimiso zamanzi, okwenza iziphathimandla zikwazi ukuhlola izindawo ezinkulu, zibone ushintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi zihlole izinqumo eziyisisekelo zobufakazi obungokwezimo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela ubuchwepheshe obukude obusekela ngayo izinhlelo zokuphatha amanzi, izinhlelo ezizuzisa kakhulu, izinzuzo ezisadingeka ziqondiswe kuzo.

Yini Ezwa Kude?

Isayensi eqhelile ikwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa ngezinto noma izindawo ezikude, ngokuvamile usebenzisa izinzwa ezibekwe eziphuphuthekini, ezindizeni, noma ezimotweni. Lezinzwa zilinganiswa noma zikhiphe imisebe kagesi ebonakalayo, kuhlanganise namabhande abonakalayo, ama-infrared, nama-microwave. Ukwaziswa okuqoqiwe kungahlelwa ngezithombe nangamabalazwe emishini aveza izakhiwo ezingokoqobo namakhemikhali oMhlaba kanye nomoya.

Kuwo wonke amanzi atholakalayo, amapulatifomu asebenza ngemisebe ephezulu njenge-NASA’s Landsat, iziphuphutheki ze-European Space Agency's Sentinel, kanye neziphuphutheki ze-NOAAES zinikeza ukuqapha okucophelelayo. Lezi zimiso zinikeza imishini ehlukahlukene: izibonakalo ezikwazi ukubona imibala yamanzi nempilo; izinzwa ze-infrared zilinganisa izinga lokushisa kwamanzi; futhi izinzwa zeradar zingena emafwini futhi zingalinganisa ukuqina kwamanzi, izinga lemibhoshongo, ngisho nomswane wenhlabathi. Inxanxathela yalezi zivumela ukugadanganisa i-hydrolog ejikelezayo esendaweni, ezungezile, nasemagqeleni embulungeni embulungeni embulungeni.

Izisebenziso ezinephutha kukuphathwa kwemithombo yezobuchwepheshe

Ukuhlola Amanzi Aphakeme Nezinga Lamandla

Umfanekiso wesatellite uvumela ukuba kudwetshwe njalo amachibi, amadamu, imifula, namaxhaphozi. Imithetho-mthetho ihlukanisa amapixels amanzi ngokuzenzekelayo, ikwazi ukudalwa kochungechunge lwesikhathi olushintsha unyaka nesikhathi eside. Lokhu kwaziswa kubalulekile ekuqondiseni indawo yokugcina imithombo, ekuhloleni izikhukhula, nasekuhloleni imiphumela yesomiso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Global Surface Water i-Earter, eyakhiwe ezinqolobaneni ze-Landsat, ibhala ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamanzi angaphezulu emashumini amane eminyaka adlule, isiza abakhi bezimiso ukuba baqaphele izindawo zokulahlekelwa amanzi noma ukuzuza.

Ukucwebezela Kwamanzi

Ukuzwa kude kungalinganisela isilinganiso sezinga lamanzi njenge-turbidity, chlorophyll-a, izinto ezincibilikile, futhi zincibilike izimbobo. Izinzwa ezinjenge-Sentinel-2 neLandsat-8 zinikeza imisebe ephakathi ehlola i-intshi e-algal eveza ukuqhakaza, iziphepho, nokukhuhla ukungcola. Lokhu kusekela ukugcinwa kwezindinganiso zamanzi, imithombo yokungcola, kanye nezinqubo zokulungisa. Kusogwini nakuwo, eduze namanzi akhona, kusiza izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi ukuba zixwayise ngokuqhuma okuyingozi.

Ukuhlolwa Kwesomiso Namanzi

I-Dalimedic ithathwe emniningwaneni exeshiwe ekhipha i-metation evevegetation Vegetation Index (NDVI), i-Vgetiation Health Index (VHI), kanye ne- Standardeded Ecipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) esuka kwimikhiqizo yemvula ekhiqizwa ngamasatellite, inikeza isixwayiso sakuqala sokucindezeleka kwamanzi. Izinzwa ze-Ermal zihlola izinga lokushisa komphemezi elibonisa ukuswela kwezitshalo. Lezizimpawu zidla izinhlelo zesomiso ezilungiselelwe isomiso futhi zisiza ohulumeni ukuba kunikezwe amanzi aphuthumayo ngendlela engcono kakhulu.

Ukuncipha Kwemithombo Yengcebo Yamanzi Angaphansi Komhlaba

Nakuba ukuzwa okukude kungenakuwalinganisa ngokuqondile amazinga amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kunikeza izimpawu ezingaqondile ezinjengokuncipha komhlaba (ngokulinganiswa yi-INSAR), ukushintsha kwezindikimba zamanzi angaphezulu, nokushintsha komswakama wenhlabathi. I-GRACTIC (i-Gravity Recovery and Climate Express Treaption) iziphuphutheki ziye zashintsha ukuhlolwa kwamanzi amakhulu ngokuhlola ushintsho endaweni yomfutho womhlaba womhlaba obangelwa ukugcinwa kwamanzi ngesilinganiso sokuhlukahlukahluka. Lo kwaziswa kuye kwasiza ekwambuleni wokuncipha komjikelezo ophakathi kwe-mjikelezo eCalifornia naseNyakatho ye-Chaini, ukuqondisa ukulungiswa kwezimiso zokukhishwa kwamanzi emhlabeni.

Ukudweba Amanzi Angekho emthethweni Nezingcezu

Iziphuphutheki eziphezulu ezilungisa amanzi zingabona amaphuzu angekho mthethweni, njengemithombo ekhuselwe ngokungemthetho ezindaweni ezivikelweyo noma engekho emthethweni emifuleni. Shintsha i-algorithms ziqokomisa izakhiwo ezintsha noma izindlela zokuhamba kwamanzi ezishintshiwe. Emazweni lapho ukwebiwa kwamanzi kuyinselele enkulu, ubufakazi obuqaphile obungavunyelwe buye basetshenziswa ukuphoqelela imithetho, ukunciphisa izingxabano, futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso esikhona phakathi kwabasebenzisi sikhona.

Ukuhlolwa Kweqhwa Ne - glacier

Ezindaweni ezinezintaba, iqhwa neqhwa kusebenza njengamathangi amanzi angokwemvelo. Izimiso ezikude ezizwayo njenge-NASA’S MODIS kanye neziphuphutheki ze-Sentinel-2 zinikeza ukumbozwa kweqhwa nsuku zonke, amanzi eqhwa alingana (ukusebenzisa i-microwave-data engasebenzi), kanye namazinga eqhwa anciphayo. Lokhu kwaziswa kudla amanzi athelela isizukulwane se-odar ehla ngomsinga namanzi aphehlayo. Izinqumo mayelana nemisebenzi yedamu futhi nesomiso ngokuvamile zixhomeke ekwazini okuthola ukwaziswa okuthathelwa iqhwa okuthathelwe ekuzweni.

Ukulawula Uzamcolo Nokuhlolwa Ngezingozi

Izinzwa ze-radar njenge-Sentinel-1 ne-RADARSAT ziphumelela kakhulu emaphusheni ezikhukhulayo ngoba zingathola izithombe ngetshe lefu ebusuku. Izinga eliseduze nobukhulu bamabalazwe esimo esingokoqobo sisiza abaphathi besimo esiphuthumayo ukuba baxhumane nokusabela, ukuhlola umonakalo, nokuhlela izindlela zokuthutha. Ukwaziswa okungokomlando okuthathwe ezinqolobaneni ezigciniweni zeziphuphutheki kusekela ukudalwa kwamabalazwe engozi yezikhukhula, okubalulekile ekuhleleni indawo kanye nasekuthuthukiseni isimiso somshuwalense.

Izinzuzo Zokufuduka Kuyinqubo Yamanzi

Ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okukude okuhlanganisa ukuhlohlwa kwezimiso zokulawula amanzi kunikeza izinzuzo ezingokoqobo kunezindlela ezingokwesiko ezisekelwe enhlabathini. Lezi zinzuzo ziguqula indlela ohulumeni, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, kanye nendlela yokulawula yamanzi:

  • Ukuhlola isilinganiso esikhulu esinemiphumela[: Izimiso zokuhlola ezisekelwe emhlabathini ziyabiza ukufaka nokunakekela, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude noma ezinsundu. Ukuzwa kude kunikeza i-athonsi eqhubekayo yezindleko nge-skwele.
  • Izinqolobane zemininingwane yesazi sesazinge sesazinge sokuhlola okungokwezinga elivamile : Amarekhodi amaningi esiphuphutheki anwetshwa emuva emashumini amane noma ngaphezulu. Lombono omude uvumela abenzi bezimiso ukuba baqaphele ushintsho lwesimo sezulu, bahlole ukusebenza kwezimiso zakudala, futhi baphawule izimo zamanje ngokumelene nezimiso ezingokomlando.
  • Isikhathi sangempela kanye nemininingwane ethatha isikhathi esiseduze yesixwayiso sokuqala : Ukuhlola isiphuphutheki kungahlelwa futhi kusakazwe phakathi namahora. Lesivinini sibalulekile ekunqumeni okusebenzayo njengokukhipha amanzi kumadamu ngaphambi kwesikhukhula noma ukuthatha iziphetho zesomiso.
  • I-Cross-ukukhanya okungaphandle kanye nokubambisana: Emifuleni enqamula ibhuloho, ukuzwa kude kunikeza umthombo wokwaziswa oqotho wonke amazwe akhucululayo angawusebenzisa. Lokhu kunciphisa izimpikiswano ngokuhlelwa kwamanzi futhi kusekela izisekelo zokuphatha izigaba (umz., iMekong River Commission' ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwama-stellite).
  • Ukuhlangana nezibonelo zamanzi ahambayo kanye nezimiso zokusekela izinqumo : Ukwaziswa okusebuqamama kungena ezifanekisweni ezibikezela ukutholakala kwamanzi, ukunikezela, kanye nezimo zokulingisa ukuphatha. Ohulumeni bangasebenzisa "lokho-impela" ukuhlola okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwendawo kanye nezinguquko zesimo sezulu.
  • Ukuncitshiswa kwezindleko zokuhlolwa kweze-equalis: ngokufaka noma ukuphelelisa imikhankaso yasemasimini, ukonga isikhathi, umsebenzi, nemali, ukukhulula izimali zezinye izinqubo eziza kuqala njengokulungisa izakhiwo noma ukuphuma komphakathi.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa

Naphezu kokushintsha kwamandla, ukuvunyelwa kwenqubo yamanzi eqhelile kubhekene nezithiyo eziningana. Abenzi bemithetho kumelwe baqaphele ngalokhu kulinganiselwa ukuze bagweme ukuthembela ngokweqile ekwazisweni kwesiphuphutheki kuphela.

Izimpikiswano Zokuhlinza Nezinqumo Zekhanda

Kukhona iziphuphutheki ezikhululekile nezivulekile (isib., Landsat, Sentinel-2) ezivame ukunikeza inselele yamamitha angu-10-30, okungenzeka anele ukugada izindikimba zamanzi ezincane noma imifula emincane. Imininingwane ephakeme yokukhipha ijubane lokusebenza (isiteshi esiphansi) kodwa idla imali eshibhile ukuze kuhlolwe inqubo evamile. I-temporal resorry consolet iphakamisa inselele: ezinye iziphuphuthezi zibuye zibuye zibuye zihlole indawo eyodwa njalo izinsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa izikhala phakathi nezenzakalo ezibucayi (umz. umjikelezo wokukhanya) zingavela.

Ukungenela Kwefu Elimbozwe Ifu

Izinzwa zokubona azikwazi ukubona phakathi kwamafu, okwenza zingathembeki ezindaweni ezinamafu angapheli (isinye, izifunda ezibandayo phakathi nezinkathi zemvula). Nakuba izinzwa zerada (umz., Sentinel-1) zinqoba lokhu kulinganisela, ukuchaza kwazo ukwaziswa kudinga amanani akhethekile futhi zingase zinganikezi ukwaziswa okufanayo njenge-state.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezigebengu Zokufundisa

Ukuhlela ukwaziswa okusebuqamama ekutholeni ukwaziswa okungasebenza kudinga abahlaziyi abanekhono nezakhiwo eziqinile zokubala. Izinhlangano eziningi zokuphatha amanzi emazweni asathuthuka azinazo izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe noma amandla okusebenzisa iziteshi ezinkulu. Lokhu kudala ukuncika ekusekeleni nokuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zangaphandle.

Ukusebenza Kwamazwi Neqiniso Eliyisisekelo

Izinzwa ezikude ezitholakele kumelwe ziqiniswe ngokulinganiswa kwemilinganiso ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba. Ngaphandle kweminxanxathela esekelwe emhlabathini, imikhiqizo ekhishwe ngesiphuphutheki ingaba nobandlululo. Izinqumo zomthetho ezisekelwe kuphela ekwazisweni okungaqondakali okukude zingaholela eziphethweni ezinganembile (umz., ukulinganisela ukuncipha kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba noma ukulinganisa indawo yokugcina amanzi).

Izinkinga Zesimiso Nezezinhlangano

Ngisho nalapho amandla obuchwepheshe ekhona khona, i-estentia yenhlangano ingavimbela ukwamukela ukwaziswa kwesiphuphutheki. Izinhlangano zakudala zinganqikaza ukushintsha izinqubo zokuhlola ezimisiwe isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubo zomthetho ngokuvamile azikuqapheli ngokucacile ukwaziswa kweziphuphutheki njengobufakazi obungakholeki bokugcinwa kwamalungelo amanzi noma ukugadwa kokugcinwa kwemithetho, nakuba lokhu kushintsha kancane kancane.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ukusebenza Kwemizwa Ekude

Ukuphathwa kwesomiso saseCalifornia

Phakathi nesomiso esinzima sango-2012-2016, uMnyango Weziphetho Zamanzi waseCalifornia wasebenzisa ukwaziswa kweziphuphutheki ezisuka eLandsat, MOTES, naseGRAC ukuze uhlole iqhwa, umswakama wenhlabathi, nokuncipha kwamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi. Ukwaziswa kwasiza ekuthetheleleni ukunqanda imishini yesimo esiphuthumayo kanye noMthetho we-Sstainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA), ogunyaza izinhloso zokuzinzisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Umnyango waseCalifornia weResources Resource Soult Programme uyaqhubeka nokuhlanganisa lezizinqumiso ze-S

Ukubusa Kwamanzi Okushintshashintsha ENayile Basin

INayile Basin isho ukuthi sekuyisikhathi eside ilwisana nokuhlanganyela ulwazi. Ukuzwa kude kunikeza imithombo engathathi hlangothi yokuhlola ukulingana kwamanzi eChibini iVictoria, i-Blue Nile meters, neGrand Renaissance Dam yase-Ethiopia. [[FLT: 0] INail Basinitive Isization[[[FLLT:1] iye yakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemvula ejikelezayo, ukuhwamuka, kanye nendawo emboze ukwaziswa okusekela ukuphatha amanzi okubambisanayo. Ukuhlola kwe-tellite bekuyithuluzi lokulinganisela izinga lokugcwalisa imithombo yemithombo yemali kanye nezithiyo ezisezansi.

Umsebenzi wamanzi wezwe laseNdiya

INkonzo yaseNdiya yeJal Shakti isebenzisa ukuzwa kude ukuhlola ukunambitheka kwamanzi, ukuhlaziya ukusebenza kahle kokunisela, nokuzwa ukukhishwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba okungagunyaziwe. UBhuvan] izibuko [ (Ukucwaninga nge-Indiyan Space Research Organization) inikeza ukudweba amanzi nokushintsha amathuluzi okuhlola. Lokhu kunikeza iNational Water Policy kanye namanzi asesilinganisweni sikahulumeni ahlelwa ngokwezikhungo, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni zesomiso ezinjengeMaharashtra neRajasan.

Ukuthutheleka Kwemizwa Ekude Ezindaweni Zokuthutha Izakhelo Zamanzi

Ukuze ikwazi ukubona ithonya layo eligcwele lenqubo, kumelwe ifakwe ngokulandelana ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo. Lokhu kudinga izimo eziningana ezenza kube ngcono:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Izimiso zokuthola nokuvula: Ohulumeni kufanele basekele izinhlelo zokwaziswa mahhala futhi zivuliwe (njengezinhlelo ze-Copernicus ne-Landsat) futhi bakhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwamafomethi okwaziswa avamile.
  • Isakhiwo sobubanzi [[FLT:]: Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha abaphathi bamanzi, abahlaziyi bezimiso, nezisebenzi zobuchwepheshe zibalulekile. Imishini yobuhlobo namayunivesithi nama-authom asemkhathini ingasheshisa ukuthuthuka kwekhono.
  • Ukufakwa kwamathuluzi anobungane bomsebenzisi : amapulatifomu asekelwe kuyiWeb aletha imikhiqizo eqhelelene nezwe ngendlela yokuzimela (umz., amabhodi amancane ngokwesilinganiso samanzi, isomiso) ehlisa isithiyo sabangazazi.
  • I-Legal ukuqashelwa kobufakazi besiphuphutheki: ukuvuselela imithetho yamanzi ukuthatha ngokucacile isithombe sesiphuphutheki njengobufakazi obungakholeki ezinyatheloni zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla kuqinisa ukuvuma.
  • Imithombo yokuhlanganisa: Ukuzwa kude kufanele kuphelelisa – hhayi ukuthatha indawo - ukugada okungaphansi. Indlela exubile exuba isiphuphutheki, i-aused, futhi ekuhloleni i-paleu iveza iziphakamiso eziqinile kakhulu.

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezinjengethi UN-WAM ne UNESCO Interpulatical Hydromeology Programme zikhuthaza ngenkuthalo ukusetshenziswa kokwaziswa koMhlaba ekuhloleni i-SDG, ikakhulukazi i-SDG 6 (amanzi ahlanzekile nenhlanzeko). Iziqondiso zazo zisiza izizwe ukuba zihlanganise ulwazi lweziphuphutheli nezimiso zamanzi nezimiso zokubika.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ishumi leminyaka elizayo lithembisa intuthuko enkulu eyoqhubeka ikhipha imishini ehambayo ekulawuleni amanzi. Imikhuba yokuhlanganisa ihlanganisa:

  • I-heater spitio yezwi lesikhashana elivela emaqulwini amaphuphu amaphuphu : Amaqoqo namanxusa athumela amaqoqo amaphuphu amancane anikeza ukuphinde aphinde abuye abuye ngezinsuku ezinqunyiwe (umz., Planet Labs, Maxar). Lokhu kuyokwenza ukuba kukwazi ukugadwa kwamadamu amancane, imisele, kanye nezinsika zokunisela ngenkasa ngayinye.
  • Izinzwa zeHyperspectral: Imisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo enjenge-NASA's Surface Biology ne-Geology (SBG) ne-ENMAP inikeza amakhulu amabhande amancane e-spectral, ivumela ukucwasana okuqondile kwezinto ezingcolisayo, izinhlobo ze-algal, kanye nezingangeni lamanzi.
  • Ukuhlakanipha nokwenza ulwazi lomshini : Ukuhlelwa, ukuthungatha, ukuxilongwa, nokuthola ngokunye, kuzakuguqula ngokushesha ukwaziswa okungalungiswanga kube izikhombo zenqubo-leverence. I-AP - ifloging ingahlanganisa ulwazi lwesazinge ngesibikezelo sezulu kanye nokwaziswa okungokwezomnotho ukusekela ukuphathwa kwamanzi okuvumelana nezimo.
  • Ukuhlola kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba : Imithunywa yokufika (umzk., i-GRAP Land-OK) nezindlela ezithuthukisiwe ze-INSAR zizothuthukisa ikhono lethu lokulandela ushintsho lokugcinwa kwamanzi ezilinganisweni ezinhle kakhulu, zisekele izimiso zokuphatha amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezisekelwe ebufakazini.
  • Ukuhlangana nesakhamuzi sesayensi ne-IOT: Ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa kwesiphuphutheki nezinzwa ezisenhlabathini nokwaziswa komphakathi okubikwayo kuyokwenza iqoqo elikhulu lokuhlola eliqinisa ukusebenza kwenqubo.

Njengoba le mishini ikhula, izindleko zokuthola nokulungisa ukwaziswa okukude okuzwayo zizoqhubeka zincipha, kuncishiswe idemocratic access field. Abenzi bemithetho abatshala izimali manje ekwakheni amandla okuzwa aqhelile bazohlonyiselwa kangcono ukuqondisa izinselele zamanzi zamazwe afudumalayo.

Ukwaziswa okusendaweni ekude akuselona ithuluzi lesayensi eliyindawo eliyikho - itshe eliyinhloko lamanzi anamuhla abusayo. Kusukela ekuhloleni isomiso nezikhukhula kuya ekuqinisekiseni imingcele yokukhipha nokuhlela imithombo, ukuhlola isiphuphutheki kunikeza ukuba sobala, isikhathi, nokuqonda okudingekayo ukuze kwenziwe izimiso eziphumelelayo. Ngokusingatha izinselele ezisele zesinqumo, isigqebhezana, amandla, kanye nezisekelo ezingokomthetho, izizwe zingasebenzisa ngokugcwele ikhono lobuchwepheshe obusekelwe emkhathini ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kwezizukulwane ezizayo ukulawulwa kwamanzi.