Umphakathi usongela kakhulu futhi ukhula unciphisa ukuncintisana okulungile, ufaka engozini ukulondeka kwesizwe, futhi ubiza amabhizinisi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane zamaRandi ngonyaka. Uma izinhlangano eziphoqelela umthetho zihlola ubugebengu obunjalo, kumelwe zisebenzise izinhlelo eziqinile ezingokomthetho eziklanyelwe ukulinganisela isidingo sikahulumeni sokuqoqa ubufakazi obumelene namalungelo omthetho-mthethweni wabantu ngabanye nezinhlangano. Enkabeni yale nqubo kusenemfuneko yokuzivumela, isivikelo somthetho esisekelwe eSiphendulweni Sesine. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezisebenza ngayo ngokuqondile ekuhlolweni kwezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinhlangano, izindinganiso ezingokomthetho okumelwe zihlanganiswe, nezinselele ezisebenzayo ezibhekene nenkathi yezimfihlolo zemishini nezakhiwo zezinhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukubukeka Kwe - corporate Exporate

Ukungavumelani kwezezimboni, ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqashwa kwezezimboni noma ukuncinwa kwezomnotho, kuhilela ukuthola okungekho emthethweni izimfihlo zezohwebo, ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo, noma ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo komncintiswano, uhulumeni wangaphandle, noma i-metam. Ngokungafani nokweba okungokwesiko, ingcebo ebiwe ivame ukungabhaduleki , uhlu lwe-software, ulwelwe lwe-software , ukuthola nokumangalela okungekho emthethweni. UMthetho wezentengiselwano ze-Espion espion ka-199 (EA) nomthetho we-Creal Tradetics Act ka-2016 (DTASI) kuyimithetho engokomthetho esetshenziswa ukulwa kwalobugebengu eUnited States, ngesijeziso esingahlanganisa imigwebo ethatha isikhathi eside nesihle.

Ukuhlola ezinkampanini kuvame ukuholwa yi-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), i-Department of Justice (DOJ), noma amaqembu akhethekile asebenza ngokugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukudluliswa kwemininingwane enqamule imingcele, ukuxhumana okungafihliwe, nokuhlaziywa kwemishini yemishini yemishini yezobuchwepheshe. Ngenxa yokuthi ubufakazi obufunwayo ngokuvamile buzwela kakhulu − kokubili enkampanini yabaphethwe yinkampanini kanye nakwesolwayo − indlela abacwaningi abathola ngayo ubufakazi obuwubufakazi obunemininingwane emikhulu. Imfuneko yesidingo yinqubo eyinhloko eqinisekisa ukuseshwa nokuquleka, ukuqonde, futhi hhayi ngaphezulu.

Izisekelo Zesine Zesichibiyelo

Imbangela Enengqondo Nokuhlukanisa

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sivikela "ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenya okungacabangeli nokuquleka." Imvume kumelwe ixhaswe ngesizathu esilindelekile futhi ichaze ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi izinto ezizothathwa. Ekuhloleni kwenkampani, ngokunokwenzeka okubangela ukuba kuvele kuboniswe ukuthi kunenkolelo enengqondo yokuthi izimfihlo ezithile zebhizinisi zebiwe nokuthi ubufakazi balokho kweba bukhona endaweni ethile.

Imfuneko ekhethekile inzima kakhulu kumanani. Umseshi akanakucela imvume yokuhlola "zonke izisetshenziswa zikagesi" zomsoleki; imvume kumele ilinganisele ukuphenywa kwamafayela noma ukwaziswa okungase kugcine ubufakazi bobugebengu. Izinkantolo ziye zazehlisa izivumelwano ezithi zibanzi kakhulu, njengalezo ezigunyaza ukuphangwa kwazo zonke izisebenzi zebhizinisi ngaphandle kokuncishiswa kwemininingwane ehlobene. Lesimiso sihlanganisa izinselele zanamuhla ezifana nokuthatheka kokwaziswa okukude ne "imisebenzi ye-computer" ngaphansi kokuphatha i-computers.

Inqubo Yempi Eqhubekayo

Ukuze ithole imvume, izikhulu zomthetho kumelwe zinikeze i-pactivit efunwe i-mantshi engathathi hlangothi. I-affidavit inikeza imininingwane eveza imbangela elindelekile futhi ichaze ukuthi kungani lokhu kudingekile. Emacaleni enkampanini, le mvume ivame ukuthembela ebufakazini obuvela emibhalweni yemali, amarekhodi emali, ukubhalwa kwemilinganiso yezibalo, noma ukuhlaziywa kokwaziswa okungakhokhwanywa. Uma ijaji lihlola i-asethi yesicelo futhi lingase linikeze umthetho ochaza indawo nempahla okungathathwangakhonjwa kodwa futhi nesimiso sesikhathi nezindlela ezivunyelwe. Uma ifakelwa ngokungafanele.

Izinhlobo Zokuhlola Ezokuhlola Izisebenzi

Izindlela Zokufuna Izifo Ezingokomzimba Nezinombolo

Isidingo sokufuna esingokwesiko sisabalulekile ekungeneni nasekuhloleni amahhovisi enkampani, izikhungo zokucwaninga, amalabolishi, noma amakhaya abantu lapho kungase kube khona khona ubufakazi bokuhlola. Nokho, ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe, abaningi bahlola izimiso zamacomputer ezifunwayo, amapulatifomu, nezinye imithombo yezokugcina izinto ze-electronic. Ukuphakama kwe "uphendlo" noma "uphendlo olugunyazayo" luvumela abacwaningi ukuba babambe izimoto eziqinile, izisebenzisi, futhi ngisho neminye imibhoshongo, kodwa kumelwe bakwenze kanjalo ngokunembe. Umnyango weMahlulele [[FLT:]] Icebo lokuhlola unikeza isiqondiso ngendlela yokufaka ubufakazi obusethiweyo, ukugcizelela ukuncishiswa kwemininingwane engokwayo engekhona okungahlolwa.

Abathunjwa Bendawo

Kwezinye izimo, ukugcinwa komthetho kungadinga ukubamba izinto ezingokoqobo − njengemishini ewumfuziselo, izincwadi, noma imithombo yezindaba − okuwumkhiqizo wobunhloli noma onobufakazi obukhona. Ukuthatheka kugunyaza ukuthatha impahla enjalo, ngokuvamile njengengxenye yokufuna okukhulu. ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba isiqinisekiso sichaze ngokuqondile izinto ezizothathwa, sivimbele ukugcinwa komthetho ekusebenzeni "ukuthatheka kwebhizinisi". Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu enkampanini yezebhizinisi, lapho umphikisi angase athi uthathe izincwadi zezohwebo ezinezimfihlo ezingahlobene nobugebengu.

Imishini Yemishini Yokuhlola Izindiza Nemishini

Uphenyo lokuhlola izinhlangano lungahlanganisa nokuhlola ngemishini, kuhlanganise nokuthumela ucingo, ukuhlola i-imeyili, nokulandelela i-menums. Lemisebenzi ilawulwa yi-Pinchap Act (Title III) kanye ne-ECPA Express Communications Infict (ECPA). Ukuqhuba ukunqanda kwangempela kokuxhumana, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kumelwe kuthole isiqinisekiso esigunyaziwe ngokukhethekile esihlangabezana nendinganiso ephakeme: ngokunokwenzeka isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ukunqandwa kuzobamba ukuxhumana okuhlobene nobugebengu, nokuthi ezinye izindlela ze-Eccomputer Compressions Act, futhi ukuthola ama-imeyili agciniwe noma ifu ngokuvamile kudinga umbiko ngaphansi koMthetho we-Terd Commentation Act (SC), ikakhulukazi uma ukwaziswa kunakho ukuthatha izinsuku ezingu-180 noma kuphethwe ngezinsuku ezingu-80.

Izincwadi Zesizwe Zokulondeka Nezase - FISA

Uma inkampani ihlanganisa amandla noma inxusa lenye indawo, ukuhlola kungaphela ngaphansi kokuhlola kwe-International Information Surveillance Act (FISA). I-FISA imvume inezimfuneko ezihlukene zezindawo kunemithetho engokomthetho efunwayo kunemithetho yezezezigebengu evamile, kuhlanganise nezingemuva zezizathu ezilindelekileyo zezizathu nezinhlelo zokuhlola okuyimfihlo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-FISA izivumelwano kuye kwaphikiswana, futhi izinkantolo ziye zafuna kakhulu ukuba ngisho nokuhlola okuhlobene nokubaluleka kweSine seSichibiyelo. I-Exlectronicronec Foundation Foundation Foundation iqokowe ngokuphaza okungagobelwayo kulendawo, kuyilapho izinkantolo zezwe ukuba ziqhubeke ukucwelisa ukulondeka phakathi kwe-onke igence nezindaba zomphakathi.

Izinselele Ekutholeni Nasekuphumeni Kwamabutho

Imbangela Ebonakalayo Enqubweni Yezokuxhumana

Enye yezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwenkampani ehlolayo iqala imbangela okungenzeka ukuthi i-IP antigentivement iyenzeka kakhulu kuyi-inthanethi. Ubufakazi bezibalo ngokuvamile buyi-ephemeral: ama-email angacishwa, amafayela afihliwe angafihlwa, futhi ukwaziswa kungadluliswa emingceleni ngemizuzwana. Ama-pacateriantor kumelwe ancike kumanani e-assensic, izigqekezelo, izinketho zobufakazi obuvela kofakazi bokwakha icala. Nokho, izinkantolo beziqaphile ngokunikeza izicelo ezisekelwe kuphela ezisekelwe kwimikhawulo yemiza, ikakhulukazi uma ukuxhumana kwendawo ethile ebonakalayo kunyakaza. Isibonelo, isiqinisekiso sokuhlola i-khompyutha ekhaya esolekayo singathethelelwa ngobufakazi bokuthi inkampani ecatshangelwayo i-IP ekhona ephuma ekhelini, kodwa ukuhlona kwe-epane.

Ukufinyeza Indawo Ongagwema Ukuyigwema Ngokweqile

Imfuneko ekhethekile ifuna okukhulu ezindaweni ezisebenzela kuzo. I-sethi yenkampani eyodwa ingaba nama-terabytes omniningwane, ingxenye encane kakhulu ehlobene nomsebenzi we-scrioncation. Uma imvume igunyaza ukuthatheka kwayo yonke isiphakeli, ingabekelwa inselele njengokungavumelani nemithetho engokomthetho. Ukubhekisa kulokhu, abacwaningi ngokuvamile basebenzisa izindlela ezinjengo "ukuphenya," "usuku lwezihluzo," noma "izithombe ze-ocessic" ezibavumela ukuhlukanisa ubufakazi obubalulekile lapho kushiywa eminye imininingwane ingakhathazeki. Noma kunjalo, izinkantolo ziphelelwe imvume yokuhlola okungatholi manani athile, amafayela, izinhlobo zesikhathi, noma amafelemu ezindawo ezilandelanayo. Icala elingoko lezazi zezindawo [FLD:] .[FL:][FFP][1][3][3][3][3] I-ExP]

Imfihlo Yezohwebo Nendawo Yesithathu Yokuba Wedwa

Uphenyo lwezentengiselwano luvame ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwebhizinisi olusheshayo inkampani eyisisulu efuna ukulufihla ngisho nakuhulumeni. Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kuthatha amacomputer noma amabhukwana, bangase bazitholele ngokungaqondi ezinye izimfihlo zenkampani yesithathu . Njengamakhasimende, abathengisi, noma abenzi bezokusebenza. Izinkantolo ziye zasungula izinqubo zokuvikela ulwazi olunjalo, kuhlanganise "iziyalezo zokuvikela" ezivimbela ukusetshenziswa nokuhlanganyelwa kwemininingwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukuphenya kuhilela ukuseshwa kwezindawo zenkampani, imininingwane yezisebenzi ingabanjwa ngenetha. ISiphendulo sesine sivikela izithakazelo zezisebenzi zeze ngasese, ngisho nasemsebenzini, futhi nesiqinisekiso esihlulekayo ukulinganisela ekufuneni izinto ezihlobene nezindawo ezihlobene nemisebenzi.

Ubufakazi Bokuhleleka Komhlaba Wonke Nokwesiphambano

I-Corporatiationss Act ivame ukuhlanganisa amazwe amaningi, ikakhulukazi uma kuhileleke uhulumeni wangaphandle noma umncintiswano wezizwe zonke. Ukuthola umthetho we-U.S. akugunyazi ukugcinwa komthetho wokuhlola abasebenzisi abangaphandle. Izivumelwano ze-Vendad Communications nezivumelwano zokusizana ezingokomthetho (I-MLLAT) kunikeza izindlela zokucela ukwaziswa kwamanye amazwe, kodwa lezi zinqubo zingaba nobunzima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amazwe anemithetho evimbela ukubambisana okucacile ne-U.S. ukuphenya, ukwakha i-ocertss transchemement trainment. i-U. i-U.S. i-2018 yeNkampatho ye-U. i-2018 e-[FLT] i-United States.[FLC.[FLD] (manje i-CLDM) i-Act. i-U. i-octivectiverlact. iveza ukuthi uma i-data egcinwe egcinwe yi-data yemithetho engaphandle yezizwe mazwe lomhlaba womhlaba wonke. kodwa i

Ukulinganisela Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Indima Yesikhulu Sokwahlulela

Abahluleli nezimantshi basebenza njengabagcini-sango, beqinisekisa ukuthi imvume ayikhishwa ngaphandle kokulunga okwanele. Emacala enkampani, lomsebenzi ubalulekile ngoba izigxobo ziphakeme: imvume ekhishwe ngokungafanele ingabhubhisa iminyaka yokucwaninga okuyimfihlo noma idalule lonke uhlelo lwenkampani lokuhlela. Ngakho izinkantolo ziye zasungula indinganiso "yobucukubhebhezi" yokugunyaza ukwaziswa okusheshayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izimpawu ezigunyaza ukuthumba zonke izimiso ze-computer kumelwe zihlanganise amalungiselelo eqenjini "lensingini yezensiba" noma "inkosi ekhethekile" ukuhlanganisa i-galelo-mfashini ye-mfashini ye-mfashini" phambi kwabahloli abahlolayo.

Izithakazelo Eziphikizanayo: Ukuzifunela Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Imfuneko yokugunyazwa ibonisa ukushukuma komthetho okuyisisekelo. Kwesinye isandla, uhulumeni unesithakazelo esinamandla sokulwa nokuhlolwa kwezinhlangano ukuze kuvikelwe umnotho nokulondeka kwesizwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphenya okungacabangeli kungabanda, kufake izimfihlo zezokuhweba, futhi kuphazamise imfihlo yamaqembu angenacala. Izinkantolo ziye zaqinisekisa njalo ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sisebenza ngamandla amakhulu ekuhloleni ubugebengu obungokomnotho, kuhlanganise nesinqumo seNkanto ephakeme ku- Lange v. California yaqinisekisa futhi ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ihlale ifuna imfuneko yombhede, nokuthi ngisho nezenzo ezincane azikwenzi ngokuzenzekelayo zithethelele ukungena.

Imikhuba Yamuva Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, zinjalo izindlela zokuhlola nokuthatha izicelo zomthetho. Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, iziphakamiso eziyimfihlo zothunyelelwe, nobuchwepheshe bokuvimbela imiyalezo kuveza izithiyo ezintsha kubacwaningi abafuna ukusungula imbangela elindelekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abameleli bezodwa baye baqhubezela ngisho nezimfuneko eziqinile, ikakhulukazi ekulandeleni i-octive ne-data. I-American Liberibion Union[ iphakamisa izinkathazo ngo-"amanetha" futhi baphikisa ngokuthi imfuneko efanelekile kumelwe ikwazi ukuvikela ukuqashelwa okukhulu kwe-data.

Umthetho ohlongozwayo "I-Warrant for Electronic Evidence Act" kwezinye izifundazwe zifuna ukuhlanganisa imfuneko yokuba abaqaphi bomthetho bathole isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuba bangene kunoma yikuphi ukuxhumana kogesi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kudala kangakanani. Okwamanje, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka zicwenga "ingxenye yesithathu" lapho abantu belahlekelwa amalungelo abomshoshaphansi olwazini abaluhlanganyela ngokuzithandela namalungu esithathu asebenza nawo njenge-imeyili. Ukukhukhuleka kwale kwale mfundiso kungandisa izinga lokuphenywa okungenamthetho enkampanini ehlola izinhlangano zenkampani, isenzakalo esibonwa nhlangothi zombili ukuthi kuhlola.

Icala Eliphawulekayo Nethonya Lalo

United States v. Gorshkov (2001)

Elinye lamagalelo akuqala kakhulu ezokuhlola ama-minuctures. United States v. Gorshkov [9th Cir. 2001], lalihilela ababazi baseRussia abeba imininingwane yamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti. IFBI yakhipha imvume yokuthatha amacomputer nemininingwane egumbini lamahhotela, kodwa kamuva yafihla ubufakazi obuthile ngenxa yokuthi imvume ayigunyazanga ngokuqondile ukuphenywa kwemishini enzima yamacomputer. Lendaba yaqokomisa isidingo sokufuna ubufakazi bemishini yezobuchwepheshe futhi yaba yisibonelo sokuhlola okuthile kwe-computer.

I - United States v. Hathaway (2021)

Kulendaba, ummangalelwa wamangalelwa ngaphansi kwe-EEEA ngenxa yokweba izimfihlo zezohwebo kumqashi wakhe wangaphambili. Imvume yagunyaza ukuseshwa kwekhaya lakhe, kuhlanganise nazo zonke izingcingo zemishini. Inkantolo yacindezela ubufakazi obuvela ngaphandle obungahlelwanga ekugunyazweni kwemvume, inquma ukuthi ukuphenywa kudlule izinga lomthetho ogunyaziwe. Icala ligcizelela ukubaluleka kobumfihlo: abaphathi-mthetho abakwazi ukuthatha "ukuthola noma yini ewusizo", ngisho nalapho ubugebengu bungathi sína.

Umphumela WoMthetho WeCLOUD (2018)

Umthetho Onika Imithetho Ongekho Ophandle Kwezinkampani zamazwe angaphandle, unikeze izikhundla ezithile zihlanganisiwe. Isenzo sakha nezinqubo ezintsha zokubambisana kwezizwe zonke, kuhlanganise "izivumelwano ezithenjiswayo" nohulumeni bangaphandle. Nakuba i-CLOUD Act ihlose ukuqoqa ubufakazi obubopha isiphambano sombuso, iye yaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngobukhosi nangezimpawu zemithetho engekho emthethweni kwezinye izizwe. Umnyango wezobulungisa [FL:]

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko eziqinile ziyisisekelo sophendlo olungokomthetho ezindabeni zezinkampani ezisebenzelana. Zivikela amalungelo abasolwayo nabasebenzi abangenacala kuyilapho ziqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi butholakala ngokusemthethweni nangezimiso. IsiHlanzi sesine sigunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho okulindelekile nokukhethekile ukuze kuchazwe ngokucacile ukuthi kungani kudingeka ukuphenya nokuthi yini efunwa, ukuvimbela ukudoba okungalimaza izinkampani noma izisebenzi. Njengoba ukuguqulwa kwezimiso zemishini kuqhubeka, umthetho uyobhekana nezivivinyo ezintsha − ekusetshenzisweni kokufihlwaya kwefu nezimiso zomphakathi ukuze kunyuke imfucucu. Ukugcinwa kobutheko lwemithetho yemithetho yecala kubalulekile kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kube yize kokubili ukuba umuntu abe yiwo wedwa nokulondeka. Inkathi lapho ukwaziswa okubalulekile, imithetho yokuthola imali eyigugu, ukuzuza ukukhomba okungathinayo, ukulingana, nokuqondisa okungazenziwa kweze.