Umklamo Wobubusi BaseMelika

Uhulumeni uhlela cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela emigwaqweni esihamba kuyo ukuya emoyeni ozihambelayo kanye nasezikoleni izingane zethu eziya kuzo. Nokho izakhamuzi eziningi zizama ukuqonda ukuthi amazinga ahlukahlukene kahulumeni asebenzelana kanjani nabanye nokuthi kuphi umthwalo wemfanelo wezinkonzo ezithile. Lesi sakhiwo (_isisekelo) esihlanganisa iSishaya - mthetho, izishaya - mthetho, namahholo edolobha lendawo (8) aklanyelwe ngamabomu ukulinganisela amandla, ukuqinisekisa ukumelelwa, kanye nekheli elidinga isilinganiso esifanele kakhulu. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo akusona nje isikole esinezemfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni izakhamuzi nokuphumelela kwekhono.

I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni, uhlobo lukahulumeni ohlukanisa umbuso phakathi kwegunya lesizwe eliyinhloko nezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezihlangene `izifundazwe'. Le ngxenye ihlanganiswe kumthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., obala imibuso eqondile kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni kuyilapho ubekela wonke amanye amagunya emibuso noma kubantu ngeSichibiyelo seshumi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo sisekelo uye wavela ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, izinqulu zeNkantolo, nezidingo ezisebenzayo, wakha umzila wemithwalo yemfanelo onamandla futhi owenziwe kabanzi.

Isigaba Sesifunda: ISishaya - mthetho Negunya Lesizwe

Eqophelweni eliphezulu lombuso kahulumeni kahulumeni kuhlala uhulumeni kahulumeni, okhuliswe eWashington, D.C. amagatsha awo amathathu alinganayo − i-legislative, isikhulu, ne-mejant , (igatsha ngalinye lidlala izindima ezingafani. Igatsha lemithetho, elaziwa ngokuthi i-Congress, liyindikimba emelelekahle kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso sesizwe. Ukuhlanganisa i House of Dearections (amalungu angu-435 ahlukaniswa umphakathi) neSigelethi (amalungu ayikhulu, ama-parce (awumbini amabili, umbuso ngamunye), kubekwa icala ngokwenza imithetho yezwe.

Imibuso yeSishaya-Mkhandlu ibanzi futhi ihlanganisa ukukhokha intela, ukuqamba imali, ukumisa impi, ukuqondisa ibhizinisi lamazwe angaphandle nakwamanye amazwe, nokugcina amabutho ahlomile. Indlu iqala izikweleti zemali futhi inamandla okugcina ukuqashwa, kuyilapho iSigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nokumiswa kwezivumelwano. Lesi sakhiwo se-biobamaral sasiwukuhlehla phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu nemincane phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787, siqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili inani labantu nobukhosi bombuso kuyamelelwa.

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iKhomishane yenza imisebenzi yokuqondisa egxekayo. AmaKomiti kuwo womabili amagumbi ahlola izenzo zegatsha eliphethe ihhovisi, ukuqulwa kwecala, nobufakazi obufunwa yizikhulu ze-akhabodi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Hulumeni Accounting Accounting Office (GAO) ne-Congregationalal Bal Bal Office (CBO) zinikeza ukuhlola okungasekelwe kumthetho okusiza abenzi bomthetho ukuba benze izinqumo ezinolwazi. Leligunya liyitshe legumbi lemishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela, livimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lithole igunya elingaphezu kwelivamile.

Igatsha Eliphethe Iqembu Liyasebenza

Nakuba iKhongolo libhala imithetho, igatsha eliphethe eliholwa nguMongameli .(enkokheli) liyayikhetha njalo eminyakeni emine. UMongameli, usebenza njengoMphathi weNkulumbuso yamabutho ahlomile, uphethe isimiso sangaphandle, futhi angakhipha umthetho wezwe odluliswe yiKhomishane. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa neminyango engu 15 yekhatheyini (njengeSivikelo, iSizwe, iNdawo yezemfundo) kanye namakhulu ezinhlangano zikahulumeni njenge-Evironmental Protection Agement (EPA) ne-Frederal Bureaurage of Investigation (FBI). Lemithetho yezinhlangano eziphethe ephethe umthetho, isebenza ngemithetho edluliswa yi-Congress Congress.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kweKhongolo noMongameli buvame ukubonakala ngokuxoxisana futhi ngezinye izikhathi nengxabano. Umfalelwa angaphazamiseka kuphela ngobukhulu obuyisithathu emagumbini womabili, ewenza libe ithuluzi elinamandla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uKhongolo lulawula uhlelo lwemali futhi lungasusa ihlombe lezikhulu. Lokhu kucindezeleka kungamabomu: kuphoqelela ukuyekethisa futhi kuvimbele isenzo sokuxhamazela noma sokungasheki.

Incazelo Yegatsha Lokwahlulela Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ijaji likahulumeni lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi ivumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme, inkantolo ephakeme, izwa amacala ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho noma izingxabano phakathi kwezifunda. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi ._dilifelity nezinkantolo zesifunda zecala lokudlulisa izicelo . Ngokwamandla amakhulu kakhulu okuhlola amacala. Ngamandla okwahlulela, asungulwe Marbury v. Madison [183], izinkantolo zingawisa imithetho edluliswa yisimende noma izenzo zesikhulu uma sephula umthetho-mthetho. Lo msebenzi uveza imiphumela emikhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, uthinta wonke amalungelo okuvota enkampathi yeze yempilo.

Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yamemezela ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngaphandle kwemithetho engokomthetho, ngokuqondiiimpela, ukunqanda ushintsho lwezenhlalakahle. Muva nje, ukubusa kwamandla okulawula kuthonye imvelo nezomnotho kuye kwathonya izimiso zezendawo ezungezile ezweni lonke. Ijajidicary yenza njengokuhlola okubalulekile kwamanye amagatsha amabili, iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho nezenzo zezenyuziya ngokomthetho kuhlala kusezingeni elingokomthetho.

Ohulumeni BoMbuso: Izisebenzi Zentando Yeningi

Ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni, ohulumeni bezwe abangu-50 basebenzisa imithetho-sisekelo yabo siqu, izikhulu ezikhethiwe, nezimiso zomthetho. ISichibiyelo seshumi sinikeza wonke amandla angaphathiswanga ngokuqondile uhulumeni wezwe, kuhlanganise negunya lemfundo, impilo yomphakathi, ezokuthutha, ukugcinwa komthetho, nenhlangano kahulumeni yendawo. UJaji Louis Brandeis wachaza ngokudume ngokuthi “imisebenzi yentando yeningi,” lapho izimiso ezihlukene zingavivinywa khona ngaphambi kokuba zithathwe ngokwesizwe.

Ohulumeni bahulumeni babonisa isimo sikahulumeni ngandlela-thile: ngamunye unombusi (ohlukanisayo), isishaya-mthetho sombuso (kakhulukazi i-bidamal, ngaphandle kwesimiso sika-Nebraska sombuso we-nadamal system), nesimiso senkantolo yezwe esinenkantolo ephakeme. Nokho, izifunda zikahulumeni zinobulula obukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, intela ekhokhayo yazo, zinquma ukufaneleka kwentela yemali, iMidiyaid ngaphansi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni, futhi zimisa izindinganiso zezikole zomphakathi. Amanye amazwe, njengoCalifornia, aye aphishekela iziqondiso zendawo ngaphezu kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni, kuyilapho amanye, njengeTexas, enentela encitoko ephansi yemali ehlawulwa nguhulumeni kanye nokuthatha okuhlukile.

Izishaya-mthetho zezwe zimisa imithetho ehluka-hlukene ngezihloko: ukwahlulela kobugebengu, amalungelo empahla, umshado, ukugunyaza ochwepheshe, nezinqubo zokukhetha. Futhi banawo amandla okwabela izimali zikahulumeni zezemfundo, imfundo, nezinkonzo zezenhlala-khaya. Umbusi angasayina noma afake izikweleti, futhi emazweni amaningi, isishaya-mthetho singayisusa i-veto ngevoti enkulu. Lesimiso sivumela ukuba kuvumelaniswe izinqumo zemithetho engokomhlaba, izomnotho, namasiko ezombangazwe ayingqayizivele.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Ngokuningiliziwe

Imfundo ingenye yemithwalo yemfanelo emikhulu kakhulu kahulumeni. Izwe ngalinye lengamela isimiso salo somphakathi sesikole iKû12, lihlela izindinganiso zohlelo, lifaka othisha, futhi linikeza izivivinyo ezivamile. Imfundo ephakeme .() Amayunivesithi ezwe namakolishi omphakathi ($___ashiyeka ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwezwe, kanye nezimali ezivela ezibhangeni zikahulumeni nasekwenzweni. Izinhlelo ze-Federal njenge-Title I zinikeza izimali ezikoleni ezithola imali ephansi, kodwa amazwe agcina igunya eliyinhloko.

Ukuthutha kungomunye umsebenzi omkhulu kahulumeni. Iminyango yoMbuso yezokuthutha (ama-DOT) ilondoloza imigwaqo emikhulu yamazwe (ekusebenzelaneni nohulumeni wezwe), imigwaqo kahulumeni, namabhuloho amaningi. Futhi ilawula izimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi, izikhumulo zezindiza, namachweba. Ngokwesibonelo, i-California Department of Transport (amaCaltrans) yengamela enye yeminyango emikhulu yemigwaqo emikhulu emhlabeni, kuyilapho uMnyango we-Texas Transport (THOT) uphatha intela kahulumeni engaphezulu kwamakhilomitha angu-800000. Lezi zinkampani zithembele ezintela zikahulumeni, imali, izimali zezivumelwano.

Ukuphepha komphakathi futhi kuwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni. Amaphoyisa kahulumeni noma izinhlangano ezigada imigwaqo egadayo ziphoqelela imithetho yezimoto futhi zihlole amacala ezindawo zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha ukuqulwa kwecala ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, futhi amajele abaphathi bezomthetho babekwa icala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhulu zikahulumeni ziphatha izinhlangano zezokuphuthuma (njenge-Ofisi ye-Emergency Services) esabela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo njengemililo yequbungu, iziphepho nezikhukhula.

Uhulumeni Wendawo: Lapho Uhulumeni Uhlangana Khona Nomgwaqo

Ohulumeni bendawo bayizinga elisheshayo nelibonakalayo kakhulu lokubusa kwaseMelika abaningi. Bahlanganisa izifunda, omasipala (amasimu namadolobha), amalokishi, izifunda, nezifunda ezikhethekile (kwamanzi, umlilo, amapaki, njll.). Ngokungafani namazinga kahulumeni nombuso, ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zikahulumeni; izigodlo zibanika igunya ngemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho evamile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imibuso nezakhiwo zohulumeni bendawo ziyahluka kakhulu kusuka komunye umbuso kuya komunye, futhi ngisho nakweminye imibuso.

E-New England, amadolobha ngokuvamile anesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi esiqondiswe ngemihlangano yamadolobha, kanti eNingizimu naseNtshona, amakhomishane esifundazwe avelele. Naphezu kwalokhu kuhlukana, bonke ohulumeni bendawo bahlanganyela ekunikezeni izinkonzo ezibalulekile ezithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi, kuyilapho abanye besebenzisa isimiso somkhandlu wezokuqondisa idolobha, lapho umphathi wedolobha onolwazi omiswe umkhandlu esingatha khona izinhlelo zosuku nosuku. Naphezu kwalokhu kungafani, bonke ohulumeni bendawo bahlanganyela khona ekunikezeni izinkonzo ezibalulekile ezithinta izinga lokuphila kwezakhamuzi.

Imisebenzi kahulumeni wendawo ye-Core

Imisebenzi yomphakathi nemishini esetshenziswayo iyisisekelo. Ohulumeni bendawo banikeza amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza, ukuthatha amanzi angcolile, ukuqoqa imfucumfucu, nokulungisa imigwaqo nemizila. Balawula ukukhishwa kwamanzi anesiphepho nokususwa kweqhwa. Ezinhlalweni eziningi zasemaphandleni nasemaphandleni, lezi zinkonzo ziyinzuzo esobala kakhulu kuhulumeni wendawo (a) ukuhluleka kunoma kuyiphi indawo ngokushesha kuba yinkinga.

Ukulawula izakhiwo nezindawo kungomunye umsebenzi obalulekile. Amabhodi okuhlela asendaweni kanye nezindawo zokuhlela amakhomishane anquma ukuthi hlobo luni lwezakhiwo ezingakhiwa, lapho amabhizinisi angasebenza khona, nendlela intuthuko enzima ngayo. Lezi zinqumo zibumba izindawo ezisezindaweni, zithonya izakhiwo, futhi zithinta izindlela zezimoto. Imithetho ye-Zoling ingasetshenziselwa futhi ukuthuthukisa izindlu ezingakholeka, ukuvikela izifunda ezingokomlando, noma ukukhuthaza ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, amadolobha anjengePortland, e-Oregon, aye asungula imingcele yokukhula emadolobheni ukuze avimbele ukuvuvuka kwe-Rhouse, kanti i-Houston, Texas, edume kakhulu, ayinayo imithetho esemthethweni elawula i-Overtic.

Izinkonzo zokuphepha zomphakathi − amaphoyisa, umlilo, nezinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo − ngokuyinhloko ziyimithwalo yemfanelo yendawo. Iminyango yamaphoyisa asedolobheni iqapha imigwaqo, isabela ekushayeleni, futhi ihlole ubugebengu. Iminyango yomlilo ayilwi nje kuphela umlilo kodwa futhi inikeza izinkonzo zezimo eziphuthumayo futhi isabela ezingozini zezinto ezibonakalayo. Lezi zinhlangano zixhaswa ngezimali ngentela yendawo, izintela zempahla, futhi ngezinye izikhathi intela yombuso noma iminikelo yombuso. Ukuphumelela kokuphepha komphakathi ngokuvamile kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ngezakhamuzi nesilinganiso esiyinhloko sezinga lokuphila kwedolobha.

Amapaki neminyango yezokuzilibazisa iphethe amankundla emidlalo, amadamu okubhukuda, izikhungo eziphakeme, nezenzakalo zomphakathi. Le misebenzi inengxenye empilweni engokomzimba, ekuhlanganeni kwezenhlalo, nasekuziqhenyeni komphakathi. Imitapo, ngokuvamile ilawulwa uhulumeni wendawo noma izifunda ezikhethekile, inikeza ithuba lokuthola izincwadi mahhala, i-Internet, nezinhlelo zemfundo. Emiphakathini eminingi, umtapo wezincwadi wendawo uyisikhungo esibalulekile semfundo nesibopho somphakathi.

Indima YeHholo LaseDolobheni

Idolobha Hall lisebenza njengesikhungo sokuqondisa nesibonakaliso sikahulumeni wendawo. Indlu yehhovisi lomphathi-dolobha, amagumbi omkhandlu wedolobha, neminyango enjengesehlela, izimali, imisebenzi yomphakathi, nentuthuko yomphakathi. Umkhandlu wedolobha, okhethwe ngamagumbi noma ngesikhulu, udlulisa imithetho yendawo elawula yonke into kusukela kumazinga omsindo kuya ekwakheni imithetho. Imihlangano yeSizwe ivulekele umphakathi, futhi amadolobha amaningi ayayisakaza i-intanethi, ivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zibone izimpikiswano nevoti yemibandela enjengemithetho yemali, izivumelwano, nezinqumo zezindawo ezisebenza kuyo.

Ukuhlelwa kwemali kuyingxenye eyinhloko yeHholo laseDolobha. Ohulumeni bendawo balungisa izimali zaminyaka yonke ezihlela imali eminyangweni esekelwe eziza kuqala nasezinkokhelweni zemali. Intela yempahla iwumthombo owodwa omkhulu wemali ekhokhwayo endaweni ebanzi, owenezelwa yintela yokuthengisa, intela yezinkonzo (njengemvume yokwakha noma ukupaka), kanye nokuthunyelwa kohulumeni abaphethe. Izinqumo zokuhlela izimali zithinta ngokuqondile amapaki avusene, ukuthi amaphoyisa angakanani aqashwayo, nokuthi imigwaqo ihlelwe kanjani.

Ukuthembisana komphakathi kuqashelwa kakhulu. Amahholo amaningi amadolobha agcina imihlangano yasedolobheni, ukuqulwa kwezindaba zomphakathi, kanye nokuhlolwa nge-inthanethi ukuze kuqoqwe ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi emikhulu noma izinguquko zezimiso. Amanye amadolobha aye asungula izinqubo zokuhlela ukuhlelwa kwemali, lapho izakhamuzi zinquma khona ngokuqondile ukusebenzisa ingxenye yemali kamasipala. Ngokwesibonelo, eDolobheni laseNew York, izifunda eziningi zemikhandlu ziye zasebenzisa imali yokuhlela ukuxhasa intuthuko yomphakathi njengobuchwepheshe besikole namabhentshisi.

Ukungenela Nokusebenzisana Kunqamula Izinga

Alukho uhulumeni osebenza ngokuzihlukanisa. Uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza izimali ezivumelwaneni nasezindaweni, ngokuvamile ezinezimo ezihlangene. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Highway Trust Fund kazwelonke inikeza imali emikhankasweni yomgwaqo kahulumeni, kodwa izifunda-zifunda mazihambisane nezindinganiso zikahulumeni zokuphepha, zokusayina, nokuhlola indawo ezungezile. Ngokufanayo, uMnyango wezemfundo unikeza izimali zeSikole I ezikoleni ezithola imali ephansi, ifuna ukuba amazwe anikeze izivivinyo nemiphumela ehleliwe.

Izwe lithonya ohulumeni bendawo ngokufanayo. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho yendlela amadolobha angakhokha ngayo izintela, athathe ifaksi, futhi abole imali. Futhi bangase baqede imithetho yendawo cishe, ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho yendawo emasakeni epulasitiki noma ukuqashwa kwemithetho yokuqashisa. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kwezwe negunya lendawo kuye kwakhula eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yezimpikiswano ezifana neholo elilinganiselwe, imithetho yedolobha lamadolobha angcwele, nokulawulwa kwezibhamu. Imfundiso kaDillon’s Rule, ethi ohulumeni bendawo banawo kuphela lawomandla agunyazwe kahle kakhulu, isasebenza emikhakheni eminingi, kuyilapho abanye benomthetho yasekhaya enikeza i-E - E - SOMFOM.

Imithetho egunyaziwe ingadala futhi imithwalo engalungiswanga yezindawo nezindawo. I-Ceane Water and Clean Air Act idinga isifundazwe nohulumeni bendawo ukuba bahlangabezane nezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile, kodwa iSishaya-Mkhandlu asinikezi imali eyanele ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuze sikhokhele izindleko. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekuchazeni izibalo njengoba ohulumeni bendawo befuna ukukhululeka noma izilinganiso zesikhathi ezivumelanayo.

Ukutadisha Indaba: Ukusekela Izimali Eziyimiklamo Ezimele

Isibonelo esiqinile sokubambisana kohulumeni i-Infrablic Reformation Act (IJA) esayiniwe emthethweni ngo-2021. Lesi simiso semali eyizigidi ezingu-R3,000 sinikeza izimali zikahulumeni zemigwaqo, amabhuloho, izintambo, iziteshi zomphakathi, iziteshi zamanzi, nezinqola zikagesi ezihambayo. Lapho imali igeleza isuka eWashington, ihlelwe, futhi ifeziwe ngemishini yesifunda yezokuthutha nezinhlangano zendawo. Amazwe kumelwe anikeze amalungiselelo, ahlangabezane nezimfuneko zikahulumeni (njengendlela yokuthenga iMelika), futhi ngokuvamile ahambisane nengxenye yemali. Ohulumeni bendawo bafaka isicelo semali yokuncintisana noma ukwamukela izinhlelo ezisekelwe ezisekelwe ekuhleleni. Le nqubo inqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi iminyango yezwe lonke ithwelwe ulwazi nendawo yokuzibo.

Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha elinjengePittsburgh lasebenzisa izimali ze - IIJA ukuze lithathe indawo yamabhuloho agugile futhi lithuthukise imboni yalo yokwelapha ngamanzi, kuyilapho amaphandle aseMontana esebenzisa uhlelo olufanayo ukuze andise i - Internet ebanzi.

Isivumelwano Se - cobic: I - glue Egcina Isimiso Sindawonye

Isakhiwo sonke sokubusa kwe-America (i-Congress) sincike kuhulumeni othembisene nowaziswe izakhamuzi. Ukuqamba uhulumeni, uhulumeni, uhulumeni, nokhetho lwendawo kuyindlela eqondile yokuthonya isimiso. Kodwa ukuthembisana kudlulela ngalé kwebhokisi lebhukwana: ukuya emihlanganweni yesikole, ukunikeza ubufakazi emikhandlwini yezezindaba, ukujoyina inhlangano yomphakathi, noma ukuxhumana nelungu leSishaya-Hulumeni mayelana nendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo yonke inkinga.

Umthetho kazwelonke ugunyaza ukuba izinhlangano zifune ukukhulumela umphakathi ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo, zivule amathuba okufaka ulwazi ngisho nasemithethweni yezobuchwepheshe. Ezingeni lendawo, amanxusa ahlelayo namabhodi asebenza endaweni ethile aneziphakamiso zomphakathi ezihlongozwa umphakathi. Ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uveza izindinganiso nezidingo zomphakathi, kunokuba afune izithakazelo zamaqembu ambalwa ahlelwe kahle.

Ukuqonda izindima nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene yombuso ngamunye kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukukhokhiswa kwe-accoration. Ngokwesibonelo, isakhamuzi esikhathazekile ngokungcola komoya, kufanele sazi ukuthi i-EPA imisa izindinganiso zesizwe ngaphansi koMthetho we-Ceaod Air, kodwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezindawo zisebenza futhi ziqikelele. Ngokufanayo, umuntu ofuna ukuthuthukisa ipaki lazo lendawo kufanele akhulume nomnyango wezindawo zokupaka zedolobha, hhayi ilungu leSishaya-Hulumeni. Ulwazi ngalokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi lunika izakhamuzi amandla okuqondisa imizamo yazo lapho ziyoba nethonya elikhulu khona.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Samandla Nomthwalo Wemfanelo Owomunye

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika asisona isimiso esilula lapho imiyalo ihamba khona isuka eWashington. Kunalokho, iyi-socience eyinkimbinkimbi, encikene neyakheneyo lapho izinga ngalinye ($federal, isifundazwe, nezindawo) linemisebenzi ehlukile kodwa elinganayo. I-Congress ihlela isimiso sombuso nezindawo, izishaya-mthetho ezivumelanisa lezo zimiso nezimo zendawo futhi ilawule izinkonzo ezibucayi njengemfundo kanye nokuhamba, futhi amahholo edolobha anikeza izinkonzo zosuku lwezinsuku zonke ezenza imiphakathi ibe nemali enziwa i-livra. Amaphedi nezilinganiso phakathi naphakathi kwamazinga avimbela noma isiphi isibalo ukuba silawule, kodwa futhi adinga ukubambisana okuqhubekayo.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kungaphezu kwesidingo semfundo [1] kuyisisekelo sobuhlali obuphumelelayo. Ngokuqonda indlela okwenziwa ngayo izinqumo kumahholo ehholo ledolobha, abantu bangahamba kahle ehholo, bagcine abameleli babo benesibopho sokulandisa, futhi babe neqhaza emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuzilawula. Ngokuzayo uma uvula umpompi, ushayela ebhulohweni, noma uthumela ingane yakho esikoleni, khumbula ukuthi lezi zinkonzo ziwumkhiqizo wesici esiklanywe ngokucophelela, futhi ziyaqhubeka zisebenza ngokulawula okuthinta zonke izici zokuphila kwakho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ngezimiso zikahulumeni nokuhlanganyela komphakathi, vakashela .Gov ukucaciswa kwamagatsha kahulumeni , communsions.gov yolwazi lomthetho , kanye ne- Conference of State Legislatures ye-tect. [[FLT:]] i-National Association of Commontrolement of Countrolements[[FLT]] inikeza ukuqonda izinselele nohlelo lwezwe.[FLT]