Ukuhlobana Okubucayi Phakathi Kukahulumeni Wendawo Nezindlu Ezibizayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wendawo nezindlu ezithengwayo buguqula isizinda sezenhlalo nezomnotho sesizwe sonke. Iziphathimandla zendawo zinamandla amakhulu ekusebenziseni umhlaba, ukunikeza izimali, nokuhlela okunquma ngokuqondile ukutholakala nokunemali kwezindlu. Kubafundisi, abafundi, abasekeli bomphakathi, nochwepheshe bezimiso, ukuqonda lokhu kuhlobana kubalulekile ukuze kuqhutshwe ushintsho olunenjongo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela ohulumeni bendawo abathonya ngazo izindlu, izithiyo ezibhekene nazo, kanye namasu aphumelelayo ekutholeni izakhiwo ezithengwayo.

Igunya likahulumeni wendawo phezu kwesimiso sendlu

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenza emkhawulweni ophambili wesimiso sokuhlala, besebenzisa amagunya anikezwa umbuso nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuvamile. La mandla ahlanganisa ukubekwa kwemithetho yokwakha, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokwakha, ukuhlela indawo, nokuphatha izimali zokuxhasa izindlu. Ngenxa yokuthi izimakethe zezindlu zisendaweni, kumasipala nezifunda zingcono kakhulu ukusabela ezidingweni ezithile zomphakathi. Nokho, lokhu kusondelana kusho ukuthi izinqumo zendawo zingasheshisa noma zinqandelele intuthuko ekuthengeni kwemali.

Imithetho Ebhulayo Nemithetho Esetshenziswa Izwe

Imithetho yokuzilungisa imelela ithuluzi elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu ohulumeni bendawo abanalo lokulungisa indawo yokuhlala. Lezimiso zinquma ukuthi yini engakhiwa, lapho ingakhiwa khona, futhi ibaluleke kangakanani. Izindawo zomkhaya owodwa, ezisalokhu zikhona emiphakathini eminingi, zilinganisela ukukhula kwezindlu ezihlukene ezindaweni ezinkulu, ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kwezindlu eziningi zemikhaya nezindleko ezikhuphukayo zendawo. Ohulumeni bendawo bangathatha izinguquko ezandisa izindlela zokukhetha izindlu, njenga:

  • ukucutha noma ukunciphisa ubukhulu obuncane bemali esindayo ukuze kuvunyelwe amakhaya amancane, angabizi kakhulu.
  • Ukuhlanganisa amaqoqo ezindawo zokuhlala (ADU) ezingeni elifuze umkhaya owodwa ukuze kwandiswe iqoqo lokuqasha.
  • Ukuhlanganisa eduze kwamaphasishi okuthutha [ ukukhuthaza ukukhula okuphezulu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuhlanganisa imithetho ehlanganisayo [ edinga amaphesenti amaqoqo amasha ukuze athengeke.

Lezinguquko ezilawulayo zingavula izakhiwo ngaphandle kokudinga izindleko ezinkulu zomphakathi. Ngokokucwaninga kwe-Urban Institute[, ukuhlanganisa izinguquko kanye nezimiso ezivumelanayo kuveza imiphumela engcono kakhulu yokukhokha imali.

Izimiso Zokwakha Nezemvume

Izimiso zokwakha ziqinisekisa ukuphepha nezinga eliphezulu, kodwa izimfuneko ezinde zemithetho eziphelelwe isikhathi zingaqhubekisela phambili izindleko zokwakha. Ohulumeni bendawo bangavumela imisebenzi yezindlu ezithengwayo ngokuhlela izinqubo zokubukeza ezicashiwe, ukunciphisa izindleko, nokwamukela izindinganiso ezivumelanayo ezivumela izindlela zokwakha ezintsha njengezindlu eziqanjiwe. Lezinguquko zokulawula zinciphisa isikhathi nabathuthukisi bemali, kuyenze ikwazi ukwakha amaqoqo ngenani eliphansi kakhulu.

Imishini Nezici Ezingokwezimali

Ngaphandle kwemithetho, ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa amathuluzi emali ukuze bakhuthaze ukukhiqizwa kwezindlu ezibizayo, kusukela ekuxhaseni imali ngokuqondile kuya ekukhokheni intela futhi ahlotshaniswa nezimo zemakethe yendawo.

Ukuxhasa Ngokuqondile Nezimpahla

Omasipala abaningi bahlela imali noma isibopho sokukhokha imali egciniwe egciniwe. Lemifudlana enikezelwe exhasa ukukhokha izimali zokukhokha. Lemifula ekhokhelwayo isekela ukwakhiwa, ukuvuselelwa, nokulondolozwa kwezindawo ezibizayo. Izimali zokukhokha izindlu zingafakwa ngokukhokhelwa ngentela yempahla, ifaksi yokubhala, noma intela yokuthengisa enikezelwe. i-National Low Inhome Home Coalition [[[FLT]] ibika ukuthi amakhulu ezindawo manje asebenza izimali ezinjalo, akhiqiza izinkulungwane zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali ngenxa yezindlu ezibizayo unyaka ngamunye.

Izikweletu Zentela Nezikhungo

Intela yempahla inciphisa izindleko zokusebenza zemisebenzi yezindlu ezithengwayo, ivumela abanikazi ukuba bagcine intela iphansi. Ohulumeni bendawo bangasekela futhi uhlelo lwe-Low-Inhooting Home Intes Creell ngokunikeza izimali ezisekelanayo noma ngokumisa imisebenzi esemthethweni eMhlelweni wabo wokuthutha osemthethweni. Abanye omasipala baye basungula izinhlelo zabo siqu zokukhokha intela ukuze bagcwalise izikhala ezishiyelwe izimali zikahulumeni.

Izindlu Zokulala Neminikelo Yezwe Eziphansi Kakhulu

Ohulumeni bendawo banganikeza imali ebolekwayo enciphileyo noma ethethelelwayo emalini engazuzisi futhi engcono kubakhi benzuzo ukuze bahlanganise igebe lezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, omasipala bavame ukuba nezwe elingaphansi kwemali engathunyelwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindlu ezibiza imali eshisiwe. Lendlela yokubhangelela inciphisa ingxenye eyodwa enkulu kakhulu yezindleko zokwakha okusha futhi iye yasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo emadolobheni anjenge-Denver ne-Seattle.

Izithiyo Ohulumeni Bendawo Ababhekana Nazo

Naphezu kwegunya namathuluzi abo, ohulumeni bendawo babhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu lapho bezama ukwandisa izindlu ezibizayo.

Ukuphikiswa Komphakathi NobuNkulunkukhu

"Kungabethi Kuyi-My Backyard" (NIMBY) umuzwa ulokhu ungenye yezinselele eziphikelela kakhulu. Izakhamuzi zivame ukuphikisa izenzakalo ezintsha zemindeni eminingi ngenxa yokukhathalela izakhiwo, ukwakheka komphakathi, ukuminyana kwezimoto, noma isikole esiminyene. Lokhu kuphikisa kungabambezela imisebenzi iminyaka eminingi futhi kwandise izindleko ngezinselele zomthetho nezimfuneko ezishayelwe. Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe balinganisele ukungenela komphakathi kwangempela kanye nesithakazelo esikhulu ekutholeni indawo yokuhlala. Izinyathelo eziphumelelayo zihlanganisa ukufinyeza kwasekuqaleni nokukhanyisa komphakathi, izintshumayelo zemininingwane ezicacile ngezinzuzo zezindlu ezibiza imali, nokusetshenziswa kwezivumelwano zomphakathi ezithinta izingxoxo ezithinta izakhamuzi ngokuqondile.

Iziphazamiso Eziphambili Nezici Eziningi

Uhulumeni uncishisiwe. Amaphoyisa, iziko, izikole, izakhiwo nezinye izinkonzo ezibalulekile zincintisana nemali elinganiselwe. Izindlu ngokuvamile zithola imali encishisiwe ngenxa yokuthi izinzuzo zazo zithatha isikhathi eside futhi azibonakali ngokushesha. Ohulumeni bendawo bangakusingatha lokhu ngokusungula imifudlana enikezelweyo, njengemigoqo egunyazwe yivoti noma izimali zezindlu ezifakwayo, ezivalwa ezimpini zemali ezizosetshenziswa minyaka yonke. Amanye amadolobha aye athatha "izizumbulu zokuqala" ukuhlelwa kwemiklamo esetshenziswa kakhulu ngokwemiphumele yezindlu.

Izithiyo Zobuphathi

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni emincane, abanabo amakhono ezisebenzi nezimiso zobuchwepheshe ezidingekayo ukuze balawule izinhlelo zezindlu ngokuphumelelayo. Iminyango yokuhlela esebenzayo ibhekene nezigqizo zokuvumela ukubukeza, ukulibala, nobunzima ekulandeleni isivumelwano sokuthola imali. Ukutshala iziyalezo zezisebenzi, iziteji ezivumela amapulatifomu, nokubambisana kobuchwepheshe kungasiza kulokhu kukhishwe ibhuloho.

Izinqubo Zokuqinisa Izinhlelo Zokwakha Zasendaweni

Ohulumeni bendawo abacabangayo bathatha izindlela ezihlangene ezihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwenguquko, ukutshala imali, nokubambisana komphakathi. La maqhinga andisa izinga nejubane lokukhiqizwa kwezindlu ezibizayo kuyilapho akha ukusekela komphakathi isikhathi eside.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Okumatasa

Ukuthembisana ngokunenjongo akugcini nje ngokuqulwa kwecala, okuvame ukukhanga abantu abaphikisana kakhulu nephimbo.

  • [ Izindawo zokubona ezibonayo [ ezivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlele ukuthuthukisa.
  • I-pager idinga izilinganiso[ eziqoqa ukwaziswa ngamazinga eholo lendawo, imithwalo yokuqasha, kanye nezinhlu zokulinda.
  • Advisotion comma komiti emelele abaqashi abahlawulwa phansi, abanikazi bendlu, abathuthukisi, nabanikazi benkonzo.
  • [ Amathuluzi okuthembisana anjengezinhlolo ze-inthanethi namabalazwe ahlanganisayo ukuze afinyelele izibukeli ezibanzi.

Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi indlu idingani futhi zinezwi ekuxazululeni, ukuphikiswa ngokuvamile kuthamba futhi kukhule. American Planning Association [ inikeza isiqondiso emikhubeni emihle kakhulu yokubopha umphakathi wonke ekuhleleni izindlu.

Ukwenza Isinqumo Semininingwane

Ohulumeni bendawo abasekela isimiso sezindlu nge-data eqinile bathambekele ekufinyeleleni imiphumela engcono. Isihluthulelo sokusebenza sihlanganisa izilinganiso zokuqasha, imishini yokuqasha, isilinganiso se-media-ace-tom-endition, amanani emikhaya ekhushuliwe, kanye nenani lezindleko zezindleko. Ukulandelela lezizimpawu esikhathini kuvumela abenzi bezimiso ukuba baqaphele izinkinga ezivelayo, bahlole ukuphumelela kohlelo, futhi benze lesimo sokutshala imali eyengeziwe. Omasipala abaningi manje banyathelisa izingqhinga zezindlu noma amabhodi anyukayo ezindawo zokuhlala noma ukulandisa.

Ubudlelwane bomphakathi noMphathi weSiphambano

Ohulumeni bendawo abakha ubuhlobo obuqinile nezinhlangano ezingazuzisi, abathuthukisi bezakhiwo, nezinhlangano zezimali abazimele, bayakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga yezindlu ezibiza imali.

Ukusebenza nabathuthukisi Bezindlu Abangazuzisi

Abathuthukisi abangakhi baletha ubuchwepheshe obujulile ezimalini zezindlu ezithengwayo, ebuhlotsheni bomphakathi, nasekuqondiseni impahla. Bathanda kakhulu kunasezimbonini ezingenisa inzuzo ukuba zenze imisebenzi enzima esebenzela imiphakathi engenisa imali ephansi kakhulu. Ohulumeni bendawo bangasekela laba bangani ngokuboleka imali eqanjwe ngaphambi kokusungulwa, izibonelelo zokuxhasa, nokuthola imali, nokuthola indawo yokuqala ezweni elitshalwe yidolobha. Ngokubuya, abakhi benzuzo basebenzela izivumelwano zemali ezithatha isikhathi eside nezinkonzo zezakhamuzi ezisekela ithenani.

Inhloko - dolobha Eyihlelo Elizimele

Inhloko - dolobha yangasese ibalulekile ekuvaleni igebe lezimali lezindlu ezibizayo. Ohulumeni bendawo bangakhanga ukutshala imali ngamathuluzi anjengalawa:

  • [[IFLT:0]] Ukwenyusa kwezimali (TIFF) okuthatha intela yempahla yesikhathi esizayo ukukhokha izindleko zokuthuthukisa zamanje.
  • [ Imali yomhlaba egciniwe ephathiswe (Imikhawulo) ehlukanisa ukuba nendawo nezakhiwo, ukunciphisa amanani okuthenga ngokungenamdla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkokhelo yemali kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumanisa ezidinga abathuthukisi bamakethe ukunikela ngemali yezindlu ezibizayo.

Lezi zinqubo zihlanganisa izithakazelo zabadlali bomphakathi nabazimele kuyilapho ziqinisekisa ukuthi imali yomphakathi isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlola Indaba Okuphumelelayo Ekuvuselweni Kwezindlu Kwendawo

Ukuhlola izibonelo zangempela zezwe kwembula ukuthi yini engenzeka uma ohulumeni bendawo bethatha isinyathelo sobuqhawe ngokukhokha imali. Ukuhlola okulandelayo kuqokomisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene eziye zaveza imiphumela engenakulungiseka.

IMinneapolis, eMinnesota: Ukuqeda iZoning Yomkhaya Owodwa

Ngo-2018, iMinneapolis yaba idolobha lokuqala eliyinhloko eU.S. elisusa umkhaya owodwa ekwakheni iPlan yawo ka-2040. Inguquko yavumela ama-trixx emaphandleni ahlala kuwo wonke amahlala, ngokuphumelelayo ifaka ngokomthetho izindlu eziningi zemikhaya ezindaweni ezibanzi. Imithetho yokuhlanganisa yahlanganisa ukususa izimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zokupaka nokusebenzisa imali eqongelele intuthuko ephambili. Ubufakazi bokuqala bubonisa ukuthi le nqubo iye yandisa ukukhiqizwa kwezindlu, ikakhulukazi izakhiwo ezincane, ezithengwa kakhulu, ngaphandle kwemiphumela ephambene ezisezingeni lempahla abaphikisi bezinto abamelene nazo ababezilindele. I-Minneapolis ibonisa ukuthi ushintsho oluphezulu lwezentengo yezentengo lusebenza kakhulu futhi lungalawuleki.

IPortland, Oregon: IVoter Ametric Homes Bond

Ngo-2016, abavoti basePortland bavuma isibopho sezindlu ezibizayo eziyizigidi ezingu-258,4, esikhulu kunazo zonke ePacific Nwalungu-ntshona ngaleso sikhathi. Isibopho saxhasa ukwakhiwa kwezinkulungwane zezindawo ezintsha zokuqasha ezithengwayo, ngokuqondisa okunamandla kwekomiti yomphakathi eyayihlanganisa izakhamuzi ezazinolwazi lokungahleleki kwezindlu. Indlela yePortland yabekwa ngokulinganisela ngokuzicekela phansi kwezindawo ezisempumalanga futhi yaqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu ahlala elingana okungenani iminyaka engu-60. Isibopho siye sanconywa kakhulu ngokukhiqizwa ngokushesha phakathi nenkathi yokuhlala.

IMontgomery County, eMaryland: Amaphayona AyiziNcasakazi

I-Montgomery County i-Monterly Priced Homet Unit (MPDU) eyamiswa ngo-1940, ingenye yezinhlelo ezindala kakhulu neziphumelela kakhulu zokuhlanganisa izindawo e-United States. Lo mthetho udinga abathuthukisi bezingxenye ezingu-20 noma ngaphezulu ukuze babeke eceleni amaphesenti angu-12 kuya ku-15 eyunithi ezibizayo. Ngokushintshana, abathuthukisi bathola isilinganiso esisindayo esibavumela ukwakha amayunithi amaningi kunalawo akhona ngenye indlela. Emashumini eminyaka, lolu hlelo luye lwaveza amashumi ezinkulungwane zezinkulungwane zezindawo ezingabizi kakhulu ezisakazekele ezingxenyeni ezitholakalayo ezixubile kunokuba luzifake ezindaweni eziphansi ezingenisa imali.

Imikhuba Exubile Neziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Indawo yokuhlala engathengwayo iyaqhubeka iguquka, futhi ohulumeni bendawo bazama amathuluzi amasha nezinqubo zokuhlangabezana nesidingo esandayo.

Ukusebenzisa Imikhuba Nokuguquka

Ukuguqula izakhiwo zamahhovisi ezingenalutho, amahhotela, nezitolo kube yizindawo zokuhlala ezithole inzuzo njengendlela yokuthola indawo yokuhlala eyanda ngokushesha. Ohulumeni bendawo bangasiza ekuguquleni lezi zimo ngokuqabula nangokunika izimfuneko zokwakha igebe lezimali, nokuvumela. Ukushintshela emsebenzini oqhelile kusheshisa amathuba ezindawo zezentengiselwano, kuveza amathuba okuhlala ezindaweni ezinezisekelo zezakhiwo ezikhona kanye nokungena kwemishini.

Izindlu Njengezakhiwo

Inhlangano ekhulayo ithi izindlu kufanele ziphathwe njengezakhiwo zomphakathi, zifanele ukuxhaswa ngezimali ezifanayo zikahulumeni nombuso njengemigwaqo, amabhuloho, nezimiso zamanzi. Ohulumeni bendawo abamukela le mishini yokufaka izakhiwo bangathola izimali zemisebenzi yezakhiwo futhi benze icala lokutshala izindlu njengemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa izomnotho. Amanye amadolobha aye asungula izimali ezinikezelwe zokuxhasa izindlu ezihlanganisa imibhoshongo yemali engenisa imali eningi ngokuzinqumela, ukutshala isikhathi eside.

Izivikelo Ezingangeni Ekhaya Nezindlela Zokuvimbela Izifo

Umkhiqizo wodwa awunele. Ohulumeni bendawo bamukela ngokuqhubekayo izimiso zokuvikela ukuze bavimbele ukushenxiswa kwezindawo ezisezindaweni ezizophinde zifunyanwe. Le zimiso zihlanganisa ukuqasha intela, izimbangela nje zokuxoshwa, izinhlelo zokuqondisa okulungile, nosizo lokuthuthelwa kwenye indawo. Uma zihlangene nokwakha okusha, isivikelo esiqinile siqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezikhona zingahlala emiphakathini yazo lapho izimo zezindlu zithuthuka.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlobana phakathi kukahulumeni wendawo nezindlu ezithengwayo kunamandla futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Iziphathimandla zendawo zinamathuluzi angokomthetho, angokwezimali, kanye nokuhlela adingekayo ukuze kwandiswe ukutholakala kwezindlu, kodwa zibhekene nezithiyo eziphawulekayo ezihlanganisa ukuphikisa komphakathi, imingcele yemithetho, nokungalawuleki. Izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuhlanganisa inguquko yomthetho, ukuhlohlwa kwemininingwane, ukuhlelwa kwemininingwane, nokuhlanganiswa komphakathi. Izifundo ze-katheni ezivela eMineapolis, Portland, naseMontgomery County zibonisa ukuthi intuthuko iyalawuleka uma ohulumeni bendawo bethatha isinyathelo esiqinile nesobunye. Kubafundisi, abafundi, abasekela, nabaphethe imithetho elawulayo, ukuqonda lokhu kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekwakheni indawo lapho wonke umuntu ekwazi ukufinyelela khona ukuphepha, ukulondeka, ukukhokha. Izinkinga zangempela, kodwa amathuluzi akhona.