Ukuqonda Uvivinyo Lokuba Izakhamuzi

Ukuhlolwa kwesizwe kusebenza njengendlela yabafuduki abafuna ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele ezweni labo abalitholile. Akukona nje ukufundela imfundo kodwa ukuhlola okuwusizo kokuzimisele komuntu ukwamukela amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yobuzwe. Nakuba abantu abaningi besondela ekuhlolweni ngokukhathazeka, ukuqonda injongo nokwakheka kwayo kunganciphisa kakhulu ukucindezeleka. Lesi sihloko siphula isihluthulelo sovivinyo lwezakhamuzi, sichaza indlela uhulumeni nezimiso zomthetho ezihlolwa ngayo, futhi sinikeze amasu asebenzayo okuphumelela.

Amazwe amaningi athuthukile adinga uhlobo oluthile lokuhlola imvelo, nakuba okuqukethwe nobunzima buhluka. E-United States, ukuhlola kugxila ekhonweni lesiNgisi naselwazini lomphakathi. ECanada, kuhlanganisa umlando, ukuma kwezwe, uhulumeni, nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-United Kingdom “Ukuphila e-UK” kuhlanganisa ezombangazwe, umthetho, namasiko. I-Australia ngokufanayo ihlola ulwazi lwezindinganiso zobuzwe, umlando, kanye nombuso. Ngokuqonda izihloko ezivamile ezibhekene nalezi zivivinyo, ungakha isisekelo esiqinile sanoma yisiphi isilinganiso somphakathi.

Injongo Yokuvivinywa Kokuba Izakhamuzi

Umgomo oyinhloko wokuhlolwa kwesizwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezintsha ziqonda isimiso sezombangazwe sezwe, isimiso somthetho, nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Lolwazi lusiza abafuduki ukuba bahlangane ngokushelela ngokwengeziwe nomphakathi futhi bahlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Ukuhlolwa futhi kuvikela ubuqotho besizwe ngokuphawula ukuthi amalungu amasha ahlonipha izimiso zesisekelo sesizwe.

Ngaphandle kokulungiselela komuntu ngamunye, ukuhlolwa kuthuthukisa ukubambisana kwezenhlalo. uma izakhamuzi zivumelana nokuqonda okuvamile ngendlela uhulumeni wazo osebenza ngayo, zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba zihlanganyele enkulumweni eyakhayo yomphakathi. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abafuduki abafunda lokhu kuhlola ngokuvamile bathuthukisa ukwazisa okujulile ngezinhlangano zezwe lakubo, okuholela emazingeni aphakeme okuvota nokuhileleka emphakathini.

Indlela Uvivinyo Oluhlobana Ngayo Nohulumeni Nezimiso Ezingokomthetho

Ukuqonda izimiso zikahulumeni nezomthetho kuyimbangela yokuhlolwa kwesizwe. Lokhu kuhlola kuvame ukubuza ngesakhiwo sikahulumeni — ngokuvamile okuchazwa ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kwezikhulu, izikhulu ze-projekthi, ne-canmental. Abahlolayo kumelwe bazi amagama ezikhulu eziyinhloko, inqubo yokushaya imithetho, nendima yezinkantolo ekuchazeni leyo mithetho.

Ingxenye yesimiso somthetho ihlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwe ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, nokuhlangana. Ithinta futhi umthetho, osho ukuthi wonke umuntu — kuhlanganise nabaholi bakahulumeni — ungaphansi kwemithetho efanayo. Lesi simiso sibalulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi futhi sivivinywa njalo ngendlela eshintshiwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, imibuzo eminingi iyabuza: “Uyini umthetho ophakeme wezwe?” (Umthetho-sisekelo, e-U.S.). “Ungubani inhloko yezwe lase-Canada?” (Umbusi, omelelwe nguMbusi omkhulu). Lemibuzo ayihloli nje ukucubungula kodwa ukuqonda ukuthi amandla anikezwa kanjani futhi alinganiselwe kanjani.

Izihloko Eziyinhloko Ezisekuhlolweni

Ngokuvamile, ukuhlola ukuba isakhamuzi emhlabeni wonke kuhlanganisa izici ezine eziyinhloko.

Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Lengxenye ihlola ulwazi ngendlela umbuso ozihlela ngayo. Ngokuvamile, kudingeka wazi:

  • Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni nemisebenzi yawo
  • Onegunya lokubusa (isimo, umongameli, undunankulu, inkosi)
  • Indlela amalungu esishaya - mthetho akhethwa ngayo
  • Indima yenkantolo yamajaji nenkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke
  • Yeka ukuthi izimiso zikahulumeni zihluke kanjani ezimisweni ezihlanganisayo (isib., amandla ombuso ahambisana nombuso)

Okunye ukuhlola kubuza nangezakhiwo zikahulumeni wendawo, njengemikhandlu yamadolobha noma izishaya - mthetho zesifunda.

Isimiso Esingokomthetho

Ukuqonda inqubo engokomthetho kubalulekile ekuhlonipheni imithetho namalungelo.

  • Umthetho - sisekelo njengesisekelo sayo yonke imithetho
  • Amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo avikelwe umthetho
  • Umehluko phakathi komthetho wobugebengu nowomphakathi
  • Amalungelo abamangalelwa (isib., kanye nommeli, lapho kuqulwa icala ngokushesha)
  • Indlela imithetho eshaywa futhi ilungiswe ngayo
  • Isimiso sokubukeza kokwahlulela

Abahloli bangase badinge nokuthola amacala avelele asenkantolo alolonga umthetho wesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kwaseU.S. kungase kubhekisele kuBrown v. Board of Education (ekudluleni ngokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga) noma uMiranda v. Arizona (ilungelo lokuthula).

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyisibopho

Ukuba isakhamuzi akuyona into engenamsebenzi; kudinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo.

  • Ukuqamba okhethweni nokukwazi ukubhalisa
  • Ukukhonza ejajini lapho sibizwa
  • Ukukhokha izintela ngokwethembeka
  • Ukulalela imithetho nokuhlonipha amalungelo abanye
  • Ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yomphakathi
  • Ukuvikela izwe uma kudingeka (kwezinye izizwe)

Izincwadi eziningi ezihlolayo zigcizelela ukuthi lemithwalo yemfanelo iqinisekisa ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Ngokwesibonelo, incwajana yokuhlola yaseCanada ithi: “Ubugqila bunemithwalo yemfanelo. Kuhilela ukuzinikela ezimisweni zentando yeningi, ukuhlonipha umthetho, nokuhlanganyela emphakathini.”

Umlando nezibonakaliso

Umlando wezwe nezimpawu ngokuvamile kuyahlolwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izakhamuzi ezintsha zihlanganyela ukulandisa okufanayo futhi ziqaphela izifanekiselo ezihlanganisayo.

  • Izenzakalo ezinkulu ezingokomlando nokubaluleka kwazo
  • Ukuthola amanani nabaholi abanethonya
  • Amaholide Ezwe nemisuka yawo
  • Incazelo nesiboniso esifanele samaflagi
  • Amaculo esizwe nezikhumbuzo ezibalulekile

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kwaseU.S. kuhlanganisa nemibuzo yokuthi kungani ifulege linemithende engu - 13 (emelela amakoloni okuqala) nezinkanyezi (izifundazwe ezimelelayo) ezingu - 50.

Indlela Yokulungiselela Ukuba Izakhamuzi

Ukulungiselela okuphumelelayo kudinga indlela ehlelwe kahle. Nawa amasu afakazelwe asetshenziswa izinkulungwane zabahloli abaphumelelayo.

Izinto Ezifundwa Ngokomthetho

Izwe ngalinye linikeza umqondisi wokutadisha okhiqizwa nguhulumeni. E-U.S., iyincwajana “yeSifunda nesiNgisi” (nemibuzo eyikhulu). ICanada inikeza“ Ukufihla iCanada: Amalungelo neMathathu eSikhundla.” I-UK’s “Ukuphila e-United Kingdom: A Guide for New Parace" i-textual. I-“Australianturation: Our Common" isebenza njengethuluzi lokuqala. [[FLT: 0] njalo iqala ngalamaphepha asemthethweni — iqukethe zonke izimpendulo ozidingayo.

Ngaphandle kwalencwajana, ngokuvamile kutholakala amawebhusayithi kahulumeni:

  • Izinguqulo zomsindo zokuziqeqesha kokulalela
  • Amashaneli
  • Ukuhlola okuxhumeneyo kulayini
  • Amavidiyo

Imithombo yangaphandle ingaqinisa ukufunda. Amawebhusayithi amaningi anedumela elihle anikeza ukuhlolwa kokwenza umshini ofekethiswe ngemva kokuhlola kwangempela. Isihluthulelo siwukusebenzisa imithombo eminingi ukuze ugweme ukuthatha ngekhanda ulwazi olunganembile.

Izindlela Zokufunda Ezisebenzayo

Nazi izindlela zesayensi yokuqonda nabafundisi abanokuhlangenwe nakho:

  • Ukuphindaphindwa okuphindiwe: Imininingwane yokubukeza ekhulayo ngezikhathi ezithathayo. Sebenzisa ama-flashcard afana ne-Anki noma amakhadi angokoqobo.
  • Inkumbulo esebenzayo: Ungafundi nje kuphela — vala incwadi bese uphendula ngokuzwakalayo. Quiz phinda-phinda.
  • Ukufaka: Iqembu elihlobene namaqiniso (umz., wonke amagatsha kahulumeni) ukuze ayenze kube lula ukuwakhumbula.
  • [ fundisa omunye:[ Ukuchazela umngane noma ilungu lomkhaya imiqondo ukuphoqelela ukuba uhlele ulwazi lwakho.
  • Mnemonics:[ Yakha amagama noma izindaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhumbula amagatsha amathathu (Igunya, isikhulu, isikhulu) ungacabanga ukuthi “LEJ”“ ingu-Oyawulwe kahle.”

Abaningi abahlolayo bakuthola kuwusizo ukwakha isimiso sokutadisha.

Izihibe Ezivamile Nendlela Yokuzigwema

Ngisho nabafundi abakhuthele bangakhubeka. Qaphela la maphutha:

  • [ Ukukhumbula ngaphandle kokuqonda: Ungabuzwa imibuzo ephendulwe obala edinga ukuchazwa, hhayi nje iziphetho zegama elilodwa.
  • Ibuza imibuzo elungisiwe: Ukuhlola okuqukethwe i-satura kuyashintsha. Ngaso sonke isikhathi sebenzisa inguquko yamanje kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlolwa kweU.S. kwashintshwa ngo-202020 ngo-2021.
  • Ukuhlukanisa ingxenye yolimi lwesiNgisi: Ngisho noma isiNgisi sakho sisihle, prakthiza ukufunda nokubhala imisho elinganiswayo. Ukuhlolwa kweU.S. kudinga ukuba ufunde futhi ubhale kahle umusho owodwa wemisho emithathu.
  • Ufunda umbuzo ngamunye ngokucophelela ngosuku lokuhlola:. Ezinye zinamampendulo amaningi anembile (umz., “Ngokwegama omunye wemifula emibili emide kakhulu e-U.S.”.

Izibonelo Zemibuzo Echazwa Ngemininingwane

Ake sihlole imibuzo evamile nokuthi kungani impendulo ibalulekile.

  1. Ubani umholi wezwe?
    Kumbuso womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo njenge-Canada, i-Australia, noma i-UK, umphathi wezwe yinkosi (iNkosi uCharles III). Kumarepublic anjenge-U.S. noma i-Indiya, ngumongameli. Lokhu kuhlola ukuqashelwa kwakho kwesimiso somthetho sisekelo sezwe.
  2. Imiphi imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko yezakhamuzi?
    Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukulalela imithetho, ukukhokha izintela, ukukhonza emajajini, nokuvota. Abanye abaqondisi bahlola futhi bahloba ukuvikela izwe futhi bahlonipha amalungelo abanye. Lokhu kubonisa ukuzinikela kwakho ekuhlanganyeleni kwentando yeningi.
  3. Amagatsha amangaki uhulumeni anawo?
    E-U.S., impendulo yilesithathu: i-pagnotis (Conent), umphathi (umphathi), kanye nokwahlulela (Inkantolo yeSikhulu nezinkantolo eziphansi). i-Canada ne-Australia inezimiso ezifanayo. I-UK inesimiso sepalamente esinamagunya ahlangeneyo, kodwa ukuhlola kusabhekisa izinhlangano ezihlukene.
  4. Zisho ukuthini izimpawu zesizwe?[FLT]] Izimpawu zesizwe njengamaflagi, amaculo, nezibonakaliso zimelela ubuni bezwe, umlando, nezindinganiso. Zikhuthaza ubunye nokuqhosha. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkanyezi zefulege lase-U.S. zimelela izimo kanye nemigqa efanekisela amakoloni okuqala.
  5. Ukubusa komthetho kusho ukuthini?
    Kusho ukuthi wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, kumelwe alandele umthetho. Akekho ongaphezulu kwawo. Lesisimiso sivimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla futhi siqinisekisa ukulunga.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi lolu vivinyo ludlulela kanjani ngalé kolwazi olucaciwe ukuze luthole ukuqonda okujulile. Lapho utadisha, gxila “kungani” kusekelwe amaqiniso.

Izimiso Zokuqonda Zikahulumeni: Isimiso Esijulile

Ukuze uphumelele ekuhlolweni kwezakhamuzi, udinga isibonelo esicacile sengqondo sendlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo. Ake siqede isimiso esivamile: ukubusa ngentando yeningi komthetho - sisekelo, ngokuvamile okunemingcele yemibuso.

Amagatsha Amathathu

  • Igatsha elinomthetho: Libeka imithetho. Esimisweni se-bimaral (njenge-Bhungane, iPhalamende lase-U.S., noma iPhalamende laseCanada), imithetho kumelwe idlulise womabili amagumbi. Imibuzo ivame ukubuza ngamagama alagumbi nendlela amalungu akhethwa ngayo.
  • Igatsha elisebenzayo: i-afromactives withs. Iholwa umongameli noma undunankulu, leligatsha lihlanganisa iminyango nezinhlangano. Ungadinga ukwazi isihloko somholi nohlu lokulandelana.
  • Igatsha lobuJuda: lichaza imithetho. Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (umz., iNkantolo Ephakeme) iqinisekisa imithetho evumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. Imiqondo eyisihluthulelo: ukubukeza kokwahlulela kanye nokuzimela kwejaji.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Lesimiso sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli angakhipha umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa ngevoti eyisithathu. Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kubalulekile ekuhlolweni — futhi ukuze ube isakhamuzi esinolwazi.

Amanye amazwe anjenge - UK awahlukani ngokomthetho nemibuso, kodwa lolu vivinyo lusahlanganisa izindima ezihlukile zePhalamende, ubukhoma, nezokwahlulela. Ukwazi ukuthi incazelo ehlukile ingakunikeza isiphetho semibuzo enzima kakhulu.

Izimiso Ezingokomthetho: Amalungelo Nenqubo Yenkantolo

Ukuqonda okuyisisekelo ngendlela umthetho osebenza ngayo kubalulekile. Ukuhlola ukuba isakhamuzi ngokuvamile kuhlola lezizindawo:

Imithombo Yomthetho

  • Umthetho womthetho - sisekelo (umthombo ophakeme)
  • Umthetho wemithetho (odluliswa isishaya - mthetho)
  • Umthetho ovamile (izibonelo ezenziwe ngokwahlulela)
  • Imithetho (imithetho yegatsha engekho

Kufanele uqonde ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo uwumthetho ophakeme kakhulu nokuthi noma yimuphi umthetho ophikisana nawo awusebenzi. Lokhu kusekelwe ezimisweni zomthetho wentando yeningi.

Umthetho Wangaphakathi Uphikisana Nezigebengu

Umehluko uvame ukuhlolwa. Umthetho wesigebengu uphathelene namacala omphakathi (ukuphanga, ukuhlasela, ukubulala). Umthetho womphakathi usingatha izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano (izinhlangano, impahla, izindaba zomkhaya). Uhulumeni uqulisa amacala obugebengu; abantu ngabanye emacaleni omphakathi.

Amalungelo Abamangalelwa

Isihluthulelo samalungelo sihlanganisa:

  • Ukuzicabangela ungenacala kuze kube yilapho uthola ukuthi unecala
  • Uvivinyo olufanele nolusheshayo
  • Ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho
  • Isivikelo ekuzichayeni (ilungelo lokuthula)
  • Ukuvikelwa esijezisweni esinonya noma esingavamile

Ngokuvamile la malungelo atholakala ezincwadini ezingokomlando ezinjengeMagna Carta, i - English Bill of Rights, noma i - United States Bill of Rights.

Umlando Wendawo Nezibonakaliso

Umlando wezwe ngokuvamile uhlanganisa izenzakalo ezinkulu ezathonya izwe.

  • United States:[ Ukuvukela kwaseMelika, Impi Yombango, Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi
  • Canada:[ Isivumelwano (1867), ukwamukela i-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)
  • Kingdom: Norman Confishut, Magna Carta (1215), iziMpi zezwe, ukwakhiwa kweNkonzo yeMpi yeMpi yeZwe
  • Australia:[ Conization, Federation (1901), inganekwane ye-ANZAC, 1967 i-parenteum ekhuluma ngamalungelo abomdabu

Izimpawu ezinjengefulege, amaculo esizwe, nezilwane ezisemthethweni (umzk., i-beaver eCanada, i-kangaroo e-Australia) ziyingxenye yendwangu ejwayelekile yesiko. Ukuhlolwa kungakucela ukuba ubone imibala yefulege, izosha zeculo lesizwe, noma ukubaluleka kwesikhumbuzo esinjenge-Cenotaph eLondon.

Amacebiso Awusizo Osuku Lovivinyo

Nalu uhlu lohlu:

  • [ thola ubuthongo obukahle ebusuku phambi kokuhlola.
  • Ulethe isici [ nanoma yiziphi izinto ezivunyelwe (bheka imithetho yakho ephakathi).
  • [ Ukushesha [[[QULA]] ukugwema ukukhathazeka.
  • [ Lalela ngokucophelela iziyalezo[ kumphathi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Funda umbuzo ngamunye kabili [[[UMTL:1] ngaphambi kokuphendula.
  • Uma ungayazi impendulo, qagela ngemva kokususa ngokusobala ukukhetha okungalungile (uma kusebenza). Ukuhlola kuvame ukuba ne-ivolution-million noma ifomethi yomlomo.
  • Hlala uzolile[ — ukuhlola kuklanyelwe ukudluliswa ngesifundo esinengqondo. Amazwe amaningi akuvumela ukuba uphinde ukuthathe uma kudingeka.

Isizathu Sokuba Uvivinyo Luthinte Umphakathi

Ukuhlola ukuba isakhamuzi kwenza okungaphezu kokulinganisa ulwazi lomuntu ngamunye, kuqinisa izindinganiso ezihlanganisa imiphakathi ehlukene. Enkathini yokwanda kobuzwe, ukuqonda okuhlanganyelweyo ngezimiso zomthetho nohulumeni kungavala imingcele engokwesiko nezombangazwe. Uma izakhamuzi ziwazi amalungelo azo, azinakuxhashazwa. Uma ziqonda imithwalo yazo yemfanelo, ziyonikela kakhulu.

Fihla iCanada, iziqondiso zemfundo esemthethweni, ithi: “Ukufika kwesakhamuzi saseCanada kuyilungelo. Kukunika wonke amalungelo nezibopho zobuzwe kanye nenhlonipho yamaKhanada amaningi.” Lomuzwa uzwakala emazweni onke: isakhamuzi siyisibopho samazwe amabili.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kusiza abafuduki ukuba bahlakulele ukuthembana ezinhlanganweni. Ngokufunda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, iphoqelelwe futhi ichazwe ngayo, abasanda kuhlanganyela baqiniseka ukuthi isimiso sisebenza ngendlela elungile kubo bonke abantu.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Ukuze unezela ekulungiseleleni kwakho, cabangela lemithombo enegunya:

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imitapo eminingi yomphakathi yendawo inikeza izigaba zezakhamuzi mahhala. Izikhungo zomphakathi nezinhlangano zabafuduki zivame ukuthatha izindawo zokusebenzela.

Imicabango Yokugcina

Ukuhlolwa kwesizwe kuyisithiyo esilawuleka uma sifinyelelwa ngokuhleleka. Ayiklanyelwe ukukukhohlisa kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi unolwazi oludingekayo ukuze uphumelele njengelungu lomphakathi. Gxila ekuqondeni isimo nezimiso zikahulumeni nezimiso zomthetho, hhayi nje amaqiniso ahlukene. Sebenzisa izinto ezingokomthetho, sebenzisa izindlela zokutadisha eziphumelelayo, futhi uprakthize njalo. Ngokuzinikezela, ungaphumelela ngokuqiniseka futhi uqhoshelwe ekwakheni izakhamuzini kwakho ezintsha.

Khumbula: Uvivinyo lumane nje luyisiqalo. umvuzo wangempela ikhono lokuvota, ukubalekela isikhundla, ukukhonza ejajini, nokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuphileni kwentando yeningi ezweni lakini. lolo lwazi luyokusiza kukho konke ukuphila kwakho.