Isiko Elihlala Njalo Lendawo Yomongameli

Isifungo sikamongameli sesikhundla singenye yemicikilisho ehlala njalo nengokomfanekiso kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Ngaphesheya komhlaba, isikhathi umholi afunga ukwethembeka kumthetho-sisekelo noma isizwe simelela okungaphezu kakhulu komthetho ongokomthetho, kungukuqinisekiswa obala kokudluliswa okunokuthula kwamandla, ukufaneleka kobuholi, nokuzimisela ukubusa phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, amagama nalemidanti yezifungo kuye kwashintsha isimo sezombangazwe, izindinganiso zomthetho, nezenzakalo zomthetho-mthetho. Nakuba isithembiso esiyinhloko sokuvikela umthetho-mthetho-mthetho sihlala siqinile, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesifungo sikamongameli kulandisa indaba eshukumisayo yendlela izizwe ezivumelanisa ngayo ushintsho.

Lesi sihloko sihlola umsuka ongokomlando wesifungo sobumongameli, sihlola izinguquko ezithile nezenzakalo zezombangazwe eziye zalolonga ulimi lwaso, futhi sicabangela ukubaluleka kwaso esikhathini sokushintsha kwezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuhlola uhambo lwaso, sithola ukuqonda ukulinganisela okuncane phakathi kokuzinza nokuzivumelanisa nezinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando YeSigodlo Somongameli

Izenzakalo Zasendulo Namasiko EsiNgisi

Umqondo womholi ofunga ukusekela imithetho nokufeza inzuzo yomphakathi yangaphambi kweminyaka eyinkulungwane. ERoma yasendulo, abameli bamazwe bafunga ukuvikela irepublic nemithetho yayo. Ngokufanayo, amakhosi aseYurophu angenkathi ephakathi ayebopha izifungo ezaziwabopha ukuba asekele amalungelo esonto negunya lesonto. Lezi zifungo zokuqala zazisho okukhulu ngokujeziswa kwaphezulu njengokungathi ukubusa kwezwe, zigcizelela umqondo wokuthi ukuhola kwakunezibopho zokuziphatha nezomthetho.

Umlando womthetho-sisekelo weNgilandi wafeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni izifungo zobumongameli banamuhla. I-Lind of Rights yaseNgilandi ka-1689 yafuna ukuba inkosi ifunge ukubusa ngokuvumelana nomthetho, futhi isifungo sokuthweswa kwenkosi sashintsha sahlanganisa izithembiso zokuvikela ukulandelana kwamaProthestani nokugcina ubulungisa. Lezi zenzakalo zesiNgisi zathonya amakoloni futhi kamuva zathonya ukucabanga kwabantu baseMelika ngesidingo sokufunga okucacile ngezikhulu.

UMthetho - sisekelo WaseU.S. Nomongameli Wokuqala

ISiphakamiso II, iSiqeshana sesi-1 se-United States, esenziwa ngo-1787, samisa isifungo sobumongameli ngamazwi alula ngokuphawulekayo: “Ngifunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyoyiqeda ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza konke okusemandleni ami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho - sisekelo wase-United States.” Abafaki bamafomu bayeka ngamabomu noma yikuphi ukubhekisela enkolweni ethile noma kumbusi othile, babonisa isibopho sabo ezwe nohulumeni oboshwe umthetho, hhayi ukwethembeka komuntu siqu. Umongameli wokuqala, uGeorge Washington, wathatha lesi sifungo ngoApril 30, 1789, eFederal Hall eNew York City, enezela inkulumo ethi “siya ngisize uNkulunkulu ngemva kokudlulisa umbhalo wezwe, kodwa okungadingemthetho womthetho womthetho.

Ukulula kwesifungo sokuqala kwakuyinhloso. Abafuyi bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sifungo kufanele sibe isiqinisekiso esiqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi ukumemezela okukhulu ngamandla omuntu siqu. Nokho, lokho kulula kuye kwabonakala kuqinile kakhulu, kodwa amagama ayisisekelo omthetho-sisekelo awazange alungiswe, njengoba ezinye izingxenye zoMthetho-sisekelo zaqala.

Imisebenzi YaseYurophu Neminye Engamanxusa

Amanye amazwe amaningi amukela izifungo zawo siqu zobumongameli ngemva kokuzimela noma ukwamukela umthetho-sisekelo weRepublic. IRepublic yeFrance yesithathu yamisa isifungo sobumongameli ngo-1875, futhi kamuva amarepublic aqhubeka nesiko. Isifungo namuhla sihlanganisa isithembiso sokuhlonipha umthetho-sisekelo namalungelo ezakhamuzi. EJalimane, isifungo sikamongameli sihlanganisa ukufungisa imizamo yokunikezela inhlalakahle yabantu baseJalimane. Lezi zifungo ngokuvamile zibonisa inhlekelele yemithetho ebusa ngempoqo, ngolimi olucacile ngokuphathelene nokuvikela idemokrasi kanye namalungelo abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho weSipanishi ka 1978 ufuna inkosi nenhloko kazwe ukuba ifunge ukusekela umthetho wemithetho nemithetho, ukusabela ngokuqondile kubantu baseJalimane.

Ngakho, nakuba isifungo saseU.S. sabeka isisekelo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwembulunga yonke kwezifungo zomongameli kuye kwalandela izindlela ezihlukene eziye zalolongwa okuhlangenwe nakho komlando kwesizwe ngasinye nezinguquko zezombangazwe.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Nezinguquko Ezisezinhlamvwini

Nakuba ulimi oluyinhloko lwesifungo somongameli waseU.S. lungazange lushintshe, izinguquko eziningana zomthetho - sisekelo nezenzakalo zomthetho ziye zathonya ukuchazwa kwalo nomongo okusetshenziswa kuwo.

Isichibiyelo Se - 12 Nesikhwama SikaMongameli Esiwusekelayo

Ngo-1804, iSichibiyelo se-12 salungisa inqubo yokukhetha umongameli nesekela likamongameli, kodwa ayizange isishintshe ngokuqondile isifungo. Nokho, saqinisekisa ukuthi iphini likamongameli liphumelela kumongameli uma umongameli efa, eshiya, noma esuswa. Lokhu kulandelana kwabangela ukuba kufuneke ukuba umongameli abe nesinye isifungo esifanayo somthetho ngokomthetho njengomongameli. Ukulungisa isifungo kungabhekisi ngqo esifungweni kwakuqinisa ukubaluleka kwendima kamongameli oyisekela njengesikhulu somthetho - sisekelo esiboshwe yisifungo esifanayo.

ISichibiyelo Sama - 20 Nosuku Lokuvulwa Kwaso

ISichibiyelo sama-20, esagunyazwa ngo-1933, sashukumisa ukunikezelwa komongameli kusukela ngoMatshi 4 kuya ku-January 20, ukunciphisa inkathi yokunqunywa kokhetho kanye nokuqala kwegama elisha. Lokhu shintsho aluzange kusishintshe isifungo ngokwaso, kodwa lwathinta isikhathi kanye nomongo wezombangazwe womkhosi. Ngokunciphisa isikhathi, ukuncishiswa kwesivumelwano kwafuna ukwenza uhulumeni athathe indiva ngokwengeziwe kukhetho, ukushintshwa okubalulekile ekuchazeni indlela isifungo esibonisa ngayo ukuqala kwegama lomongameli.

ISichibiyelo Nemingcele Yama - 22

Ngo-1951, iSichibiyelo sama-22 sanika umongameli izifungo ezimbili ezikhethiwe. Nakuba ukulungisa kungabhekisi ngqo esifungo, kwashintsha isimo sezombangazwe lapho kuthathwa khona isifungo. Ngemva kokulungisa, amongameli abafunga igama lesibili bazi ukuthi kuyoba esokugcina, bashintshe incazelo engokomfanekiso yesithembiso sabo. Ngokwengxenye, isifungo siba isithembiso sokungafuni amandla angapheli, futhi asiyikuvikela uhlobo lwesikhulu esidumele abaphangi babesaba.

ISichibiyelo Se - 25 Nempumelelo

ISichibiyelo sama-25, esagunyazwa ngo-1967, sacacisa ukulandelana kukamongameli nokukhubazeka. Samisa izinqubo zokuba isekela likamongameli libe ngumongameli uma umongameli engakwazi ukukhulula isikhashana emandleni. Lokhu kulungisa akuzange kushintshe isifungo, kodwa kwandisa izimo umuntu angase enze ngazo isifungo ngokokuqala ngqá, ngokwesibonelo, lapho isekela likamongameli liphumelela kumongameli. Isikhathi ngasinye umongameli omusha uthatha isifungo, ngisho nangezikhathi zenhlekelele, ukuqhubekela phambili kukahulumeni womthetho-mthetho wezwe kuyaphinda kuqiniswa.

Izikhathi Ezingokomlando Nezici Ezingafani Eziphawulekayo

Inhlekelele Ka - 1861 Nendawo KaLincoln

Isifungo sikamongameli asikaze sibe sithinta kakhulu kunangezikhathi zokwaphuka kwesizwe. uAbraham Lincoln wafunga ngoMashi 4, 1861, njengoba amazwe ayisikhombisa aseningizimu ayesesusiwe kakade e-Union. Ekhelini lakhe lokuqala, uLincoln wagcizelela isifungo njengomsebenzi wakhe siqu nomthetho-sisekelo, ethi: “Ngizonakekela, njengoba uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo ungiyala ukuba ngibuswe umthetho, ukuba imithetho ye-Union ibulawe ngokwethembeka kuwo wonke amazwe.” Wacela lesifungo ukuba athethelele isinqumo sakhe sokuvikela i-Union, futhi ukufungisa kwakhe isifungo saba uphawu olunamandla lwenjongo kahulumeni. Impi ka-Civiln yavivinya incazelo yesifungo, kodwa ukunamathela kukaLincoln ekusisizeni ukuba silondoloze isimiso somthetho.

IOath of Herbert Hoover ka - 1929

Ukuvulwa kukaHerbert Hoover ngo-1929 kuphawuleka ngokuhluka okuncane kodwa okuphawulekayo: wayengumongameli wokuqala owakhipha isifungo ngaphandle, futhi wasebenzisa iBhayibheli elalisezisizukulwaneni zakubo. Nakuba amagama ayengashintshiwe, isimo somphakathi sesifungo kanye nezici ezisizungezile kwabonisa ukunaka okukhulayo kwemidwebo nemithombo yezindaba. UHoover wabeka isandla sakhe eBhayibhelini, umkhuba owaba yindinganiso kodwa owaqhubeka uyinto umuntu akhetha yona.

Kennedy Wagcizelela Ukumelana

UJohn F. Kennedy wamiswa ngo 1963 ngokuvamile ukhunjulwa “ngendlela abuza ngayo ukuthi u-'a] u-Ayken's, kodwa ukuphinda kwakhe isifungo futhi kwadonsa ukunakekela. uKennedy, ongumKatolika, wayengumongameli wokuqala walolokholo, futhi ukufunga kwakhe kwakugcizelela isimo sezwe sesifungo − .(ne) akasebenzisanga iBhayibheli ukuze afake isandla sakhe; kunalokho, wasebenzisa iBhayibheli loMgadi Wasogu lwase-U.S. elalisetshenziswe ngaphambili ngosuku lwesifungo sikamongameli. Ukuhlonipha komphakathi uKennedy isifungo sagcizelela indima yaso njengethonya elihlanganisayo ezweni elihlukene kwezombangazwe.

Isihlwathi Ngezikhathi Zoshintsho

Lapho uMongameli uRichard Nixon esula ngoAugust 1974, uMongameli uGerald Ford wathatha isifungo sesikhundla e-East House of White House. Lomkhosi wawumfushane futhi ufiphele, kodwa ukuphindaphinda kukaFord isifungo somthetho ngokomthetho kwaphawula isikhathi esibucayi sokulandelana komthetho-sisekelo. Kamuva wathi, “Ngiyazi kahle ukuthi awungikhethanga ukuba ngibe umongameli wakho nge-collet yakho, ngakho ngikucela ukuba ungiqinisekise njengomongameli wakho ngemithandazo yakho.” Lesi senzakalo sabonisa indlela isifungo esiwenza ngayo ukuba kuqhubeke ngisho nakwezombangazwe okuyaluzayo.

Ithonya Lezombangazwe Nelezenhlalo Ekukhulumeni Okungenamsebenzi

Ngaphandle kwe - United States, amazwe amaningi aye abukeza izifungo zawo zomongameli ukuze abonise izinguquko ezinkulu kwezombusazwe nakwezenhlalo.

Izinkampani Zamalungelo Omphakathi Nokulingana

Enkathini yangemva kwempi, amazwe amaningi anezela ulimi olucacile kumongameli wawo ngokuvikela amalungelo abantu nokwenqabela ubandlululo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika wangemva konyaka ka-1996 uhlanganisa isifungo sobumongameli esithembisa “ukuqinisa ubunye nokubambisana kwesizwe” futhi“ sivikele amalungelo abo bonke abantu." Ngokufanayo, umongameli waseNdiya ufunga ukuthi “uvikela uMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho” futhi “uzinikele enkonzweni nasenhlalakahleni yabantu baseNdiya.” Lokhu kuveza ukushintsha kwembulunga yonke ekuqapheleni ukulingana nokulingana kwabantu ngabanye nenkululeko njengezimiso zesisekelo.

Isifungo sase-U.S., ngokuphambene, asizange silungiswe ngokusemthethweni ukuze sihlanganise ulimi olunjalo. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi inkulumo ethi “ukulondoloza, ukuvikela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo” ihlanganisa ngokuphelele iBhili yamaLungelo kanye nezinguquko, ngaleyo ndlela ivikela amalungelo omphakathi. Noma kunjalo, kuye kwaba nezimemezelo zezikhathi ezithile zokusimisa isifungo sokukhuluma ngokucacile ngokulingana noma ukususa ulimi olufanayo (umBhalo usabhekisela kumongameli usebenzisa amasimende angabantu besilisa).

Impi Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Ezikhathini zempi, isifungo somongameli siba nokubaluleka okukhulu. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wayevame ukunxusa ufungo lwakhe ukuba athethelele izenzo ezithathwa ngaphambi kwesivumelwano, njengohlelo lweLend-Ladease. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isifungo sokuba “iqede iHhovisi ngokwethembeka” sasihlanganisa umsebenzi wokuhlonipha izivumelwano zobuProsempini, kodwa incazelo kaRoosevelt ebanzi. Ngokufanayo, isifungo siye sakhonjwa ezimpikiswaneni zegunyazobuphathi phakathi neMpi ye-Thecric, kanye nomongameli bephikisa ngokuthi umsebenzi wabo wokuvikela ukuvikela i-Cristitution izinyathelo ezithile zesizwe.

Izincazelo Nezimemezelo Zanamuhla Zoshintsho

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, kuye kwaba nezihlongozo zokwenza lula noma ukwenziwa kube lula isifungo sobumongameli emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ngo-2021, abanye abasunguli bomthetho wase-U.S. basungula isinqumo sokulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba bafune umongameli ukuba afunge ukuthi “aqinisekise ukuvikelwa okufanayo kwemithetho” noma“ agcine izimiso zedemokrasi.” Lemizamo ayizange ithole ukuhlanganiswa, kodwa babonisa isifiso esikhulu sokwenza isifungo sivumelane ngokwengeziwe nezindinganiso zamanje. Kwamanye amazwe, njengaseChile nase Argentina, izifungo zomongameli zabhalwa ngemva kokuguqulwa kombuso wezempi ukuya edemokhrasi, igcizelela ukuhlonipha amalungelo abantu nokubusa komthetho.

Ukubaluleka Kokuziphendukela Kwesikhathi Esizayo Nesikhathi Esizayo

Isigodlo Njengophawu Lokuqina Kwentando Yeningi

Namuhla, isifungo sobumongameli sisewuphawu olunamandla lwegunya lomthetho ngokomthetho nomthetho wentando yeningi. Esikhathini sokudlondlobala kwempoqo, ukuphambanisa, nokubusa kwezombangazwe, ukusho isifungo obala kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi ngisho nomholi onamandla kakhulu ungaphansi komthetho. Isifungo futhi siyisikhathi sobunye besizwe, sibukwa izigidi zezakhamuzi ezibona umholi wazo esebenzela umphakathi. Siwumkhuba owedlula ukwehlukana okungalawuleki futhi uqinisa umqondo obusayo awukona ukwethembana, hhayi ukukhokha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifungo sesiyisibonakaliso sokuhlola ukuziphatha komongameli. Uma umongameli emangalelwa ngokwephula uMthetho-sisekelo, abaphikisi bavame ukukhomba isifungo njengendinganiso ephukile. Uma kuxoxwa, isifungo sivame ukucashunwa njengesisekelo sesibopho somongameli “ukunakekela ukuba imithetho ifezwe ngokwethembeka.”

Iziphakamiso Zobuchwepheshe Nezokuxhumana

Ukuphatha kwesifungo kuye kwaqala ngobuchwepheshe. Izinqumo zanamuhla zisakazwa emhlabeni wonke, futhi lesifungo sivame ukushiwo ngosizo lwezifungo ze-teleprompter noma izikhangiso zenkulumo. Izezindaba zezenhlalo zifaka imbobo kuleso sikhathi, futhi kwezinye izimo, amongameli baye benza isifungo sesibili, ngokwethukela sezenyuziyalu ukuze baqinisekise isibopho sabo. Nakuba lezi zinguquko zingalushintshi ulimi olusemthethweni, bandisa ukufinyelela nomphumela walelisiko.

Izinhlelo zesikhathi esizayo zingahlanganisa amafomethi ahlukile okufunga, njengomkhosi ofana nowesizwe lapho kuvela isimo esiphuthumayo, noma ukusetshenziswa kolimi oluhlanganisa ubulili. Ezinye izazi ziye zasikisela ukuthi isikhathi sifanelekile ukuqeda isifungo somthetho-sisekelo sokuhlanganisa izivumelwano zokusekela izinhlangano zentando yeningi nokulahla ukuthambekela kwe-autocratic. Nokho, ubunzima bokuguqula i-U.S. bungenza ushintsho olunjalo olungalindelekile ngenkathi eseduze.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Nemizwa Yokuqhathanisa

I-demokratisfera ihlela inguquko. Imibuso emisha yentando yeningi ivame ukuklama izifungo zayo ukuze iphule ngemithetho ebusayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isifungo sikamongameli wase-Ukraine sihlanganisa isifungo sokuvikela ukuzimela nokwethembeka kwezwe. KumaRiphabliki amasha akhiweyo, isifungo siyisimemezelo sobukhosi. Lezi zibonelo zamanje zibonisa ukuthi isifungo sihlala siyincwadi ephilayo, sivumelana namaqiniso ezombangazwe enkathini ngayinye.

Njengoba izinguquko zezombangazwe zishesha (ngoba zibangelwa yizinkinga zezomnotho, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, noma ukushintsha kwezimiso zezombangazwe zokwenza umongameli) cishe isifungo sobumongameli siyoqhubeka sibonisa lezozinguquko. Isithembiso esiyinhloko sokuvikela umthetho - sisekelo siyosala, kodwa imikhosi ezungezile, izincazelo, ngisho nokungahleleki kwemibhalo okungahleleki kuyoqinisekisa ukuthi isifungo siyaqhubeka sisebenza ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuziphendukela kwesithembiso sobumongameli kuyisibuko soshintsho lwezombangazwe. Njengoba imisuka yaso yasendulo kuya emazwini alula kodwa anamandla oMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., futhi kusukela ezikhathini zempi yombango kuya ekushintsheni kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla, isifungo siye sashintsha lapho sigcina injongo yaso eyisisekelo: ukubopha umholi emthethweni nabantu. Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha, isifungo siyoqhubeka sishintsha, kodwa indima yaso ebalulekile njengesisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi iyohlala. Ukuqonda lokhu kusisiza ukuba siqonde hhayi umlando wamandla ephakeme kuphela kodwa futhi nezindinganiso ezihlala njalo ezisekela uhulumeni we-Riphabliki.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngomlando nokubaluleka kwezifungo zobumongameli, bheka Imvume yezinqolobane zesizwe ye-Constitution (i-Actle II, Ingxenye 1), i-Cuntacttitution Antivity Actrititution yesifungo sobumongameli [, kanye nokucaciswa komlando kamongameli wendlu [[FLT:]].