Isingeniso

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezimiso zokuvota kumelela omunye wemicu ebaluleke kakhulu kodwa evame ukunganakwa ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Kusukela emihlanganweni yasendulo lapho izakhamuzi zasebenzisa khona izimpawu ezingokoqobo ekuhloleni kwanamuhla ngezindawo zokucwaninga ezisekelwe kuyi-intanethi, inkathi ngayinye iye yalwa nobunzima obunye obuyisisekelo: indlela yokwenza ukuvota kube okulula nokulondeka. Lesi sihloko siphawula ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwephepha kuya ekuvoteni kwe-electal, ukuhlola ezobuchwepheshe, ezezombangazwe, kanye nezenhlalo okuye kwaguqula indlela abantu abavota futhi babala ngayo amavoti. Ukuqonda loluhambo kubucayi njengomboniso- democractic emhlabeni wonke kubhekene nezinsongo ezintsha.

Ukubukeza Okungokomlando Kwezimiso Zokusakaza Imisindo

Indaba yokuvota iqala esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba amavota abhaliwe. Ukuhlola kobudemokrasi kwakuqala kwancike ezindleleni ezilula nezibonakalayo. EGreece yasendulo, izakhamuzi zase-Athene zavota ngokuphakamisa izandla (cheirotonia) e-ekklesia, noma ngokufaka amatshe amakhulu (eprophoi) ezinhlabeni zezinqumo zezejaji. IRiphabliki yamaRoma yasebenzisa inqubo esemthethweni: amabhola (i-table) abhaliwe ngekhulu lesibili leminyaka ukuze anqande ithonya elivelele, kodwa ayesamenyezelwa obala obala. Lezi zimiso zakuqala zembula inqubo ephindaphindwayo ehloselwe ukunciphisa ukuphoqesha nokwandisa ubulungisa, kodwa ama-veraribila amasha aqala njalo.

Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, ukuvota kwanyamalala kakhulu ekuphileni kwezombangazwe eYurophu, kuthathelwe indawo ukubusa okungokwefa nokumiswa kwesonto. iMagna Carta (1215) yatshala imbewu yokubusa kwabameleli, kodwa ukuvota okusakazekile akuzange kubuye kuze kube yilapho kuvela izimiso zephalamende eNgilandi naseDutch Republic. Ngekhulu le - 17.

Imikhuba Yasendulo Yokusakaza Izindaba

Izindlela zokuvota zasendulo zazihluka kakhulu. Izindlela zokuvota zesiGreki zasendulo zaziyizindlela ezihlukahlukene. I-Ostracia − ukudingiswa kwesikhashana kwesakhamuzi, okunengxenye engaphezulu kwezitsha zobumba (ostraka) ezibhalwe amagama. E-Athene, i-boule (council) yakhethwa ngokulandelana, hhayi ngokukhetha okuqondile, igcizelela ukushintsha ngokuzikhethela okuthandwayo. I-comitia tribua esebenzisa ukuvota, kanye namaqoqo (izizwe noma amakhulu) efaka i-collatmot ehlangene eyodwa ngemva kwengxoxo yangaphakathi. Lemiphakathi lapho ukufunda nokubhala kwakuphansi futhi kwakuncane. Baqokomisa nesifundo esibalulekile: umklamo wesimiso sokuvota okuhlanganyela ngokuqondile nokubala kwabo.

Emazweni aseMelika, impucuko yangaphambi kwe-Culumbism enjenge-Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy) yasebenzisa isinqumo esisekelwe ekuvumelaneni nabameleli besizwe. Nakuba ingafani nezokhetho lwanamuhla, lamasiko athonya umqondo wentando yeningi kamuva. Isihluthulelo esithathwa emikhubeni yasendulo siwukuthi ukuvota bekulokhu kuyinqubo yobuchwepheshe − ukuhlelwa kwamathuluzi nemithetho.

Ukuqalisa Kwama - ballot Asemaphejini

Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala okusakazekile kwephepha kwakwenzeke ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, nakuba kwakukhona izimpawu zangaphambili. E-United States, uMthetho-sisekelo washiya ukuqondisa kokhetho ezindaweni, okwaholela ekuhlukahlukahlukahluka. Amavoter angaletha izinombolo zawo siqu ezinyathelisiwe eziqenjini zezombangazwe (izikhombo zephepha eziqinile) ezasuswa ngokufihla imfihlo futhi zakwazi ukuvota. Inhlangano yenguquko yama-1850, eholwa amakoloni ase-Australia, yashintsha yonke into. "i-Australian bolot"", iyunifomu enyatheliswe nguhulumeni, ebhalwe ngasese ngaphakathi kwebhulohweni ngo-1856 futhi yasakazwa eBrithani, i-U.S.

Ama-paper bollat ayeguqula isimo. Banikeza i-open asesemgaqweni, ukukhetha okuvamile, futhi banciphisa ithonya labaqondisi beqembu. Nokho, baqala futhi izinkinga ezintsha: umklamo webhola lombango ungabangela ukucwasana (impikiswano "kapulfly bolot" kamongameli ka 2000 U.S. i-econsory) futhi ukubala kwaba yisimanje.

Ukwanda Kwamabhola Ayimfihlo

Ivoti eliyimfihlo lalingeyona into eqanjwe kodwa yayiwumphumela wamakhulu eminyaka wokulwa nokwesatshiswa. Ngaphambi kokuba lithandwe kakhulu, abavoti ezindaweni eziningi kwadingeka bamemezele obala ukukhetha kwabo, ukucela ukufumbathisa nokuphindisela. Umbhexeshi oyimfihlo wenza okungaphezu kokuvikela abantu ngabanye , washintsha amandla okhetho, washintsha amandla avela kubantu bendawo adlulela ekutheni isakhiwo sokuvota. Nokho, ushintsho lwalunombango. E-U.S., eNingizimu, amazwe asebenzisa ukuhlola ukufunda nokukhokha intela yokuvota ukuze aphambukise injongo, kubonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokuvota bungamela imithetho ye-discrioc.

Ukubonakaliswa Kwe - Australian Ballot

Isimiso somdlalo webhola likanothi sase-Australia sasinezici ezine eziyinhloko: (1) amabhola anyatheliswe ngezindleko zomphakathi, (2) bonke ababezobhapathizwa babedweliswe ebhodini elilodwa, (3) ukubekwa ngasese esakhiweni, futhi (4) amabhola afakwa ebhokisini elivaliweyo. Lomklamo wasetshenziswa ngokushesha eYurophu naseMelika. Ngo-1910, imibuso eminingi yase-U.S. yayinendlela ethile yokuvota ngokuyimfihlo. Igalelo elikuvota laxuba ixubene ne-"ehla ngempela kwezinye izindawo ngenxa yokuthi isimiso sezenhlalo sasisusa ukucindezela kwabantu ngaphambili esasibalekele ezindaweni zokuhlola izincwadi. Kodwa inzuzo yobuqotho yayingenakuphikwa: ukukhohlakaza ngokhetho ezindaweni ezaziphethe imithetho emisha.

Izinselele zasala. Abavoti abangaqedi babedinga usizo, bevula iminyango ukuze basebenzise izintambo. Isenzo esingokomzimba sokuphawula i-collet yephepha singaba nzima kubantu abakhubazekile. Lezindaba beziyoqhubeka zikhona phakathi nenkathi yokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe ezalandela.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezobuchwepheshe Kuyasakazeka

Njengoba imiphakathi yezimboni yaya ikhula iyinkimbinkimbi, izixazululo zemishini zithembisa ijubane nokunemba. Impumelelo yokuqala enkulu kwakuwumshini wokuvota, owaqanjwa nguJacob H. Myers ngo-1889. Abavoter bangena esangweni, badonsa ithuluzi, base behamba i-paled, bakhetha abantu ngabanye ukuze bakhethe. Umshini okhishwe ngemva kokuvota wavinjelwa, wavimbela ababoleki abangaphezulu futhi wanikeza isilinganiso semishini. Ngo-1960, imishini yemishini yokuvota yayivamile ezindaweni eziningi zasedolobheni, ikakhulukazi eNortheast.

Izimiso zamakhadi ezinsundu zalandelwa ngawo-1960, kusetshenziswa ikhadi ne-peni ekufakeni izinxeba ezazizofundwa kamuva ngemishini ekha phezulu. Impikiswano embi "ikhasi lokubhabha" yokhetho lukamongameli luka 2000 yadalula ubunkimbinkimbi bamakhadi okushisela, ibangela ukusundula kwesizwe ezimisweni zogesi. Lenkathi ibonisa iphuzu elibalulekile: inguquko ngayinye ixazulule izinkinga ezithile kodwa yasungula izindlela ezintsha zokwehluleka.

Imishini Esebenza Ngemishini

Imishini ye-liver ibinamandla .ayincikile ephepheni elintekenteke noma kuyi-software eyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa yayinzima, ibiza, futhi yayingazinikezi indlela yokuzihlola. Amavoter ayengenakuqinisekisa ukuthi lomshini wabhala ngokunembile. Njengoba amacomputer ayenciphisisa, ohulumeni baqala ukushintshela ezimisweni zogesi. "Big Lie" yokulondeka. [1] Imishini yahluleka ukuxakeka kuma 2000 ngezifundo zemfundo ezambula i-vrabillible. Kodwa amashumi amaningi eminyaka, imishini yemishini yasiza izigidi zabantu abavotiwe ngokukholisayo, ibonisa ukuthi ukuhweba phakathi kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe nokusetshenziswa komsebenzi akunakwethukela.

Ukushintsha Kwemishini Yobuchwepheshe

Imishini yokuvota yaqala ukuqopha ngokuqondile ngo-1990. Amavoter athinta isihenqo noma izinkinobho ezicindezelwe ukuze enze ukukhetha, futhi amavoti agcinwa ngemishini. Abasekeli baqokomisa imiphumela esheshayo, izindleko eziphansi phakathi kwesikhathi eside, kanye nezinto zokubhala njengemiboniso yemizwa yabavoti abayizimpumputhe. Abagxeki bakhomba ukuntula komzila wephepha: ngaphandle kombhalo ongokoqobo, ukulandisa kwakungenakwenzeka uma i-software engasebenzi kahle noma ihlaselwa. I-Help American Vote Act ka-2002 (HAVA) e-U.S. bampompa izigidi zezigidi zezigidi ukuba zithathe indawo ye-cripting-optic nemishini ye-DRES, kodwa eziningi zezindawo eziguqulwe kamuva ngemva kokuvinjwa kokhuseleko zaziboniswe engqungqungquthelelweni njenge-DEFF.

Izimiso zokuhlola i-optical zanikeza indawo ephakathi: abavoti baphawula amabhola ephepha ngepeni noma ngethuluzi elikhethekile lokubhala, futhi i-scanner ifunda amaphawu. I-collet yephepha iba irekhodi elingokomthetho, futhi i-scanner inikeza ingqikithi esheshayo. Lendlela exubile manje iyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu eUnited States, egunyazwe amaqembu anjenge- i-Volting [ ilingana kahle kakhulu kwamanje kokulondeka nempumelelo. Emhlabeni wonke, njengase-Brazil nasendiya, ibekwe kakhulu eDRES kodwa ibhekene izimpikiswano zawo siqu ngobubanzi be-software.

Izimiso Zokusakaza Zamanje

Namuhla, ayikho indlela evelele. Izizwe zikhetha izimiso ezisekelwe emlandweni, emasikweni omthetho, ekuhleleni imali, nasongweni olubonakalayo. E-Europe, amabhola amaphepha abalwa ngezandla noma ngemishini yokuhlola amehlo asasetshenziswa kakhulu − Jalimane isebenzisa iphepha elibhalwe ngesandla, kuyilapho i-Netherlands isebenzisa inhlanganisela ehlanganisa ukuvota ngezibalo nokuqinisekisa. E-United States, amazwe amaningi asebenzisa ama-collet ephepha e-scanboot, kodwa amanye amanani asasebenzisa i-DREEs ngemistrysss (VPAT), noma ngaphandle kwevota). Ukuvota okukude ngeposi kuye kwanda kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokwanda kwe-COVID-19.

  • Paper Source Ballots (ibala eliqanjwe ngesandla): isetshenziswe kukhetho oluningi lwezindawo emhlabeni wonke. I-low-tech, ukubonakala okuphezulu, kodwa ihamba kancane futhi isebenza kabanzi kubantu abaningi.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-scan e-optical Paper Ballots: Amavoter aphawula amabhola ephepha; imishini iyawabhala. Iphepha linikeza umbhalo obhaliwe okwazi ukuphendwa. Okuvame kakhulu e-U.S. nase Canada.
  • I-Directting Electronic (DRE) engena-VVPAT: Akukho rekhodi lephepha. Ngokushesha kodwa wagxeka ngokuntula ukungaqiniseki. Namanje kusetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo njengoLouisiana noNevada.
  • ISENZO ne VVPAT: Iveza iphepha elinyathelisiwe, eligcinelwe ukulandisa. Lisetshenziswa emagcekeni ambalwa ase-U.S. nasemazweni anjenge-Philippines.
  • I-Remote Electronic (Internet) Volution: Isetshenziselwa abavoti baphesheya kwezwe e-Estonia (kusukela ngo 2005) nakwamanye amazwe ase-U.S. abavoti bezempi nabangekho. Inyusa i-intelligation enkulu ikhathazekile.

Indlela ngayinye inomvikeli onesisusa kanye nabagxeki. Inselele yesimiso sokhetho lwanamuhla ayikona ukumane ufune ubuchwepheshe "obungcono" kodwa ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zendawo kuyilapho ukulondoloza ukuthemba komphakathi, okungaqedwa ukuhlohlwa okukodwa kobuchwepheshe noma ukushwabana okuphumelelayo.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano

Ukusuka ephepheni kuya ekuvoteni nge-electronic akuka--ove, kunalokho, kuye kwadalula ukungezwani okuphikelelayo phakathi kokusiza, izindleko, ukulondeka, nokungalingani. Asikho isimiso esiphelele, futhi izimpikiswano zamashumi amabili eminyaka adlule zinikeza izifundo ezinzima ngekusasa.

Izinkinga Zokulondeka

Imishini yokuvota ibhekene nezinsongo ezibangelwa ukuphambana ngokomzimba, i-mineral, ukuhlasela kwe-network, nokukhwabanisa ngaphakathi. Ngo- 2007, i-California Top-top-top - Tock Review yathola ukuthi imishini yokuvota inamandla kakhulu ezimisweni eziningi ze-DRE, kuhlanganise nekhono lokushintsha amavoti ngaphandle kokuwabona. Muva nje, abacwaningi base-DEF’s Voing Village (207-presenters) baye bahlasela imishini ebekwe endaweni, ngezinye izikhathi ngemizuzu. Nakuba ukuhlasela okuningi kudinga ukungenela komzimba, ukuxhumana okukhula kwezinhlangano zezokuvota, ukuhlasela kwezenyuswa kwezindawo zokuvota. UMnyango we Homeland Security manje uveza izimiso zokuvota manje njengesakhiwo esigxekayo, isiqu esiletha imithombo yemali kodwa esiwuhulumeni esiye sazinzisa impikiswano.

Ama-paper bollet awagonyiwe ekukhwabaniseni − ukuthungatha amabhola, ukuguqula amabhokisi avalwe, futhi amaketanga aphukile anezandulela ezingokomlando. Kodwa anikeza irekhodi eliqinile elingafakwa ngesandla noma ngokuhlolwa. Ama-paperboot angenamingcele, lapho isampula eliyiphutha lamabhola libalwa ngesandla ukuqinisekisa ingqikithi yemishini, indinganiso yegolide ekhushuniswe yinhlangano enjenge-[[FLM:0] Ikhomisha yabaphathi-MALI [. Izibalo ezithiyo kuphela ezigunyazayo, nakuba kunjalo, futhi ukwenza imishini ehlukahlukene kakhulu.

Izihloko Ezitholakalayo

Ukuqamba kufanele kufinyeleleke ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo, kodwa izinqubo eziningi zidala imingcele. Izingcingo ezingaboni nezethelevishini ngokuvamile zidinga izimpawu zomsindo noma zobuchwepheshe obungalawuleki, obuvame kakhulu ku-DRES kunaku-pepa lonodot. Izimboni ezihamba kancinci zingathola izindawo zokuhlola. Izigaba ezimbalwa zolimi zidinga ama-collet kanye nensiza ezilimini zazo zomdabu. Izimiso zemishini zingakhuluma ngalezi zidingo ezidingwayo, kodwa futhi zingenisa ubunkimbinkimbini: i-software ehlulekayo ukumemezela kahle noma ukuveza izinguqulo zenqola imoto ingasusa amaqembu anezinhlangothi eziphansi. AmaMelika anemithetho e-Crimi elinganiselwe (AA) nemithetho efana nayo kwamanye amazwe abekelwelwe, kodwa ukugcinwa kuhlala kudidelekile. Isimiso esivamile sihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo eziphambili zephepha elilandelanayo.

Ukwethenjwa Komphakathi Nokungaqondi

Mhlawumbe inselele enzima kakhulu ukwethenjwa umphakathi. Ukumangalelwa okungasekelwe ekukhohliseni okusakazekile, okukhuliswe yizenyuselo zezokuxhumana nezombangazwe, kuye kwaqeda ukuthembela kokhetho ngisho nasezimisweni ezilondeke kakhulu. Uma abavoti bekholelwa ukuthi imishini inga "yimpompontshelwa," akukho ikhambi lezobuchwepheshe elanele. Ukulinganisela okubonisayo kwe-software yesisekelo, ukuhlola komphakathi, ukubala okuphiwe, kodwa kuncintiswana nosizo oluphilile lwezezentengo. Inguquko yezimiso zokuvota iphathelene nokuxhumana kanye nokubusa njengobunjiniyela.

Ikusasa Lezimiso Zokusakaza Izitshalo

Uma ubheka phambili, izinhlelo eziningi zobuchwepheshe ezisavelayo zithembisa ukuvota futhi kodwa ngayinye ihambisana nokungasasebenzi okumelwe kuhlolwe ngokucophelela. Umgomo awukona ukukwazi ukumelana nesayensi yezobukhompuyutha kodwa ukumelana nesimiso sentando yeningi: izimiso ezingamelana nakho kokubili ukuhlasela kwe-inthanethi nokungathembani emphakathini.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuvimbela

I-blockchain esekelwe ekuvotelweni iye yavezwa njengendawo yokukhetha engcono kakhulu ekulondeni ukhetho, kodwa iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-blockchain iyisikhombi esisakazwe esibhala ukuthengiselana (ama-votein) ngendlela ecatshangelwayo engenakungagcinwa futhi iqiniseki obala. Imisebenzi enjengo Voatz (esetshenziswa kukhetho olumbalwa lwase-U.S.S. ukhetho lomshayeli) nohlelo lwe-Resimusmus oluye lwahlola i-Restain-jacents luye lwazama ukuthwebula izinhlelo ezithiyo ezihlukene. Nokho, ochwepheshe baye baphawula amaphutha abucayi. [[FLT:] I-Cybersecureast ∓ i-Alb’s 2020 kuhlolo olubonakalayo uma kungenziwa ngokunye ukukhomba okungakhomba okungakholele, kodwa futhi kungathola ukukhomba okunye ukukhomba okunga okunye ukukhomba okungakhomba okunga. Uma inselelekile, uma kutholakala kusobala kwenkinga, uma kutholakala kusobala, uma kusobala

Ukuchaza Izakhi Zomzimba

Abafundi beminwe, iscanner, nokuqaphela ubuso kakade sekusetshenziselwa ukubhalisa amavoti ezindaweni ezinjenge-Indiya (isimiso sobu - Adahaar) kanye nokuqinisekisa kwezinye izifundazwe zase-U.S. Imishini inganciphisa ukulingisa nokusheshisa i-ekeniki. Kodwa iphakamisa izinto ezikhathazayo zemfihlo, ezizebiwe, ezingashintshwa njengegama lokuvota. Izinhlelo kumelwe ziklanywe ukugcina amathematimende endaweni noma ukuwafihla, zingadluliseli i-protheni eluhlaza ngeminxanxathela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-biometrics zingahluleka ukunikeza abantu izimo ezithile ezingokomzimba (umz., intula imigqa yemigqa ephuma emsebenzini wezandla) futhi iphakamise izindaba ezingahleliwe. Izinhlelo eziningi zihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi lwezinto zemvelo.

Isoftware evuliwe nehlela umphakathi

Iqembu elikhulayo elisekela isimiso sokhetho sekhodi elivulekile ezimisweni zokuvota . Livumela ochwepheshe abazimele ukuba bahlole i-software ye-bits nomnyango. Ukuthatha nokwenza imisebenzi enjenge-Eunt Performation Technology (OSET) kunikeza amathuluzi amahhala, avulekile, imithombo yokukhetha. Nakuba i-open-source engazenzeli ngokuzenzekelayo ukwenza uhlelo lulondeke, yenza ukuba ukuhlolwa kontanga nokuncishiniswa kwesitshixo somsekisi. Isithiyo esikhulu siwukuthola umthetho kanye nokungancintiswa kohulumeni ukuba bathembele kwizinhlelo ze-software yomphakathi. Izizwe ezifana ne-Norway neSwitzerland ziye zasebenzisa imithombo evulekayo kukhetho lokhetho. Ukuthambekela kuyathembisa, kodwa kudinga ukuqeqeshwa kontanga nokugcinwa kwezenyuswa kwemvume nokugcinwa kwezikhulu zokuvota.

Isiphetho

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusukela kumavoloti ephepha kuya ekuvoteni nge-electron akuyona indaba yentuthuko ethatha ilayini-nething , eyinhlohlo yentengo ephakathi kwezindinganiso ezincintisanayo: ijubane eliqinisekile, ijubane, i-aspect. u-v. u-acception, izindleko. i-colleot, uma ilula, ihlala inguphawu lokungakholeki. Kodwa ayinakufeza zonke izidingo, ikakhulukazi kubavoti abakhubazekile noma labo abahlala kude kakhulu nendawo yokuhlola. Izimiso ze-electronicture zinikeza amandla kodwa zifuna ukuqondisa okuqinile. Njengoba usongo luqhubeka, kanjalo ukuhlelwa kwedemocrali.

Izinhlelo zesikhathi esizayo ezixubene ne-probidian exhunyanisweyo yephepha nesivinini sokudluliswa kwemitayela − njengemishini yokubhala i-collet-mark ekhiqiza irekhodi lephepha, ihlangene nemishini yokuhlola izibuko nemishini yokuhlola izingozi. Ukwethemba ngeke kuncike kobuchwepheshe kuphela kodwa ezindleleni: ukuhlola okusobala, ukuqondisa umphakathi, kanye nokubopheka okuhlangene ekulawuleni umthetho. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okulandelayo kungaba umshini owodwa kodwa kungabi isimiso sokuvikela okuklanyelwa ekukhonzeni isimiso esisodwa esisebenza izindaba eziningi.