Ukwenziwa kwenqubo kuguqula izinhloso zomphakathi zibe imithetho ephoqelelwe, ziqondise yonke into kusukela ezimisweni zendawo zokwakha kuya ezithandweni zezempilo zomphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi imiqondo iba yimithetho, zingazisekela ngokuphumelelayo izikhulu ukuba zishintshe, zigcine izikhulu zilandisa, futhi zilolonge imiphakathi eziyibiza njengekhaya. Lesi sihloko sihlola inqubo ephelele yokwenza [1] kusukela ekusungulweni komqondo wokusetshenziswa komthetho.

Isisekelo Sesimiso Somthetho: Ukusuka Ezicini Ezingefani Kuya Ekuthatheni Isenzo

Emnyombweni wayo, ukwenza isimiso kuyinqubo ehlelwe kahle yokusingatha izidingo zomphakathi. Iqala lapho umuntu `uwakhile', iqembu lokuphatha, umnini webhizinisi, noma isikhulu sikahulumeni `wandisa inkinga noma ithuba elidinga impendulo engokomthetho. Lowomqondo wokuqala ungase ubelula njengokuthi “omakhelwane bethu badinga ukunqamulelwa kwendlela yesimo sezulu” noma uyinkimbinkimbi njengo-“sidinga icebo elibanzi.” Ngaphandle kwalokho, indlela ehambisana nomqondo womthetho ilandela izigaba ezihambelanayo ezihambelanayo ezihambela phambili, ukuhlolwa komphakathi, ukuhlolwa okungokomthetho, ukuhlolwa okungokomthetho, nokusebenza.

Ukuqonda lendlela kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho. Kunokuba zithathe isinyathelo ngemva kokuba kwenziwe isinqumo, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi zingahlanganyela ezingeni lokuqala(-) ukuhlanganisa uhlelo, izihlongozo zokucwenga, nokwakha imifelandawonye. Lokhu kuthatha izithuba kwandisa amathuba okuba izinhlelo zifezeke ngempela ezithakazelweni zomphakathi ezinde.

Isizathu Sokuba Kuhileleke Izindaba Zomphakathi

Ukubusa kwentando yeningi kuxhomeke ekuthatheni isinyathelo esinengxenye. Uma amalungu omphakathi enikela enqubweni yenqubo, aletha okuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo, ulwazi lwendawo, kanye nemibono ehlukene engekho izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe nezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Lokhu kufakwa kusiza ekuboneni imiphumela engahlongozwanga, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zifanelekile ngokwesiko, futhi kwakha ukwethemba umphakathi ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Ngokwenqubo ye-International City/Cometal Management Association [ICMA], izifunda ezinezinga eliphezulu lezivumelwano zomphakathi zibika njalo imiphumela engcono nokwaneliseka kwezakhamuzi. Ngokuphikisana, imithetho ithuthukiswa ngokwezimo ezivame ukumiswa komthetho, izinselele, izinselele ezingokomthetho, noma ukulahlwa ngokuqondile ebhokisini le-bolotte.

Inqubo Yokuthuthukiswa Kwezimiso

Nakuba izinyathelo eziqondile zihlukahluka ngokobungako besimiso nokusungulwa kohlobo lwaso, izinqubo eziningi zilandela ukulandelana okunengqondo. Ngezansi sibhidliza isigaba ngasinye, siqokomisa ukuthi kwenzekani nokuthi izakhamuzi zinganikela kanjani.

Ukubona Inkinga

Inqubo ngayinye iqala ngenkinga noma ngethuba. Leliqophelo lihlanganisa ukuqaphela ukuthi okuthile emphakathini akusebenzi ngendlela okufanele noma ukuthi kungaveza imiphumela engcono. Izinkinga zingavela ngokwaziswa − njengokukhula kwamazinga engozi yemoto noma izinga lamanzi (noma ngemibiko ephumayo ye-anecdota evela kubantu abahlala ezindaweni ezithile nasemabhizinisini. I-Ideas ingasuka futhi emikhubeni emihle ebonwayo kweminye imiphakathi noma ekusunguleni ukucwaninga emasimini njengempilo yomphakathi, ukuhlelwa kwezimoto, noma imfundo.

Imihlangano yasedolobheni, izikhungo zokusikisela ezikuyi - Internet, nocwaningo lwendawo kusiza izikhulu ukuba ziqonde ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abahlala kuzo.

Ukucwaninga Nokuhlaziya

Uma nje inkinga isitholakele, abakhi bezimiso nezisebenzi bacwaninga ngokucophelela. Baqoqa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nobukhulu balendaba, bahlole imithetho nezimiso ezikhona, bahlole lokho eminye imiphakathi eye yakwenza, futhi bahlole izindleko nezinzuzo ezingase zivele. Lesi sigameko singahlanganisa ochwepheshe abaqashayo, abenzi bezinkonzo, noma abahlela izifundo zemfundo. Umgomo ukuveza ubufakazi obuqinile obuzoveza umklamo wenqubo ehlongozwayo.

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokunikeza ukwaziswa kwendawo, ukunikezana ulwazi ngolwazi, noma ukubukeza imibiko yokucwaninga ngokuhlela. Imiphakathi eminingi futhi ibamba “izinhlelo zokulalela” lapho abacwaningi benikeza khona okutholakele futhi bameme ukuzwana ngaphambi kokuthuthela esitejini sokudweba.

Ukunqanda Inqubo

Ihlome ngokucwaninga, izisebenzi noma ochwepheshe bezomthetho baqala ukubhala umbhalo wesimiso. Lencwadi isho umthetho ohlongozwayo ngolimi oluqondile, kuhlanganise nezincazelo, izimfuneko, izinqubo zokuphoqelela, nanoma yikuphi ukukhulula. Ukulungisa inqubo yobuchwepheshe edinga ukuhlukanisa okucacile ngokuvumelana nokwanele okungokomthetho. Ezimikhankasweni eminingi, izinhlelo zokuhlela izinhlelo eziningi zibukezwa ngaphakathi ngaphambi kokuba zikhululwe ukuphawula komphakathi.

Kuleliqophelo, isakhamuzi samakomiti omphakathi noma amaqembu aphethe izinhlelo zinganikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo ekusebenziseni nokwe-all orchestra. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sezindlu zokubuthelwa izikhali singahlanganisa izincazelo zokungazifaki ezinye izinhlobo zezindlu. Amalungu ekomiti aqaphile angafica lezindaba ngokushesha futhi asikisele ukubukezwa.

Ukuhlola Omphakathi Nokugodla

Enye yezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yenqubo iwukuxoxa nomphakathi. Ohulumeni abaningi badinga umthetho ukuze banikeze isaziso ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo futhi bamukele ukukhulumela komphakathi isikhathi esithile. Lesi simo singahlanganisa:

  • Izaziso ezinyatheliswa emaphephandabeni endawo noma emawebhsayithi kahulumeni
  • Izindlebe zomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zingafakaza khona ngomuntu siqu
  • Ifomu lokuphendula kulayini noma ukuposa kwe-imeyili
  • Izikhungo zomsebenzi noma izindlu ezivulekele abantu ezivumela ingxoxo yesikhashana

Incazelo eqoqwe phakathi nalenkathi ibhalwe ngokucophelela futhi ivame ukufingqwa “kumbiko wasobala” ohambisana nokutusa kokugcina kwesimiso. Njenge-National League of Cities (NLC) igcizelela, ukuthembisana okunenjongo kudlulela ngalé kokuhlola ibhokisi elidinga ukufinyelelwa, ukukhanyisa, ukuveza ngalé, futhi kunethonya ngempela esinqumweni sokugcina.

Ukubukeza Nokucwengisiswa

Kusekelwe ekuqondiseni komphakathi, ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe, noma isiqondiso esivela kubaphathi abakhethiwe, kubukezwa uhlelo. Le nqubo yokuhlela ingahlanganisa izindilinga eziningana zokubukeza nokulungisa, ikakhulukazi ezihlongozweni eziphikisanayo noma eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuphendulwa kungahlanganisa ukunyuka kwezimfuneko ezingemva, ukulungisa izinombolo zesikhathi, ukwenezela ukukhulula amabhizinisi amancane, noma ukuqinisa amalungiselelo okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa.

Ukubona gca phakathi nale nkathi kubalulekile. Izakhamuzi ezathatha isikhathi sokuphendula zifanelwe ukubona indlela ukufakwa kwazo okwaguqula ngayo inguquko yokugcina. Ohulumeni abaningi banyathelisa “izinguquko zomkhondo” noma ukufingqa ushintsho olukhulu kanye nohlelo olubukeziwe.

Ukuvunyelwa Nokuqashelwa

Ngemva kokuba ukubukeza sekuqediwe, isimiso esihlongozwayo sinikezwa ngokusemthethweni endikimbeni ebusayo − njengesemkhandlu wedolobha, ibhodi yesifunda, noma ibhodi yesikole ("lo mhlangano""""""ukuvota. Lomhlangano uvulekele umphakathi, futhi izakhamuzi zivunyelwe ukukhuluma ngaphambi kokuba ukuvota kwenzeke. Impikiswano phakathi kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe ingaqokomisa ukuhluka kwemibono kanye nokuphambanisa. Uma isilinganiso sidlula, siba umthetho; uma sihluleka, singabuyiselwa emuva emsebenzini owengeziwe noma sishiywe ngokuphelele.

Isigaba sokuvunyelwa yithuba lokugcina lethonya eliqondile lomphakathi ngaphambi kokuba kumiswe isimiso. Ukuqondisa okunempumelelo kulokhu ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekwakheni ubuhlobo namalungu omkhandlu, ukunikeza ukwaziswa okuphoqelelayo, nokukhuthaza ukusekela komphakathi.

Ukusebenza Nokubukeza

Ukwenza inqubo akupheli ngevoti. Uma imisiwe, umthetho kumelwe uqaliswe, ku-(ukusho ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zithuthukisa izinqubo, izisebenzi zesitimela, ukunikeza imithombo, nokuxhumana nomphakathi. Ukufakelwa kungathatha izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka, futhi kulapho izinqubo eziningi zibhekana khona novivinyo lwazo lokuqala lwezwe.

Kubalulekile ukuhlola nokubukeza ngezikhathi ezithile. Ezinye izinqubo zihlanganisa izigaba ezifuna ukuphinde kubhalwe ngemva kwesikhathi esithile; ezinye zigunyaza imibiko yaminyaka yonke ngemiphumela. Izakhamuzi zingadlala indima yokwengamela ngokulandela impumelelo, ngokuya emihlanganweni eqhubekayo, nangokuveza ukukhathazeka uma isimiso singasebenzi ngendlela ehlosiwe. U.S. Bureau Bureau inikeza ukwaziswa okuvame ukwazisa lezizibukelo, njengokushintsha kwezenzuzo noma izimpawu zezomnotho ezithinta isimiso.

Indima Yabagibeli Abahlukile

Ukuqonda lezi zindima kwenza amalungu omphakathi aphumelele ngokwengeziwe ekuzameni kwakhe ukuthembisana umshado.

Izikhulu Eziqanjiwe

Izikhulu eziqashelwe − abakhomishane bedolobha, amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha, ikhomishane yesifundazwe, izikhulu zesikole eziphathiswe ukukhokhwa (*) ekugcineni zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokusekela izinqubo zezombangazwe. Zihlela uhlelo, zimelela abameleli bazo, futhi zenze izinqumo zokugcina. Izikhulu eziqashelwe zithembele kakhulu ezikhulwini zobuchwepheshe kodwa zihlola kakhulu umuzwa womphakathi lapho zivota.

Uhulumeni Onqanda Ukulwa

Izisebenzi zobuchwepheshe [1] Izisebenzi zemishini, abameli, abahlaziyi bezemali, abahlaziyi bezemali, amakhanda emnyango − zenza umsebenzi omkhulu wokucwaninga, ukudweba, nokusebenzisa imishini. Ngokuvamile bayizisebenzi zomphakathi ezisebenzayo eziletha ulwazi olunzulu lwezemisebenzi. Ukwakha ubuhlobo obuhle nezisebenzi kunganikeza izakhamuzi ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni ngezenzakalo zenqubo namathuba okunikeza ukufakwa kokwaziswa ngaphambi kokuba izinqubo ezingokomthetho ziqale.

Izinhlangano Zomphakathi

Izinhlangano ezingazuzisi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, amaqembu ezamabhizinisi, izinhlanganisela zezokuxhaphaza, nezinhlangano ezisekelwe kukholo zivame ukusebenza njengezindawo zokuxhumana phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezizimele nohulumeni. Zingakhulisa amazwi, zinikeze ubufakazi obuvumelanayo, futhi zinikeze imithombo yezobuchwepheshe. Izinhlelo eziningi eziphumelelayo . Zifana neMiyalo Ephelele yaseMigwaqweni noma izimali zezindlu ezingabizi ezisuka emizamweni ehlangene eholwa yizinhlangano zomphakathi.

Izakhamuzi Ngazinye

Izakhamuzi ngayinye ziyisisekelo sesimiso sentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwenza wedwa noma njengengxenye yeqembu, izakhamuzi zinikela ngemibono, zihlanganyele kokuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo, futhi zibeke izikhulu icala. ukuhlanganyela kwazo kunamandla ikakhulukazi lapho kusekelwa, kufundiswa, futhi kuhloselwe ezinqumweni eziyinhloko kulenqubo.

Amathuluzi Nezindlela Zobuchwepheshe Zokuhlanganyela Ngokuphumelelayo

Ukwazi ukuthi [[QULT: 0] ungahlanganyela kuyinto eyodwa; ukwazi [ ukuthi ungahlanganyela kanjani ngokuphumelelayo kungokunye. Amathuluzi alandelayo namasu asetshenziswa kabanzi futhi aqinisekiswe ukuthuthukisa ithonya lomphakathi.

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Komphakathi NamaHholo Edolobha

Ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi kuyimihlangano engokomthetho lapho izakhamuzi zingakhuluma khona ngokuqondile nezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Ukulungiselela kuyisihluthulelo: ukufunda uhlelo, ukusho amazwi akho, futhi ugcine afingqiwe. Injongo yokuhlanganisa udaba lwakho nomphumela obanzi womphakathi. Ukufakaza komuntu siqu kungaba namandla, kodwa izimemezelo ezibhaliwe ezinikezwa kusengaphambili zibaluleke ngokufanayo futhi ngokuvamile ziba yingxenye yerekhodi elingokomthetho.

Izimfono Ezisebenza Ngangaphakathi

Ohulumeni abaningi manje basebenzisa amathuluzi emishini ukuze bandise ukuhlanganyela. Ama-opera aphawulayo, amahholo asemadolobheni, namathuluzi okubala asebenzisanayo avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukukala zisekhaya. Izindawo zemishini ezifana ne- i-Lab noma ubuchwepheshe besizwe izixazululo ezinjengamaGranicus angaqoqa ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa futhi akwenze kube lula ngezikhulu ukuhlaziya umzwelo womphakathi. Nokho, ukuthatha igalelo lwezinombolo kufanele kuphelelise, kungathathi amathuba, ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi ezingenakho umnyango owethemba.

Amakomiti Okuqondisa

Amabhodi okuzithandela namakhomishane avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuqondile ekuthuthukiseni izimiso. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, amabhodi epaki, amakomiti okuqondisa izinto, nemikhandlu ehlukahlukene. Amalungu amiswa yizikhulu ezikhethiwe futhi asebenzise izinqumo ezimisiwe. Ukukhonza kula makomiti kunikeza izakhamuzi isihlalo esiphambili sokwenza isimiso kanye nendima engokomthetho ekutuseni.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zokwenziwa Kwesimiso Somthetho

Ukuze ubone indlela lezi zigaba ezisebenza ngayo, cabangela izibonelo ezimbili ezibonisa izilinganiso ezihlukene zokwenza isimiso.

Isibonelo 1: A Local Speed Lime Ordinance. Edolobheni eliphakathi, izakhamuzi zomgwaqo wakubo zakhononda ngokuthi ukugijima kwezimoto kwabangela ingozi kubantwana abadlala eduze komgwaqo. Inkinga yatholakala ngemihlangano yomphakathi futhi engu 311 ikhala. Umnyango wobunjiyela bezimoto wedolobha waqhuba isifundo sesivinini, owaqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso sejubane sejubane sidlule isilinganiso esibekwe. Staff wafaka isiphakamiso sokunciphisa isilinganiso sejubane lezimoto ukusuka ku-mph 25 mph kuya ku-mph futhi wanezela isivinini. Umnyango wathola imibiko lapho izakhamuzi zifaka khona umbiko wezokuzwa umphakathi ngomusa, kodwa waveza ukukhathazeka okuncane ngokungena ngokushesha. Umhlangano waphinde wafaka isivinini esivumela ukuba isivinini esivunyelwe ukuba sinciphe isivinini semoto, futhi wafaka isilinganiso sesivinini sejubane esigunyazwe ngezinyanga ezinzinyana zezokuhamba ngosizo sezelele, isivinini seze waze wafaka nesivinini seze umkhankaso sezentethe, isivinini sezelele, isivinini sesikhulu sesikhulu se

Isibonelo 2: A State-A’Caec Energy Standard. Iminyaka eyalandela yokusetshenziswa kwamaqembu endawo, izishayamthetho zikahulumeni zasungula umthetho odinga ukukhishwa kwemishini edinga amanani kagesi angamashumi amahlanu% emithonjeni evuselelwayo ngo-2030. Isigaba sokucwaninga sihilela izifundo zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano kanye nokuxoxa nochwepheshe bamandla, abasekela amandla. Imishini eminingi yathunyelwa, futhi ukukhulumela komphakathi kwahlanganisa kokubili ukusekela izishoshoshoshoshoshoshozezwe nezokuphikisa ezimbonini ezikhathazekile ngezindleko ezikhuphukayo. Ngemva kokuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwemigomo emikhulu, ukuyekelelwa kwemithetho yemithetho ye-odroffance ne-pane. Umbusi wasayinwa umthetho, wabe nomthetho, wakhipha nemithetho ye-ohulumeni yokusebenza.

Ukunqoba Izinselele Ezivamile

Ukuqamba akwenzeki kube lula. Ukuxabana ngezindinganiso, imithombo elinganiselwe, nezithiyo ze-procedrometic zinganqanda noma ziqede ngisho nemizamo ehloselwe kahle. Ukuqaphela le zinselele kusiza abakhona ukuba baziqondise ngendlela eyakhayo.

Ukulinganisela Isithakazelo

Yonke inqubo idala abanqobi nabahlulwayo. Inqubo ephumelelayo idinga ukulinganisela izithakazelo ezincintisanayo − ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho kanye nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, ukukwazi ukukhokha izindlu ngokumelene namalungelo empahla, ukuphepha komphakathi kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi. Imiphumela emihle kakhulu ivela ezinqubweni ezihlela ukubonakala, zimemezele amazwi ahlukene, futhi zifune ukunqoba kunokusekela ukunqoba okuphelele. Izingxoxo eziphindwayo kanye nokuqeqeshwa kokwaziswa kungasiza ababambi bemigodi ukuba bathole isisekelo esifanayo.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukubona Kahle

Uma kwenziwa izinqumo ngemva kweminyango evaliwe, ukuthembana kuncipha ngokushesha. Ukuvula imithetho yemihlangano (eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi “imithetho engekho”) kudinga ukuba ukucabangela okuningi kukahulumeni kwenzeke emphakathini, kodwa ukuvumelana kuyahluka. Izakhamuzi zingasekela ukuba kube nokukhanya okungcono ngokucela ukuba amacebo ashicilelwe kahle kusengaphambili, ukuthi amavota alotshelwe ngencazelo ecacile, futhi imizuzu yomhlangano yenziwe itholakale ngokushesha. Inhlangano engakhonjwayo Sunshishishine Review[ inikeza imithombo yokuhlola ukukhanya kukahulumeni emkhahleni wendawo.

Ukwakha Ukwethembana

Ukwethembana kuyimali yokubusa. Uma imiphakathi iye yabhekana nezithembiso eziphukile, ukucwasa, noma ukunganaki, ingangabaza noma yisiphi isinyathelo esisha sokuthatha isinyathelo. Ukwakha kabusha ukuthembana kudinga ukuthembisana okuqinile, isikhathi eside, hhayi phakathi nomjikelezo owodwa wenqubo. Izikhulu kumelwe zibonise ukuthi zilalela ngokubonisa ukuqondisa komphakathi emithethweni yokugcina futhi zinikeze izincazelo ezicacile lapho zingalandeli ukutusa. Izincazelo ezinjengokuhlelwa kwemithetho yokuhlukanisa noma ukuzuza izivumelwano zingajulisa ukwethenjwa ngokunika izakhamuzi amandla angempela okwenza izinqumo.

Isiphetho

Kusukela ekuqaleni komqondo kuya ekunikezeni imvume yokugcina, ukwenza isimiso kuwuhambo olunamandla, olubambisanayo. Lena akuyona inqubo egcinelwe abezombangazwe namabureaucrates .Iyona eyawo wonke umuntu okhathalela umphakathi wawo. Ngokuqonda izigaba, ukufunda ukusebenzisa amathuluzi akhona, nokwakha ubuhlobo nabenzi besinqumo, izakhamuzi zingaguqula imibono yazo ibe imithetho ebonakala iphephile, elinganayo, futhi ephilile. Ngokuzayo ubona inkinga endaweni yakini, khumbula ukuthi indlela ekukhungathekeni ekuxazululeni ilungile, futhi ungahamba ngayo ngenjongo.