Ukuswelakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile kuyakhula emhlabeni wonke, kubangelwa ukwanda kwenani labantu, ukufunwa kwezolimo, nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ukusebenza kwemakethe yamanzi kuye kwavela njengethuluzi eliyinkimbinkimbi lokunikezela imithombo yamanzi ngokunempumelelo. Lezi zimiso zenza ukuthengwa nokuthengiswa kwamalungelo amanzi, kuhlose ukulinganisela ukutholakala nokufunwa kwazo kuyilapho zikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa okunenzuzo. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwezimakethe zamanzi kuxhomeke ekulondolozeni ukuqina okuqinile okuvikela ukuma kwendawo ezungezile nokutholakala ngokulinganayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezindlela zezentengiselwano zamanzi, izindlela zokusebenza, izindlela zokusebenza, kanye nezinselele ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwazo.

Ukuqonda Umshini Wokudayisa Amanzi

Izimakethe zamanzi zisebenza ngokumisa amalungelo acacile okusebenzisa amanzi asuka emthonjeni othile. La malungelo angadluliselwa, aqeshwe, noma adayiswe phakathi kwamaqembu, adala isikhuthazo sezomnotho kubasebenzisi sokulondoloza amanzi noma ukuthuthukisa intuthuko. Isimiso esiyisisekelo siwukuthi amanzi ("ngokuvamile aphathwa njengenkokhelo evamile yesheya elibonisa ukuswelaka kwawo, ukunikezwa kwawo isilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu. Lokhu kubekwa kwemakethe kungokohlelo lwezomthetho, lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo zezinhlangano zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile kuphumela ekusakazweni okuqinile noma okungalawuleki.

Uma kuziwa, izimakethe zamanzi zidinga isisekelo samalungelo empahla agunyaziwe. Ngaphandle kokuqashelwa ngokomthetho, abathengi nabathengisi abakwazi ukuhwebelana ngokuqiniseka, futhi abatshali bamasheya bayanqikaza ukuxhasa imisebenzi yokulondoloza imvelo. Ngakho - ke ama-reversi amaningi aye ashukumiseleka ukuba ahlele amalungelo amanzi ngemvume noma amalayisensi achaza imiqulu, izinto eziza kuqala, nezingabalulekile. Lamalungelo ahlukaniswa ngokusemthethweni nokuba nempahla, awavumele ukuba ahwebelwe ngokwawo. Ngokwesibonelo, entshona ye-United States, imfundiso yangaphambili ye-atropriation ivumela ukuba avunyelwe ukuthengwa nokuthengiswa kwamalungelo amanzi ngemvume yokuwazisa noma ukuthengiswa uma nje engalimazi abanye abasebenzisi noma ukugeleza kwendawo.

Izimakethe zamanzi zincike ekulinganiseni nasekugadweni okunembile. Izimakethe zamanzi mazikhishwe amamitha, ukuthengiselwana kwentengiselwano kubhalwe phansi, futhi kusetshenziswe ngendlela efunyaniswe ukuthi kuvinjelwe ukukhishwe ngaphandle kogunyaziwe. Intuthuko ezimbonini ezikude, izilinganiso ezihambayo, neziciko ezivimbela ukugeleza kwemisebe, zithuthukisa ukubonakala nokuncishiswa kwezindleko. Njengoba lezi zimboni zitholaka kalula, ukutholakala kwentengiselwano yamanzi, kuvula amathuba okuthengiselwa kwezinye izindawo nakwamanye amazwe.

Izinhlobo Zamakethe Amanzi

Izimakethe zamanzi zingahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe entweni edayiswayo. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu luhlanganisa izimakethe zamalungelo amanzi, izimakethe zamanzi ezisezingeni eliphezulu, namapulatifomu ezohwebo asiza ekuhwebelaneni. Ngazinye zifeza izinjongo ezihlukene futhi zihlanganisa amazinga ahlukahlukene okuyinkimbinkimbi.

Amalungelo Asemanzini

Kulezimakethe, ingcebo iqashelwa ngokomthetho ukuba ikhiphe umthamo othile wamanzi phakathi nesikhathi esithile esimisiwe. Amalungelo angahlala njalo (ukudayiswa ngokomthetho) noma (ukuqashwa kwesikhashana). Izimakethe zamalungelo amanzi zidlange ezindaweni ezinemithetho yamanzi evuthiwe, njenge-Murray-Darling Basin, Chile, kanye nezingxenye ze-United States. I-Transactions ifuna ukuvunyelwa kwendikimba elawulayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthutha akubakhungathelisi abasebenzisi abakhona noma ukugeleza kwendawo ezungezile. Lezi zimakethengi zivumela abalimi ukuba badayise iminikelo eseleni yezindawo zasedolobheni phakathi nesomiso, zinikeza ithuluzi elithambile lokulawula ukuswela.

Abathengi Bamanzi Abanomsoco

Izimakethe zamanzi ezisezingeni eliphezulu, futhi ezibizwa nangokuthi ukuhweba ngamanzi aphansi, izinhlelo zokuhlela ukungcola kunokuba zibe ngobuningi. Kule zinhlelo, umlawuli ufaka ikepisi ekuphumeni kwe-othostant (umz., i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus) emzimbeni wamanzi. Imithombo yokungcola okunganciphisa ukukhiphiswa kwenani eliphansi ithola izikweleti zeqembu ngalinye lokunciphiswa kwemikhakha. Lemikha yokubo ezindaweni ezithengiswayo ifaka isamba kwezinye izindleko ezibhekene nezindleko eziphezulu, ivumela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo ukuba kuhlangane okungenani nezindleko. Izibonelo ezivelele zihlanganisa i-Nutriding Trading Program eCheake Bay neLong Island Sound Withswooder transsting uhlelo lokuhweba ngempahla encindisiwe, imishini yokulima, imikhumbi, iziphelo.

Amanzi Akhanyisa Izimbobo

Izindawo zokutshintshisana ezihleliwe zinikeza indawo esobala nengathathi hlangothi ekuthengeni nakuthengisa amalungelo amanzi. I-Platform ingaba item ye-panel noma izimakethe zikagesi. I-Nasdaq Veles California Water Index, eqanjwa ngo-2018, isebenza njengenani lemali yokubona izivumelwano zamanzi eCentral Valley. Ngokufanayo, i-Water Exchange (Ukushintshana) kanye ne-i-Platrutray Water Revoce ivumela ukuhwebela ngokulingana nabathengi nabathengisi, ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano ezivamile, nokusakaza imininingwane yezentengo yezelo. La mapulatifomu athuthukisa ukuncishiswa kwemali, anciphisa izindleko zokufuna, futhi asekele ukutholakala kwenani, enza amanzi athathe inzuzo yangempela kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwangempela kanye nezidingo.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwezitolo Zamanzi

Izimakethe zamanzi zisengozini yokuqeda ukungalingani, ukuqeda izikhali nezimiso zezinto eziphilayo ezingcolisayo. Izinqubo eziphumelelayo zokubusa zikhuluma ngezindawo eziningana eziyinhloko: ukuchaza nokuvikela amalungelo empahla, ukuhlola nokusebenzisa, ukubeka imingcele eqinile, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu aswele awashiywe.

Ukumisa Amalungelo Empahla Ecacile

Amaqumrhu alawulayo kumelwe achaze amalungelo amanzi ngendlela elondekile, ekwazi ukudluliselwa, futhi ethunyelwayo. Lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukufaneleka okulinganiselwe okusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni komlando, ekuthuthweni kwemisebe, nasezimfunekweni zendawo ezungezile. Ezimisweni eziningi, amalungelo akhishwa njengelayisense enezikhawu ezisukela eminyakeni embalwa kuya ku-ehla. Imithetho ecacile yokuvuselela, ukubukeza, nokulahlekelwa idingekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugobeka okucatshangelwayo nokuvumela ushintsho ekuphenduleni izimo zemvula.

Ukuhlola Ukusetshenziswa Kwamanzi Nemisebenzi Yezohwebo

Abaqondisi badinga ukwaziswa okubanzi ekukhipheni amanzi, ekubuyeni, nasekuthutheni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubika okuphoqelelwe, ukuzwa kude, nokuhlola indawo. ECalifornia, iState Water Resources Control Board igcina i-internet accomputer yamalungelo amanzi futhi idinga imvume yezinguquko eziningi ezinenjongo noma indawo yokusetshenziswa. I-Bureau of Meteorology yase-Australia isakaza imibiko yokuthi imithombo yemizila, amanani, nemisebenzi yezentengiselwano. Ngaphandle kokukhanya okunjalo, izimakethengiso zisengozini yokwaziswa okungangenisi ngokomthetho, okungekhona ukuko okuko okuko okungagunyaziswe, kanye nokukhwazwa.

Izibekelo Zokugwema Ukusebenzisa Imali Ngokweqile

Izimakethe zamanzi eziqinile zixhomeke ekepisini elingana nengqikithi yokukhipha okuhambisana nokutholakala kwemicebo emide. I-Cap ivame ukuhlelwa yimishini ehamba emanzini futhi ilungiswe ngokwezibikezelo zenkathi ethile, izibikezelo zezulu, nesidingo sendawo ezungezile. Ku-Murray-Darling Basin, i-Australia imisa isilinganiso esiphelele sokukhishwa – i-Divolusion Line-emplifice - ebukezwayo. Izikhangiso zisebenza kule-papyd, ngakho ukuthengwa akukhuli ingqikithi. Lokhu kuvimbela “izinto ezivamile” futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimfuneko zokuhamba kwendawo ezungezile ziyahlonishwa.

Ukugeleza Kwendawo Ezungezile Okushukumisayo Kuyalondolozwa

Enye yezingozi ezinkulu zokuhweba ngamanzi ukuthi kungaqeda ukugeleza kwamanzi okudilika okudingwayo ukuze kuhlale imvelo yasemanzini, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokuzilibazisa. Ngakho izimiso eziningi zokulawula zibekela eceleni amanzi amaningi enjongo esendaweni ezungezile engenakuhweba. Ezinye izinhlangano ziveza “intekotho yamanzi adinga amandla angokwemvelo” okuthenga amalungelo amanzi nokuwabuyisela emifuleni, noma zigunyaze ukuba ingxenye yamanzi athengiswe ahlale emfuleni. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Oregon’s Deschutes River Basin, kudluliswa ukugcinwa kwezindawo zokuhlala izinhlanzi. Lezi zinyathelo zisiza ekuvumelani ukuphumelela kwezomnotho nokuphatha imvelo.

Izinselele Ekuvuselelweni

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezingenzeka, izimakethe zamanzi zibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano ngabadlali abakhulu kungasonta amanani futhi kunciphise ukutholakala kwenani labasebenzisi abancane. Ukungalingani kwendlela yokuthola imali kungenye into ekhathazayo: abalimi abacebile noma izinkampani zingathola amanzi ngezindleko zemiphakathi yasemaphandleni, amaqembu abomdabu, noma izakhamuzi ezithola imali ephansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yezemvelo ingase ingabanjwa ngokugcwele entengweni yentengo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhwebelana ngamanzi aphansi ezindaweni ezinezitebhungane namanzi angaholela ekuncipheni okungantenga okunga ngokungenwa kwemifudlana kwemifudlana namanzi. Izimiso eziguquguquyo ezihlanganisa ukufakwa kwemifudlalo, ukubukezwa kwezikhathi ezithile, nokushintshashintsha imibandela ibalulekile ekulungiseni lezi zikhalo.

Izinzuzo Zamakethe Amanzi

Uma zilawulwa kahle, izimakethe zamanzi zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana ngaphezu kokubekwa ngokuqondile kwezindawo zokuphatha. Zinganciphisa izindleko zezomnotho zesomiso ngokufaka amanzi emaqeleni anezinga eliphansi kakhulu, njengezitshalo ezinenani eliphakeme noma imithombo yasedolobheni. Ukulondolozwa kwemvelo kuyakhuliswa ngoba abasebenzisi bemali engasetshenziswayo bangazisiza ekutholeni inzuzo yamanzi angasebenzi. Izimakethe zamanzi zingathuthukisa futhi ukusungula, njengoba abasebenzisi betshala imali esebenzayo ekuniseni ngenkasa, ukuncishiselwa kwemali, noma ukuncishiselwa kwamanzi ukuze bakhulule amalungelo okudayisa. Ngokwesibonelo, eColoradorado River River, amasheshing, amasheya esikhashana abasebenzisi bezolinywa ukuze bafake i-mapulazini ezindawo zemali ezibizayo ezibiza imali ephuthumayo lapho abalimi bewa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimakethe zamanzi zinikeza izimpawu zentengo ezibonisa ukuntuleka, zikhuthaza ukuhlelwa kwesikhashana. Abangenisi bezisekelo zamanzi, njengemithombo yedamu noma izindawo zokwelapha, bangasebenzisa amanani entengo ukuze bahlole ukuphumelela kwemisebenzi. Ukubonakala kwemininingwane enyathelisiwe kusekela ukucwaninga nokuhlola kwezimiso, kusiza abaqondisi ukuba bacwengisise izindlela zabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izibonelo Zamazwe Ngamazwe Zamakethe Asemanzini

IAustralia – IBasin Ethandelayo YaseMurray

I-Australia ibhekwa kabanzi njengomholi ekusetshenzisweni kwezentengiselwano zamanzi, ikakhulukazi eMfuleni iMurray-Darling Basin. Kusukela ngawo 1990, amalungelo amanzi aye asuswa ezweni futhi athengiseka ngokugcwele phakathi kwesitsha. Isimiso sisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esiqinile sombuso esizimele kanye ne-Murray-Darling Baxin Authority. Imiqulu e-Trading iphakeme, futhi amanani amanzi asabela ngamandla ezimweni zesomiso. ISissin Plan, esakhiwa ngo-2012, ihlanganisa isilinganiso esiqinile samanzi azimeleyo namanzi emvelo aphethe. Izinselele ezikhona emphakathini kanye nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwemikhawulo yesifunda ezindaweni eziningi, kodwa ukumelana kwezentengo phakathi nesomiso.

I-Chile

IChile yamisa itheki elibanzi lamalungelo amanzi ngemva kwemithetho yamanzi ka-1981, eyanikeza amalungelo amanzi azimele, ahlala njalo, nangakho athengwa ngenkululeko. Imakethe iye yakwazi ukudluliswa kumasimu kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwezimayini nasemadolobheni, futhi iye yakhuthaza ukutshala izakhiwo zamanzi. Nokho, abagxeki bakhomba izindleko ezinkulu zezenhlalo nendawo ezungezile: abalimi abafikayo nabahlali abambalwa abalahlekelwa amanzi, futhi ukuncipha komfula kuyenzeka kwezinye izitshana. Imaketheku igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuvikela ukulawulwa kwezimiso zokulawula – ngaphandle kokuqondisa okukhulu, amabutho embonini angayiveza ukulingana kwezenhlalakahle nendawo ezungezile nokulimala kwendawo ezungezile.

United States – United States Entshonalanga

I-California WaterFixt ibone ukuthandwa okukhula kwezimakethe ezikhomba amanzi entshonalanga ye-U.S. i-SGMA iqhubela izifunda ezinikwe indawo ezisemgodini we-ocester. I-Oregon Water Treaty ibonise ukusondela ezindaweni ezikhona ekubukweni kwezindawo ezikhona kanye nasezimakethe ezingcono. Naphezu kwentuthuko engokomthetho, izindleko eziphakeme, nokungabikho kwezakhiwo ezilinganiswayo ezindaweni eziningi kuqhubeke kulinganisela intuthuko yezentengiselwano. Izinyathelo zamuva zikahulumeni zokuthatha izinyathelo zokuhamba emanzini asemakethe. I-Reregon Water Showated zisekela izinhlelo zokulungisa amanzi emfuleni. Naphezu kwalokho, intuthuko yezentengo esemthethweni, izindleko eziphezulu, izindleko zezentengo yokwethulo ezindaweni eziningi ziyaqhubeka nokulinganisela intuthuko kwezentengo. I-Bureauni yase-Reclameactivessssss , uhlelo lwe-s RRTrection, i-operartm, i-operation, i

INingizimu Afrika – Inguquko Yamanzi Ezindaweni Zokuhlala

I-South Africa iye yazama ukuzama ukudayisa izimakethe zamanzi njengengxenye yokwabiwa kwamanzi amaningi ahloselwe ukulungisa ukungalingani komlando. I-National Water Act ka-1998 ivumela ukuba ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kwamaphepha-mvume athengiswe, avunyelwe. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwemishini kuye kwathatha ijubane, futhi i-Water Trading Trading Coomment isasebenza. Izifundo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa isidingo sokuhlela izidingo eziyisisekelo zabantu nendawo ezungezile, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi elinganiselwe iyakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba ezimakethengisweni. Imizamo yokuhlobanisa ukuhwebelana kwamanzi nenguquko yomhlaba iveza ukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamalungelo amanzi nobulungisa bezenhlalo.

Iziyalezo Nezimo Ezintsha Zesikhathi Esizayo

Isizukulwane esilandelayo sezimakethe zamanzi cishe silolongwa ubuchwepheshe bezemishini, isimo sezulu, nokuqashelwa kwamanzi njengelungelo lomuntu. Izinzwa ezihlakaniphile, ukuhlola i-tellite, nezivumelwano ezisekelwe kwi-blocks zingavumela ukuhweba ngemishini, zinciphise ukukhwabanisa, futhi zinikeze izibalo zangempela zamanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqala okunjenge-Watropolis ne-Phos kuthuthukisa izinzwa ze-IOT kanye ne-software yokuhweba, kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bahwebe amalungelo amanzi esikhathini esiseduze.

Okunye ukuthambekela ukuvela kwezimakethe zamanzi asendaweni ezungezile, lapho izinhlangano zokulondoloza imvelo noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni zithenga khona amalungelo okuthuthukisa amanzi agelezayo. Lokhu kungahlanganiswa nokuhweba ngamanzi asesilinganisweni ukuze kufezwe izinjongo eziningi. EColorado River Basin, i- “Smedical Conservation Pilot Program” ikhokhela abalimi ukuba banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okwesikhashana, amanzi agciniwe agcinelwe inzuzo. Imishini enjalo exubile ifiphanyeza umugqa phakathi kokuphathwa kwamanzi abantu kanye nomphakathi.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyokwenza ukuba izimakethe zamanzi zijwayelane nokushintshashintsha kwemvula. Isomiso siya sikhula futhi sibe sikhulu, kuyilapho izikhukhula zingaba namandla kakhulu. Izikhangiso ezihlanganisa izivumelwano eziphambili, izivumelwano zokukhetha, nemikhiqizo yomshuwalense zingasiza abazisebenzisayo ukuba balawule ingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalawuli bezindawo kungase kudingeke ukuba bahlele izikebhe ezithambile ezivumelana nezimo ezihambisana namanzi, zivumele ukukhishwa kwesikhashana phakathi neminyaka emanzi naleyo eqinile imingcele eqinile phakathi nenkathi yokuqanda, uma nje ukugcinwa komphingo kuqinisekisiwe isikhathi eside.

Ekugcineni, kunesisusa esikhulayo sokuhlanganisa izimakethe zamanzi nokuhlela imithombo ebanzi, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwendawo, amandla, kanye nezolimo. I-nexes yamanzi isondela ekuqapheleni ukuthi amandla adingekayo ekumpompeni nasekunyameni amanzi, nokuthi amanzi asetshenziselwa isizukulwane samandla ashisayo namanzi. Izimakethe zamanzi nezimakethe zikagesi zingaveza impumelelo enkulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ukumpompa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuyindawo enkulu ethengisa amandla kagesi.

Isiphetho

Izindlela zokudayisa amanzi zinikeza indlela ethembisayo, esekelwe emakethe yokulawula ukuswelakala kwamanzi. Ngokuhlobanisa intengo emanzini futhi kuyenze intengo, lezi zimiso zingathuthukisa ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, zithuthukise ukuphumelela nokuthuthukisa izomnotho, kodwa zincike ekubekeni impumelelo yezomnotho eqinile ekwakheni amalungelo empahla, ukuqondisa, ukulawulwa, ukukhubazeka kwezindawo, ukukhubazeka kwezindawo ezihlukene, nokuvikela ukugeleza kwendawo ezungezile. Izinto ezenzeka e-Australia, i-Chile, i-United States, ne-South Africa zinikeza impumelelo nezindaba eziwubukhali, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimaketheli aziyona i-paneacea. Ngaphandle kokuklanya nokuqondisa ngokucophelela, zingajulisa izinga lokungalingani nokulawula nokuncitshiswa kwezindawo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nokuncishiswa kwezindawo zamanzi, izimakelele zamanzi ziyo ziyoqhubeka ziveza amathuba amasha, kodwa uma nje zihlelile, imithombo yezenhlalo, nezindawo zezenhla.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola umsebenzi [[FLT: 1] we-OECD ezimakethe zamanzi futhi wabelwe, i-World Bank World Bank] ukuhlolwa kwezimakethe zamanzi[[[[FLT:]], futhi [[FLT:]] i-Murray-Darling Basin Aguement[ ukuze iqondise iziqondiso ezingcono. Izifundo ze-Acadeticsting kumagazini ezinjenge [[FLT:]][FL:] izintanda-Resovolutions nezenters [FLD] kunikeza ukuhlazingezwa okujule kwezentengiselwayo yezentengiselwano nemisebenzi.[FLD:]