Ukusungulwa kwezimiso zokuvikela ezingokomthetho zezisulu zobugebengu benzondo kumelela isiqephu esibucayi ekulweleni amalungelo omphakathi nangokobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, inhlanganisela yezinyunyana zotshani, izinhlekelele ezinkulu, nokushintsha komphakathi kuye kwaqhubekisela phambili ukumiswa kwemithetho evuma ukulimala okuhlukile nokukhushulwa okubangelwa yizenzo zobandlululo ezibangelwa yizenzo zobandlululo. Lemithetho ayijezisi abaphangi kuphela kodwa futhi inikeza izisulu ukuqashelwa okusobala, ukufinyelela ekusekeleni izinkonzo, kanye nendlela yokulunga. Ukuqonda indlela lezi sivikelo eziye zavela ngayo − nemingcele esele inikeza ukuqonda emzamweni oqhubekayo wokuvikela imiphakathi ekhuhlaselwe ubudlova.

Isizinda Esingokomlando

Emlandweni omningi waseMelika, ubugebengu obushukunyiswa inzondo noma ubandlululo baphathwa njengezenzo zobugebengu ezivamile. Isimiso somthetho asizange siqaphele isici esibangela ukucwaswa kobandlululo futhi sasinikeza noma yikuphi ukunakekela okukhethekile kokulimala okwenziwa kuyo yonke imiphakathi. Uma umuntu ehlaselwa ngenxa yohlanga lwakhe, inkolo, inkanuko yobulili, noma esinye isici, ukumangalelwa kwagxila kuphela esenzweni esiphansi sokwesaba, ukucekela phansi, ukubulala, ukubulala [1] ngaphandle kokubhala noma ukusingatha isisusa sokubulala. Lendlela ilulaza ukulimaza okukhulu: inzondo ayiyisokisi nje kuphela isisulu esiqondile kodwa bonke abantu abahlanganyela lokho kuphawu, kudala umoya wokwesaba nokukhohlakazeka.

Umzabalazo wanamuhla wezokuvikelwa kobugebengu obusekelwe empahleni yamaLungelo e-Fork kuma-1950 nangawo 1960. Ukubulawa ngonya kwabashisekeli abanjenge-Emmett Till, Medgar Evers, nezisebenzi ezintathu zamalungelo omphakathi eMississippi zadalula ukuhluleka komthetho wokugcinwa kwesizwe ukuba kuhlolwe futhi kuvinjelwe ngokusemthethweni ubudlova bezinhlanga. Ukungenela kwesizwe kwadingeka, futhi uMkhandlu waqala ukwakha amathuluzi angokomthetho angafinyelela ngaphezu kwemingcele kazwelozwe. I-Civil Rights Act ka-194949, nakuba ngokuyinhloko yayihloselwe ukuqeda ukucwa kwenkululeko nokucwa kwemisebenzi yezempatho, yayiqukethe amalungiselelo okuphazamisa ubugebengu obusemthethweni ngokulandelana, futhi kwaqala ukuqaphela ubudlova base-Asia, imiphakathi yezizwe zamaJuda, ne-LGBT+36, ukuvukela imithetho yayo yemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho wokuqala ebekwe abanye emashumini eminyaka.

Izenzakalo Ezivelele Ezingokomthetho

Ukungenela Kokuqala

Ngaphambi kwenkathi yanamuhla yomthetho wobugebengu wenzondo, ukuhileleka kukahulumeni kwakulinganiselwe ezimisweni ezithile ezazivikela amalungelo athile kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Civil Rights Act ka-1968, yenza kwaba ubugebengu ukulimaza ngamabomu, ukwesabisa, noma ukuphazamisa noma ubani ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, inkolo, noma ubuzwe lapho ihileleke emsebenzini ovikelwe uhulumeni (njengovota, ukuya esikoleni, noma ukusebenzisa izindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi). Lomthetho wavumela uhulumeni ukuba uvume ukuba ulwele icala lapho iziphathimandla zendawo zihluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo, kodwa wawulinganiselwe futhi kuthukela. Ukulinganiselwa kwazo kwabonakala ngokuphawulekayo ezimweni zobudlova ezishukunyiswa ukubonakaliswa ubulili, ubulili, noma ukukhubazeka, okungasolwangasolwanga, okungagujwaliswanga.

Iziphetho Zokuhlelwa Kwezinyathelo Zikahulumeni

Njengoba umthetho kahulumeni wawulandelwa, izigodlo zaba yizikhungo zokucwaninga zokuzonda ubugebengu. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, izifundazwe ezingaphezu kwama-40 zazinohlobo oluthile lomthetho wobugebengu wenzondo, kusukela ku-gamends andisa amalungiselelo okumela icala lobugebengu obubodwa. Lemithetho yahluka kakhulu. Eminye yadinga ukuba isisusa sobandlululo kube ukuphela kwesizathu sobugebengu; ezinye kuphela zazidinga ukuba ubandlululo lube yisici esinengxenye. Izijeziso zahlukile futhi: amanye amazwe afaka izigwebo zejele ezivalelwe isikhathi eside, izinkokhisi ezipho, noma iziluleko eziboshelwe ngokwesibopho zezaphula-mthetho. Imithetho kahulumeni yamisa umsebenzi oyindidi yesivikelo, nakuba ingaphelele, yanikeza ukuqashelwa kokuqala kobandlululo ukulimala okulimaza futhi yanikeza izisulu ithuluzi elingokomthetho lokufuna ukulandisa.

Umthetho Ka - 1990 Wobugebengu Owenzelwe Inzondo

Isinyathelo esibalulekile sokulandisa ngomthetho we-Hate Crime Statistics Act, esasayinwa ngo-1990. Lesi senzo sayala u-Attorney ukuba aqoqe futhi asakaze imininingwane yobugebengu obubonisa ubufakazi bobandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, enkolweni, ebuhlotsheni, noma ebuzweni. Okokuqala, izinhlangano zomthetho zokuqapha kwadingeka ukuba zibike ubugebengu bokuzonda i-FBI, ukwakha i-data yesizwe. Nakuba ihogeleza ngokuzithandela ihlelwe iminyango eminingi, iye yabaluleka kakhulu ekubhaleni izinga lenkinga, ukuhlukanisa izici ezibonisa isimilo, nokuthethelela ezinye izenzo zomthetho. UMthetho uye wabuyiselwa izikhathi eziningana ukuze uhlanganise izigaba ezinjengalokhu kukhubazeka (ngo1999), ubulili, nobulili (ngonyaka ka-19966).

IMatthew Shepard noJames Byrd Jr. Vela Umthetho Wokuvimbela Ubugebengu (2009)

Isigaba esivelele kakhulu somthetho kahulumeni ozonda ubugebengu yiMatthew Shepard noJames Byrd Jr. Siva ICrimes Prevention Act, eyadluliselwa ngo-2009 futhi yasayinwa umthetho nguMongameli uBarack Obama. Iqanjwe ngezisulu ezimbili ezibulawayo ezashaqisa isizwe ngonya luka-(Matephany Shepard, umfundi wasekholiji ongontanga ongongqingili owabulawa eWyoming, noJames Byrd Jr., indoda yase-Afric., indoda yase-Afrika yangaphambili ephethulelwa ukufa yi-lungu le-Creastries eTexas, i-Actack Obama. I-Act yandisa igunya lombuso lokukhothamela ubugebengu obunobudlova obubangelwa yize noma izinhlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, ubulili, ukubuswa kwesimilo, ukubuswa kwecala, nokukhubazelwa kwecala lomthetho wecala, futhi kunikezwa ubugebengu obugunyazwe ngenxa yecala, futhi kunikezwa ubugebengu obusha.

Imithetho Nezivikelo Eziyinhloko Ezisetshenziswayo

Izitembu zemithetho ezikhuliswe ngecala ezivuselelwe zivilapha. Iziphazamiso ezicashile

Izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zikhona emthetho wobugebengu wenzondo. Eyokuqala, esetshenziswa yizifundazwe eziningi, umthetho owenziwe ngokunenzuzo. Ngaphansi kwalesisibonelo, ubugebengu obuyisisekelo (umz., ukuhlasela, ulwembuku, ulweyiselo) bubekwa icala ngendlela evamile, kodwa umshushisi angase afune isigwebo eside ejele noma isihle kakhulu uma icala libangelwa ubandlululo. Indlela yesibili, esetshenziswa uhulumeni wezwe kanye namanye amazwe, ichaza ukuzonda ubugebengu njengecala lobugebengu elihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho we-fuletranstel, wenza ukuba kungabi namthetho wokulimaza umzimba ngamabomu ngenxa yesimo sesisulu esivikelekile. Kokubili kungena umphumela ofanayo wesijeziso esikhulayo, kodwa isifanekiso sokungasese somthetho esisekelwe ekuqondeni ngenxa yobandlululo.

Amalungiselelo Okusekela Abayisisulu

Imithetho eminingi yanamuhla yobugebengu obunenzondo idlula isijeziso sokuhlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kwezisulu nokusekelwa. Umthetho kaFederal ufuna ukuba uMnyango woMahluleli wase-U.S. wazise izisulu zamalungelo azo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokufaka isicelo sembuyiselo eMnyango we-Crime Zisulu ze-Crime. Imithetho yoMbuso ivame ukunikeza imvume yokuzonda izisulu ngokwaziswa ngezinkonzo zokweluleka, usizo olungokomthetho, kanye nemithombo esekelwe emphakathini. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela izisulu ukuba zifake icala lamacala emakhaya ngenxa yeziphazakele, kuhlanganise nokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo kanye nesijeziso. La malungiselelo abonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi ubugebengu obuzondayo bubangela inhlekelele edlula ukulimala okungokomzimba.

Ukubika Neqoqo Lokwaziswa

Ukunemba kokwaziswa kobugebengu okunenzondo kuseyinselele engapheli. Umbiko waminyaka yonke we-FBI i-Chate Crime Statistics, osekelwe ekubikeni kokuzithandela kwezinhlangano zomthetho ezingaba ngu - 15 000 eziphoqelela umthetho, uye wagxekwa ngokubikwa kancane. Izinhlangano eziningi azihlanganyeli, futhi phakathi kwalezo eziye zangavumelani nokuqeqeshwa kokuhlukanisa izimpawu zobandlululo kuholela ekutheni amanani aphansi. Ngo-2021, i-FBI yabika izenzakalo zobugebengu zobandlululo, kodwa amaqembu esizwe alinganisela inani leqiniso liphakeme ngokuphindwe kaningana ngenxa yokungabikwa kwezinhluso sobabili namaphoyisa. Izwe lamazwe anjengeli California kanye neNew York liye lafaka imithetho efuna ukuba amaphoyisa abike ubugebengu obunenzondo, futhi amanye amise amakomiti ezokuqondisa ukulalela.

Ithonya Ezisuluni Nenhlangano

Ukugunyazwa Namandla Ezisulu

Enye yemiphumela engathi sína kakhulu yemithetho yobugebengu yenzondo ukugunyaza okunikeza izisulu. Uma isimiso sobulungisa sivuma ukuthi ukuhlasela kwabangelwa ukuba nobandlululo, sithumela umyalezo onamandla wokuthi isisulu asiyimbangela yobudlova, , ubandlululo lwalowo ohlaselayo luyinkinga. Lokhu kuqaphela okungokomthetho kungasiza izisulu ukuba zinqobe ukuzihlasela kanye nehlazo, futhi kuzenza zifune usizo. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi izisulu zobugebengu ezibona ukuthi zingezona ezizondwa ngenxa yobugebengu obunenzondo zibika amazinga aphakeme okwaneliseka ngesimiso sobulungisa kunalawo aphathwa njengezenzo zobugebengu ezivamile.

Ukwehla Kwemali Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Isijeziso esikhuliswe ngenxa yophawu lobugebengu benzondo lokuthi umphakathi ngeke ububekezelele ubudlova obubangelwa ubandlululo. Nakuba ubufakazi bokunqanda ukunqanda buxubene, cishe okunye ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi isilinganiso esincane kuphela sezephulamthetho ezikwaziyo imithetho yobugebengu yenzondo − umphumela ongokomfanekiso ubalulekile. Ukwazi ukuthi ubudlova obubangelwa yinzondo buletha imiphumela eyengeziwe kungase kuthene amandla ezinye izaphula-mthetho, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini lapho ukuphatha kweqembu lenzondo kuphakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwemithetho ekhuthaza ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba imibiko enjalo ngokungathi sína futhi kwandise imithombo ukuze kuphenyelelwe futhi kuvinjelwe lezi zenzakalo, kanjalo kwandisa ukuphepha komphakathi wonke.

Ukuqaphela Isimiso Sasemkhathini

Inqubo yokumisa nokumisa umthetho wenzondo nokumisa umthetho wezomthetho wenzondo futhi yanezela engxoxweni ebanzi yezenhlalakahle ngobandlululo nobandlululo. Izenzakalo eziphambili ezinjengokubulawa kukaMatthew Shepard noJames Byrd Jr. zavuselela umbono womphakathi futhi zaphoqelela izakhamuzi ukuba zibhekane nokuphikelela kobudlova benzondo. Ukusabela kwemithetho yokushaya umthetho (/ukukhipha imithetho) ngezisulu zezeluleko ("ukuveza ubandlululo) futhi kwazigcina zisenalendaba futhi zibugcinele umphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqoqa ulwazi lobugebengu kuye kwavumela abacwaningi nabasekeli bemidaba, ukuhlukanisa iziphakamiso, nokuthuthukisa ukungenela kwemfundo. Ukungenela kwalemithetho kuqinisa ukuvalwa kwemithetho kungathi ubandlululo nenzondo akuyona nje impoqo kodwa kulungile ukulimaza umphakathi kodwa kufanelwe ukungenela uhulumeni.

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuphoqelelwa Okuguquguqukayo Kwangaphandle Kwezinsolo

Naphezu kwentuthuko ephawulekayo, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yenzondo akuzange kuvumelane. Abanye abameli besigodi bayanqikaza ukumangalela ubugebengu benzondo ngenxa yobunzima bokubonisa ubandlululo, noma ngenxa yokuthi besaba ukuphambana kwemithetho enjengayo ewukujezisa. Kwezinye izifunda, amaphoyisa awaqeqeshelwa ukuthi angaziqondi izikhombo zobandlululo, eziholela ekuhlolweni okungahleleki kwezehlakalo. Iminyaka engu - 2020 yeBureauty of Justial Statistic Statistics yathola ukuthi ubugebengu obuthiwa ngomthetho obunenzondo obuyimpoqoloza, futhi obuyikho, obuyingxenye kuphela yalezo zindawo zamangalelwa njengezenzo zobugebengu zenzondo. Ukukhuluma ngalezizibo kudinga ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo ekuqeqesheni ukugcinwa komthetho, abashushisi, nabahluleli, kanye nabahluleli, njengezindlela zokuzi zokuvikela ukuvikela.

Amagebe Okwaziswa Nokubikwa Ngaphansi

Imininingwane ethembekile iyisisekelo senqubo ephumelelayo, kodwa izibalo zobugebengu aziphelele. Izisulu eziningi azibiki ubugebengu benzondo ngenxa yokwesaba ukuphindisela, ukungathemba amaphoyisa, noma zikholelwa ukuthi akukho okuzokwenziwa. Imiphakathi eboshiwe nabantu ababodwa, abahloselwe ngokungenakulinganiswa, cishe zingenzeki kakhulu ukugwema ukuxhumana nomthetho. Imizamo ehlangene yokuthuthukisa ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane yemininingwane yemininingwane yezincwadi ihlanganisa izisusa zokubika ngokugcwele, kodwa ukubika ngokuzithandela kuye kwabonakala kunganele. Abanye abameleli banxulumani bafaka isibopho sokuchaza inzondo ngemibandela yezinhlangano zezomthetho njengesimo sezezimali zikahulumeni, ukuthatha isinyathelo esingathuthukisa izinga lezentengozo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-FBIL ibuye yandisa isimiso sawo wonke ama-data, ukushintshela ukuhlanganisa i-teklogobolo olubanzi lweze lwezenzakalo (BRS), okumelwe ukuba kunikeze izinhlangano eziphambili.

Isidingo Sokwandisa Izinhlobo Ezivikelwe

Uhlu lwezici ezivikelwe ngaphansi kwemithetho yobugebengu yehluka kakhulu ngokwemithetho. Nakuba uhlanga, inkolo, nobuzwe kucishe kuhlanganiswe emhlabeni wonke, izigaba eziningi zihlala zingavikelekile noma zivikelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho kahulumeni awubufihli ngokuqondile ubugebengu obubangelwa isimo sokufuduka kwesisulu, isimo sezezomnotho, noma ukuhlangana kwezombangazwe. Imithetho yoMbuso iyahluka ngokuthi ihlanganisa ubulili, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, inkathi yobudala. Njengoba uzonda ubudlova buvela − ngokuphakama kokuhlukunyezwa kwezenzwe nge - Internet kanye nokuhlaselwa kwe-protestry ne-reversession kwaseMelika phakathi komqedazwezwe nge-CHOVAD, noma ukuhlangana kwezemigaba entsha. Ukudalwa kwezenzo zobulili, ukukhubazeka kweJavelCrimentente [FUte] [2020]

Imfundo Nendlela Yokuvimbela: Ikhambi Lesikhathi Eside

Ekugcineni, indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokunciphisa ubugebengu benzondo ingendlela yokuvimbela, hhayi nje isijeziso. Izigwebo ezingokomthetho ziyasabela ekulimaleni ngemva kokuba sezenzekile. Ushintsho lweqiniso ludinga imfundo elawula izimpande zenzondo. Izifunda eziningi ziye zagunyaza ukuzonda ubugebengu ezikoleni ze K-12, zifundisa abafundi ngomlando wobandlululo nokubaluleka kokwahlukahlukahlukana. Izinhlelo ezifana ne [[Anti-Defamation] Inhlangano Engekho Indawo Yenzondo [ neSikhungo somthetho saseNingizimu [[FLT:] i-Proverceltic Center yokufundisa ukwandisa izikole nempahla yezemiphakathi, amaqembu, nokuqinisa umthetho. Ukwanda kwalengiselwano nomphakathi wezokungenela ingqhinga lokuvimbela ubudlova obude.

Isiphetho

Ukusungulwa kwezimiso ezingokomthetho zezisulu zobugebengu benzondo kuye kwaba inqubo enyakazayo, enzima eshukunyiswa isibindi sezisulu, ukuphikelela kwabasekeli, nokuzimisela kwamazindlu zomthetho ukusabela ekushintsheni kwezimiso zokuziphatha. Kusukela ezimisweni ezilinganiselwe zamalungelo esizwe zango-1960 kuya esinyatheloni sikahulumeni esibanzi sango-2009, umthetho manje uqaphela ukuthi ubudlova obubangelwa yinzondo bubangela umonakalo oyingqayizivele, okukodwa okubangelwa yizisulu ezithile kanye nokusekela kwezenhlalakahle. Kodwa umsebenzi uqhele kakhulu. Imithetho eqinile, imingcele engekho ngokomthetho, nezindlela ezintsha zenzondo ezivela ngezobuchwepheshe nokushintsha kwenani labantu zidinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo. Ukuqinisa imithetho yenzondo, ukuqeqesha umthetho, ukusekela izinkonzo zezisulu, ukuthuthukisa zonke izinkonzo, nokufaka imfundo kuzo zonke izinyathelo ezibalulekile ekusongweni lapho umuntu ngamunye ephila khona ngokukhululekile ngobudlova. Izikhali ezinhlalweni ezinkantolo zixhomeke ekusebenziseni kwezindawo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, kodwa zixhomeke ekutholeni ezingokomthetho, futhi zisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo, futhi zisetshenziswa ngokufanele izinkantolo, izibondongafanelekile.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezibalo zamuva zobugebengu benzondo kanye nezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo zikahulumeni, vakashela [[FBIT:0] i-Chase Crimes phereding [[FFLT:1] ne i-Bureau of Justice Statistics izonda isikhungo solwazi lobugebengu[.