Ukwazi Ukuthi Ibhili Liba Kanjani Umthetho Kukusiza Ukuba Ube Izakhamuzi Ezinolwazi

Ukuqonda inqubo lapho isambathiso siba umthetho kungenye yamathuluzi ayigugu kakhulu ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukutshelwa, ukugaxelwa, futhi eziphumelelayo ekuthatheni isigaba sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Inqubo yomthetho iyinkimbinkimbi, ihilela izigaba eziningi, abadlali abaningi, nezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingabonakala zinamandla lapho uqala ukubheka. Nokho, isiphakamiso siwumthetho omusha noma ushintsho kumthetho okhona, futhi uqonda indlela lezi zihlongozo ezihamba ngayo ngeKhongolo kukunika amandla okulandela umthetho othi izindaba zakho, uhlanganyele ngokunelisa izingxoxo zomphakathi, ugcine abameleli bakho abakhethiwe benobuthakazelo, futhi ekugcineni ulungise imithetho ebusa ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uzokuhamba kulelo nalelo izinga lenqubo yomthetho, kusukela ekuqaleni komqondo kuya esikhathini lapho isikweleti siba umthetho wezwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, umshisekeli wesizwe, isakhamuzi esikhathalelayo, noma umuntu ofuna ukuqonda kangcono indlela uhulumeni waseMelika osebenza ngayo, lolulwazi luyokusiza ukuba ube ilungu elinolwazi ngokwengeziwe futhi elithembise ukulithenga emphakathini wakini.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokwenza Imithetho

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezinyathelweni eziqondile zendlela isikweleti esiba ngayo umthetho, kubalulekile ukuqonda uhlelo lomthetho-mthetho olulawula lenqubo. ISishaya-mthetho siyigatsha lomthetho kahulumeni, futhi imibuso yemithetho yezwe (ikhono lokucabangela izikweletu nokumisa imithetho) nemithetho emisiwe (inkosi) ehlanganisa iSigele sase-US neNdlu yabameleli.

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa isishaya-mthetho se-bimateral, okusho ukuthi uMkhandlu unezinhlangothi ezimbili ezihlukene okumelwe zisebenze ndawonye ukuze zakhe imithetho. Lesi sakhiwo saklanywa abasunguli ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi kuhlolwe, banikeze amasheke nezilinganiso, futhi bavimbele umthetho oweqisayo noma ongacatshangelwe kahle. Amagumbi amabili ngokuyisisekelo alinganayo ezindima nasemisebenzini yawo yokushaya umthetho, futhi ukumiswa komthetho njalo kudinga ukuba womabili avumelane ngokuhlukene nomthetho ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba awunike uMongameli.

Nokho, kunomehluko obalulekile womthetho-sisekelo phakathi kwalamakamelo amabili. Indlu kuphela engamisa umthetho wentela nenzuzo ehlangene nemali, futhi iSigele kuphela esingamisa umthetho ohlangene nomthetho ohlangene nomongameli nezivumelwano. La mandla akhethekile abonisa izindima ezihlukene abasunguli ababecabanga ngazo ngegumbi ngalinye.

Lapho Amabhuloho Evela Khona: Umsuka Wemibono Yomthetho

Wonke umthetho uqala njengomqondo, kodwa uvelaphi lemibono? Umqondo wesikweleti ungavela kwilungu elihlezi leSigele noma iNdlu yabameleli base-U.S., isiphakamiso phakathi nomkhankaso wokhetho lwenhlangano, noma isicelo sabantu noma amaqembu ezakhamuzi atusa umthetho omusha noma oshintshiwe elunguni leSishaya-mthetho elimelela wona.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile zinezindlela eziningi zokuthonya umthetho. Ungathintana nommeleli wakho ngokukhathalela indaba yendawo, ujoyine inhlangano efuna izinguquko ezithile zezimiso, noma usekelele abasekeli abakhankasi bezimiso eziza kuqala ezivumelana nezindinganiso zakho. Nakuba kungathiwa yilawo malungu endlu noma iSishaya-mthetho kuphela angaletha umthetho, imibono ebangela lezo zikweletu ngokuvamile isuka kuma-ocectal, amaqembu enzalo, acabanga ama-testnance, izinhlangano zezikhulu, noma eminye imithombo engaphandle kweSishaya-Rhulumente.

UMongameli futhi unendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni uhlelo lwezishaya - mthetho. UMongameli unethonya enqubweni yemithetho, utusa uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi uvame ukusikisela umthetho. Izinto eziza kuqala kumongameli, ikakhulukazi phakathi neSizwe samakheli e-Union noma izinkulumo ezinkulu zezimiso, zingashukumisela ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlela ezindabeni ezithile.

Isingeniso: Indlela Ingqungquthela Yesonto Engena Ngayo

Uma ilungu leKhongolo selinqume ukuphishekela umbono womthetho, lenqubo engokomthetho iqala ngesethulo. noma iliphi ilungu leSishayamthetho lingamisa umthetho, futhi umuntu noma abantu abakhipha isikweleti bangaba abaxhasi; noma yiliphi ilungu lendikimba eyodwa (Indlu noma iSigele) linganezela igama lakhe njengelungu lenhlangano ngemva kosuku lokuthulula.

Inqubo yokuvula ihlukile kancane phakathi kwendlu neSigele. Endlini, umthetho unikwa umabhalane wendlu noma ubekwe empompini. ESigeqeni, amalungu kumelwe aqashelwe isikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu ukuba simemezele ukuvulwa kwemali phakathi nehora lasekuseni, futhi uma kukhona izinto zokwethula, ukumiswa komthetho kuyahlehliswa kuze kube usuku olulandelayo.

Uma kuqalwa isikweleti, sinikezwa inani: H.R. libonisa isigebengu sendlu ne-S. isigebengu. Lesi simiso sokubala sisiza ekuhleleni umthetho wendlela phakathi nenqubo. Amabhuloho abalwa ngokwenzuzo ngokulandelana okunikezwa phakathi nohlelo lweminyaka emibili, okuyisizathu esenza ukuba ubone izikhombo kuH.R. 1 noma 1.QA. kuyizikweletu zokuqala eziqala ukusungulwa egunjini ngalinye.

Amalungu nezisebenzi zawo bavame ukuxhumana nabameli abangewona amapartistan ehhovisi leSiluleko soMyalo wegumbi ngalinye ukuze basize ekufakeni iziphakamiso zemithetho yomthetho, futhi amalungu angase aqhube iziphakamiso zemali futhi acele abanye egumbini ukuba basayine njengezincwadi zomthetho wokuqala ukuze babonise isisekelo esiqinile sokusekela lomqondo. Ukwakha iqoqo eliqinile lamalungu akhona kungabonisa ubuholi namanye amalungu ukuthi isikhwama sisekelwa kakhulu futhi kufanele sihlolwe ngokungathi sína.

IReferral: Lapho U Bills Eya Khona Ukuze Ayohlolwa

Ngemva kwesethulo, amafakthethe awasheshi ukuya eGweni eligcwele noma eSigele ukuze avote. Kunalokho, icala libhekiselwe ekomitini ephethe impikiswano eyinhloko yomthetho. Le simiso sekomiti sibalulekile ekutheni uMkhandlu uphatha kanjani umsebenzi wayo omkhulu.

Kuwo womabili amakamu, iningi lochwepheshe bezimiso ezisemakomitini amile, amaqoqo amalungu ahola ekwakheni nasekuhloleni umthetho ohlongozwe phakathi kwemithetho emisiwe. AmaKomiti avumela amalungu ukuba athuthukise ulwazi olukhethekile ezicini ezithile zesimiso esithile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yizo ezolimo, izindaba zakwamanye amazwe, imfundo, noma iziphi ezinye izihloko eziningi.

Ngezinye izikhathi kubhekiselwa imali emakomitini amaningi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kubhekiselwa izimali ekhonkisweni elingaphansi kuqala. Ama-headerral amaningi avamile ekwakheni umthetho oyinkimbinkimbi othinta izinhlangano eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhwama sokunakekela impilo esingase sibhekiswe kumakomiti asebenzelana nempilo, imali, nezentengiselwano.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi izikweleti eziningi ezibhekiswe kuzo, nokho, azilokothi zithathwe. Lokhu kuyiqiniso elinzima lenqubo yokushaya umthetho. Izinkulungwane zezikweleti zifakwa eMkhandlwini ngamunye, kodwa ingxenyana encane kuphela edlula isigaba sekomiti. Izihlalo zamakomiti zinamandla aphawulekayo okunquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezithathwayo, okwenza lezi zikhundla zibe nethonya elikhulu ekulolongeni uhlelo lwemithetho.

Isenzo Sekomiti: Ukuzwa Nobufakazi Obuqaphile

Kunezikweleti ezinakwayo, amakomiti aqala ngokuqulwa kwamacala. Lemihlangano engokomthetho lapho amalungu ekomiti ezwa khona ubufakazi obuvela kochwepheshe, abagcini bemali, izikhulu zikahulumeni, namalungu omphakathi ngemiphumela engenzeka namakhono emali.

Ukulalela kunezinjongo eziningi, kuvumela amalungu ekomiti ukuba aqoqe ukwaziswa nobuchwepheshe okudingayo ukuze enze izinqumo ezinolwazi. Anikeza umphakathi izinqumo ezihlukene mayelana nomthetho. Angakha ukuqashelwa komphakathi nokusekela indaba ethile. Futhi akha umbhalo ongokomthetho ongabhekiselwa kamuva phakathi nezimpikiswano zasesitezini noma ngisho nasemacala asenkantolo mayelana nendlela yokuchaza umthetho owake wamiswa.

OFakazi abaqulwayo bangase bahlanganise ochwepheshe bezemfundo, abameleli bezimboni ezithintekile noma amaqembu okuphatha, izikhulu zikahulumeni nezokuphatha zendawo ezisebenzisa umthetho, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ezinokuhlangenwe nakho okufanelekile.

Inqubo Yokuqopha: Lapho Izincwadi Zilolongwa Khona Futhi Zihlotshiswe Khona

Ngemva kokuba kuqediwe ukuqulwa kwecala, amakomiti angathuthela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isimiso sokuphawula" siqephu", enye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu kodwa ezingaqondakali kakhulu zenqubo yomthetho. Le mihlangano ibizwa ngokuthi amaphawu ngoba amalungu amakomiti amisa umthetho phambi kwawo njengoba enquma ukuthi iziphi izinguquko ezihlongozwayo eMzini.

Inqubo yokuphawula inqubo lapho izimpikiswano zekomiti yenhlangano yase-U.S., ukulungisa, nokubhala kabusha umthetho ohlongozwayo. Yilapho umsebenzi oningiliziwe wokwenza umthetho uyenzeka khona, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokunakwa umphakathi kodwa kunemiphumela emikhulu kakhulu yomkhiqizo wokugcina.

Indlela Izikhathi Zokuphawula Ezisebenza Ngayo

Ekuqaleni komqokomiseli, amalungu ekomiti avame ukwenza izinkulumo zokuvula, ngokuvamile ezingadluli ngemizuzu emihlanu kuyi - account, futhi ukufundwa kokuqala kombhalo wemali okumelwe ibhalwe phansi kungaqedwa, kungaba ngemvume evumelanayo noma ngokuthatha isinyathelo esingaphikiswa.

Khona - ke lemali ifundwa ngenjongo yokulungisa, ingxenye eyodwa ngesikhathi, namalungu amakomiti enikeza izinguquko zawo engxenyeni ngayinye ngemva kokuba ifundiwe kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ingxenye elandelayo ifundwe, nakuba ngemvume efanayo kuphela, ikomiti ingase ivume ukukhipha ngokufundwa kwengxenye ngayinye, noma icabangele incwadi yokulungisa ngezihloko noma izahluko esikhundleni sezahluko.

Amalungu ekomiti ahlola imibono enikezwa ngokuningiliziwe, futhi kungase kunikezwe izinguquko kuleyomali, futhi amalungu ekomiti avote ukuba amukele noma alahle lezinguquko. Lenqubo yokulungisa inqubo yemithetho ivame ukushintshwa ngokuphawulekayo esimweni sayo esiqanjiwe.

ISichibiyelo Esimweni Sento Ethathelwe Indawo

Kumthetho omkhulu, amakomiti avame ukusebenzisa ithuluzi leprocedal elibizwa ngokuthi "ukulungisa isimo somthathi-mkhala" noma u-ANS. Lokhu kuyinguquko ehlongoza ukuthatha wonke umbhalo wesibhaka-gama ngolimi olusha. Kumthetho omkhulu isihlalo sivame ukubuyisela isimo sesithathi-mthonjeni ekuqaleni kokugqama, okuthi kubuye kulungiswe.

Kusetshenziswa i-ANS kunikeza isihlalo sekomiti kanye neqembu elikhulu ukulawula ukwakheka kwengxoxo. Kunokuba kuncishiswe isikhwama njengoba saqala, amalungu ekomiti asebenzisa umbhalo othathelwe indawo, ongase ubonise ukuphikisana, ukuvumelana, noma indlela iningi elithanda ukusingatha ngayo indaba.

Lokho Amakomiti Angakwenza Nalokho Angenakukwenza

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi amakomiti awawashintshi amagama emali abhaliwe; kunalokho, amakomiti avota ngokulungisa okufuna ukuba amalungu awo atusa ukuba iNdlu ithole uma icabangela isikhokhelo esiphansi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isenzo sekomiti siwubucukubhede obungokobucukubhezi, igumbi eligcwele kumelwe lisavumele noma yiluphi ushintsho.

Ekugcineni, amavoti ekomiti ukuba agunyaze lemali ebizwe kuleyondlu ngokutusa ukuthi ihlonishwe phansi. ikomiti ingase ibike isikweleti emuva eNdlu ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa, ngokulungisa okuningi, noma ngokulungisa isimo sendlela yokubuyisela okuhlongoza ukuthatha wonke umbhalo wemali esikhundleni sayo.

Kusukela Ekomitini Kuya Ezindaweni Zokuhlala: Ukuhlelwa Kwemithetho

Uma ikomiti isibike isikweleti, ayivele ivotelwe ngegumbi eligcwele. Umholi weqembu elikhulu egumbini ngalinye uhlela uhlelo lokucabangela izikweleti. Lokhu kunikeza abaholi beqembu amandla abalulekile okunquma ukuthi iziphi izikweletu ezithatha isikhathi esiphansi futhi nini.

Indlu neSigele zinezindlela ezihlukene kakhulu zokuletha izikweleti. Ngokuvamile, imithetho nemikhuba yendlu ivumela inani elikhulu ukuba lisebenzise umthetho ngokushesha, kuyilapho imithetho yeSigele nezinqubo zivumela ukuhlobana ngokushesha, njengoba zinikeza abahlaziyi abaphawulekayo amandla okuzisebenzela.

Kule House, umthetho omkhulu uhamba ngeKomiti yeMithetho, enquma izimpikiswano zempikiswano--(""Impikiswano ethatha isikhathi eside), okungalungiswa, nezinye izindaba. ESigeqeni, uMholi weSigele usebenza nabanye abasizi be-Major ukuze amise izivumelwano zokuvumelana kwengxoxo yesakhiwo, nakuba abasizi ngabanye benamandla abalulekile okufeza noma ukunqikaza.

Ukucabangela Ubuhle: Impikiswano Nokusakaza Izincwadi Esigungwini Esiphelele

Uma ikhishwa yikomiti, izimali zifakwa ekhalendeni ukuba zivotelwe, ziphikiswe noma zilungiswe, futhi uma isambathiso sidlula ngeningi (218 kubantu abangu- 435), inyunyana idlulela eSigeqeni. Ukucabangela kulapho wonke amalungu egumbi ethola ithuba lokuxoxa ngecala, ukunikeza ukubuyisana, futhi ekugcineni ukuvota ekudluleni.

Isimo sengxoxo yephansi sihluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi. Ingxoxo yendlu ihlelwe kahle futhi inesikhathi esilinganiselwe, futhi iningi leqembu lilawula lenqubo. Ingxoxo yesigele iqala kalula, futhi abasizi ngabanye bakwazi ukukhuluma ngobude futhi banikeze iziphetho eziningi.

Phakathi nokucatshangelwa kwephansi, kufakwa ushintsho futhi kwenziwa izinguquko ebhodini naphansi leSigele nendlu. Ngakho ngevoti yokugcina icala kungenzeka ukuthi liye labukezwa kaningana futhi libheke ngokuhlukile kumthetho oxhaswe yikho. Lokhu kwakhiwa komthetho ngenqubo kungokwemvelo futhi kubonisa ukukhiqizwa komthetho okungathandeki.

Isigungu Sesibili: Ukuphindaphinda Inqubo

Uma igatsha elilodwa leSishaya - mthetho lidlulisa leli cala, libe selidlulela kwelinye igatsha loMkhandlu, futhi uBill uphinde adlulele ngenhla egatsheni lesibili loMkhandlu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ikomiti ibhekisa icala, ukuqulwa kwezindlebe, ukunqwabelana, nokucatshangelwa phansi konke kwenzeka futhi egumbini lesibili.

Igumbi lesibili lingase libhekisele ekomitini umbiko othathwe egumbini lokuqala noma lingase liwubheke phansi ngokuqondile, futhi ikamelo lesibili lingase liqede uqhwanda (ngezinye izikhathi ngombhalo obonisa umlomo walo). Igumbi lesibili aliboshelwanga ngenguqulo yokuqala yegumbi futhi lingase lenze noma iluphi ushintsho elibona lufaneleka.

Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani: Lapho Iziteshi Zingavumelani

Esinye sezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu zenqubo yomthetho ukuthi uma elinye igumbi lilungisa isikweleti esithathwe kwelinye igumbi, isaziso asinakuya kuMongameli ngaphandle kokuba womabili amagumbi avumelana embhalweni ofanayo. Lemfuneko yokubhala okufanayo isho ukuthi lapho iNdlu neSigele zidlulisa izinombolo zemali ezihlukahlukene, kumelwe bathole indlela yokuxazulula lokho kungefani.

Kunezindlela eziningana zokwenza lokhu. Igumbi lesibili lingamane lamukele inguqulo yegumbi lokuqala ngaphandle kokushintsha. Igumbi lokuqala lingase livume ukwamukela izinguquko ezenziwa igumbi lesibili. Noma lamakamelo amabili angashintshana ngemuva nangemuva kuze kube yilapho efinyelela isivumelwano.

Umthetho omkhulu ohlukile phakathi kwezinguqulo zendlu neSigele, uKhongolo luvame ukusebenzisa ikomiti yengqungquthela. Lena ikomiti yesikhashana eyakhiwe amalungu avela kuwo womabili amakamu asebenza ngokuxoxa ngenguquko evumelanayo engadlula kokubili iNdlu neSigele. Umkhiqizo wekomiti yengqungquthela, obizwa ngokuthi umbiko wengqungquthela, kumelwe uvunyelwe ngawo womabili amagumbi ngaphambi kokuba uye kuMongameli.

Isenzo Sobumongameli: Isinyathelo Sokugcina Ngaphambi Kokuba Ibhili Lenze Umthetho

Uma la maqembu esegunyazile ukuba kubhalwe umbhalo ofanayo, umbiko ogunyazwe iNdlu neSigele unikezwa uMongameli.

Ukusayina Incwajana

Uma uMongameli esayina incwadi, iba umthetho. Lena indlela eqonde kakhulu yokumisa. Isigqebhezana sikaMongameli simelela ukuvunyelwa komthetho futhi sibangela ukumiswa kwawo.

Ukuvumela Iphepha Libe Umthetho Ngaphandle Kwesitifiketi

Kungaba umthetho futhi uma uMongameli engawusayini izinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu useqenjini. Uma uMongameli engathathi isinyathelo izinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu useqenjini, umthetho uvele ube umthetho. Lokhu kuvumela umthetho ukuba ube umthetho ngisho noma uMongameli enemibango kodwa engafuni ukuyithatha ngokomthetho.

Ukuphehla Imfucumfucu

Uma uMongameli ekhipha lesi sivumelwano, sibuyiselwa emuva eSivumelwaneni nencwadi edwebe izizathu zakhe. I-veto kuwukwenqatshwa okungokomthetho komthetho. Igunya lokushaya umthetho lingathinta lokho okuqukethwe yizindleko ezidluliswa yiKhomishane, futhi njengoba kuyinto engavamile ukuba umthetho ubekwe phezu kwe-veto ewumongameli, uMkhandlu kumelwe uthathe isikhundla sikamongameli ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo.

I - pocket Veto

Uma uMongameli engasayini encwadini futhi ihlala ingasayinwanga lapho uMkhandlu ungasaphathwa, isaziso sizokhishwa ngephutha, futhi lesisenzo sibizwa ngokuthi iveto ephaketheni, futhi ayinakungagconwa yiKhomishane. Lokhu kwenza uMongameli athole enye i-authorion ekupheleni kwesimiso sobuhlanga.

Ukumisa I - Veto Engumongameli

Uma umongameli ekhetha ukukhipha umthetho, ezimweni eziningi uMkhandlu ungavota ukuba ususe lowo mthetho futhi ukhiphe umthetho.

Igumbi elasungula umthetho lingazama ukudlula iveto ngokuvota kwalabo abakhona, futhi uma i-veto yomthetho ingakhanyi emagumbini womabili, khona - ke iba umthetho. Lomnyango ophakeme(mabili- 3) kokubili endlu naseSigeqeni) yenza iveto iqheleke kakhulu kodwa hhayi ngendlela engenakwenzeka.

Ukuphumelela kweveto kuyivelakancane, okugcizelela ithonya eliphawulekayo likaMongameli enqubweni yokushaya umthetho ngisho nakuba uMkhandlu uyigatsha elinamandla okwenza umthetho.

Ukusuka KuBill Kuya Kumthetho: Umbiko Nezimiso

Lapho nje isikweleti sesimisiwe, kuba umthetho ongenasitifiketi, noma iveto idlalwe kakhulu — izibhamu ezigcina zikhishwe ziyiswa eHhovisi leFederal Register eNational Archives, zabelwe inombolo yomthetho womphakathi, futhi zihlanganisiwe kuhlelo olulandelayo lwe - United States Status in the Large.

Inombolo yomthetho womphakathi ilandela uhlelo oluthile. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho womphakathi 117-58 usho ukuthi wawuwumthetho wama- 58 owenziwe phakathi noMkhandlu we-117. Lesi simiso sokubala sivumela ukufakwa nokubhekiswa ngokuqondile emithethweni kahulumeni.

Ngemva kokumiswa, umthetho kumelwe usetshenziswe. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuhilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezibhalayo ukuze zifeze amalungiselelo omthetho, imithombo yengcebo, nokumisa izinhlelo noma izinqubo zokuphoqelela. Isigaba sokumisa inqubo singabaluleka njengenqubo yomthetho ngokwayo ekunqumeni ukuthi umthetho uthinta kanjani ukuphila kwabantu.

Inqubo Engenakubikezelwa Yomthetho

Nakuba lesi sihloko sibonise izigaba ezivamile ezithatha ibhayisekili, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo yokuba ukwephula umthetho kuyinto engaziwa futhi ingahluka kakhulu kuye ngomlomo, futhi eqinisweni, ezikweletini eziningi, lenqubo ngeke ilandele ukulandelana kwamasigaba engqungquthela ngokuvamile eqondwa njengenqubo yomthetho.

Ezinye izikweleti zihamba ngokushesha kuzo zombili izintambo ngaphandle kwempikiswano. Ezinye zisebuthweni izinyanga noma iminyaka. Umthetho omkhulu ungathethwa ngeminyango evaliweyo abaholi beqembu bese ubekwa phansi ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezilinganiselayo. Umthetho ophuthumayo ungase unqamule izinqubo ezivamile zekomiti.

Inqubo yomthetho iphathelene nezombangazwe, ukuxoxisana, necebo njengoba kunjalo ngezinqubo ezingokomthetho. Ukuqonda imithetho kubalulekile, kodwa futhi kuyaqaphela ukuthi leyomithetho ingaphakathi komongo wezombangazwe lapho ukulawulwa kweqembu, umbono womphakathi, ukucindezela kwesithakazelo, kanye nobuhlobo babantu ngabanye konke kufeza khona izindima ezibalulekile.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zomthetho

Umthetho ungamiswa phakathi nomthetho othatha iminyaka emibili lapho zangeniswa khona. Nokho, akuzona zonke izimoto ezilawula imithetho ezingaba umthetho. UKhongolo-mthetho lusebenzisa nezinqumo ezilula ezivumelanayo, ezingeke zenze umthetho kodwa ezisetshenziselwa ukuveza imizwa, ukumisa imithetho yangaphakathi, noma ukufeza imisebenzi yokuphatha yangaphakathi.

Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kukusiza ukuba uqaphele ukuthi hlobo luni lwesenzo somthetho esithathwayo. Isimemezelo noma isinqumo esihlangeneyo sinamandla omthetho ake wenziwa. Isinqumo singaveza ukuma koMkhandlu endabeni kodwa singakhi izibopho ezingokomthetho noma sishintshe umthetho okhona.

Okwenza Ukuqonda Le Nkambo Kubaluleke Kubantu Abahlala Ezakhamuzini

Manje njengoba uqonda ukuthi isikweleti siba umthetho kanjani, kungani lolu lwazi lubalulekile kuwe njengesakhamuzi?

Ukulandela Imithetho Okuthintayo

Ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho kukusiza ukuba ubhale phansi izikweletu ozidingayo. Ungabona uma isikweleti sengeniswa, silandele intuthuko yaso ngekomiti, sazi ukuthi singavela nini ekuvoteni kwesitezi, futhi siqonde ukuthi sihamba kanjani kule nqubo. Lolwazi lukusiza ukuba uhlale wazi ngezinguquko ezingase zenzeke emithethweni ethinta ukuphila kwakho, umsebenzi, noma umphakathi.

I-congress.gov inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngazo zonke izikweleti ezisungulwe eKhondlelweni, kuhlanganise nemibhalo, isimo, izisekelo, nomlando wemithetho. Izinhlangano eziningi zezezimali zilandela umthetho ophathelene nezimpikiswano zazo futhi zinikeza abasekeli izixwayiso.

Ukwazi Ukuthi Uzolizwa Nini Futhi Kanjani Izwi Lakho

Ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho kukusiza ukuba wazi ukuthi ukuzimisela kwakho kungaba ngcono kangakanani. Ukuxhumana nommeleli wakho lapho isikweleti sisekomitini kungathonya ukuthi sitholwe yini indlebe noma ilungiswe kanjani ngesikhathi sokubhapathiza. Ukufinyelela isikweleti lapho sesizofika phansi kungathinta indlela abavoti bakho. Ukuqonda lenqubo kukusiza ukuba usebenzise imizamo yakho yokuzimela ukuze ube nethonya elikhulu.

Izigaba ezihlukahlukene zenqubo zinikeza amathuba ahlukene okufakwa kwezakhamuzi. Izindaba zamakomiti ngezinye izikhathi zivumela ubufakazi obala. Amalungu eSishaya-mthetho avame ukuba namahholo edolobha noma imihlangano ehlangene lapho ungaxoxa khona ngemithetho esele ikhona. Ukubhala izincwadi, ukushaya ucingo, noma ukuhlangana nezisebenzi kungathonya inqubo yokushaya umthetho, ikakhulukazi uma kwenziwa ngendlela ehlelekile ngezikhathi eziyinhloko.

Ukubamba Abameleli Ukuba Balandise

Ulwazi ngenqubo yomthetho lukwenza ukwazi ukwenza izikhulu zakho ezikhethiwe zilandise ukuthi abameleli bakho bavota kanjani, ukuthi basekela umthetho ovumelana nezithembiso zabo zomkhankaso nokuthi bakhuthele kangakanani emsebenzini wamakomiti. Lokhu kwaziswa kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezicatshangelwe kahle lapho uvota.

Ukuqonda le nqubo kukusiza ukuba uhlole lokho okwashiwo abezombangazwe nabezindaba. Uma ummeleli ethi uncome ngecala elithile, ungaqinisekisa indima yabo yangempela. Uma othile esola isikhulu esithile ngephutha lemali, ungaqonda ukuthi lowo muntu wayenamandla yini ngempela okuthinta umphumela. Lokhu kucabanga okugxekayo kubalulekile ukuze abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekubuseni Kwentando Yeningi

Ukulawula ngentando yeningi kudinga ulwazi, izakhamuzi ezithembisene ukuthembisana. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho ekwenziwa ngayo kuyisisekelo sokuhlanganyela okunenjongo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Kukusiza ukuba uthathe indawo ngalé kokuvota njalo eminyakeni embalwa ukuba ube umhlanganyeli okhuthele emsebenzini oqhubekayo wohulumeni.

Lolu lwazi lungakusiza ukuba ufundise abanye. Ungachazela abangane, umkhaya, noma amalungu omphakathi ukuthi le nqubo isebenza kanjani, usize ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi oluthé xaxa.

Ukuqonda Ukubaluleka Kokuyekethisa Nokuzikhulula

Ukuqonda lokhu kukusiza ukuba uqonde ukuthi kungani ukwenza imithetho kuvame ukuthatha isikhathi nokuthi kungani izikweleti zishintsha njalo njengoba ziqhubeka.

Lolwazi lungamelana nokukhungatheka nge "gridlock" ngokukusiza ukuba uqonde ukuthi isimiso siklanyelwe ukwenza umthetho ube nzima, kudinga ukuvumelana okukhulu ngezinguquko ezinkulu. Nakuba lokhu kungakhungathekisa uma usekela isikweleti esithile, futhi kunikeza isivikelo emthetho othathelwanayo noma ongacatshangelwe kahle.

Indima Yezinkolo Zezombangazwe Enqubweni Yomthetho

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakhulumi ngamaqembu ezombangazwe, bafeza indima enkulu endleleni inqubo yesimanje yemithetho esebenza ngayo. Isinyathelo somthetho esingokomthetho ezikweletini sihlelwa futhi siqondiswe abaholi beqembu egumbini ngalinye, nakuba abaholi abaningi benhlangano e House benamathuluzi amaningi okumisa ngawo izitezi zesakhiwo kunabaholi abaningi beqembu leSigele.

Izikhundla zobuholi beqembu − Okhulumayo weNdlu, uMholi weSigele, nozakwabo ezincubeni ezincane − waveza ithonya elikhulu ukuthi izindleko zihlolwa kanjani, ukuthi zihlelwe kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezilawula ukucatshangelwa kwazo. Izihlalo zamakomiti, ezihlala zingamalungu eqembu elikhulu, zihlela ukuqondisa amakomiti.

Ukuqonda indima yamaqembu kukusiza ukuba uqaphele ukuthi inqubo yokushaya umthetho ayikona nje ukuvota unembeza wawo emalini ngayinye.

Imithombo Yokulandelela Imithetho

Ngenhlanhla, kunemithombo eminingi etholakalayo yokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zilandele inqubo yokushaya umthetho:

• .gov: Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-U.S. Congress inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngawo wonke umthetho, kuhlanganise nombhalo wesikhwama, isimo, izixhaswe, abaxhasi, izabelo zekomiti, nemibhalo yokuvota.
• Iwebhusayithi ze-Curegion:[ Ilungu ngalinye loMkhandlu linowebhusayithi esemthethweni lapho ungathola khona ukwaziswa mayelana nezinto eziza kuqala ezingokomthetho, izabelo zamakomiti, nezikhundla ezimayelana nezimpikiswano.
• C-SPAN:[ Le ntambo yentambo ihlanganisa indlu neSigeqe, ukuqulwa kwezindaba zamakomiti, neminye imisebenzi ye-conoration.
• Inkonzo yokucwaninga esemthethweni iyabika: Lemibiko engaphakele inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezindaba zezimiso nezihlongozo zomthetho.
• [ Izinhlangano zezempatho:[ Amaqembu asebenza ezindabeni ozikhathalelayo ngokuvamile anikeza izixwayiso zokulandelela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukuhlaziywa, nezenzo.
• 'News media: i-Moyealism isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde intuthuko yemithetho kanye nemiphumela yazo.

Izinhlelo Zezwe Nezemithetho Yendawo

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxile enqubweni yomthetho kahulumeni, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni nohulumeni bendawo banezindlela zabo siqu zokwenza imithetho. Lokhu kuvame ukuveza inqubo kahulumeni emalungani avulekile(-"nezinhlamvu zemali ezaziwayo, ezibhekiswe kumakomiti, impikiswano, futhi zivotelwe ngo-$ kodwa izinqubo ezithile ziyahluka ngokobuphathi.

Ukuqonda izinqubo zombuso wakho nezokushaya umthetho endaweni kubaluleke ngendlela efanayo nokuqonda inqubo kahulumeni, njengoba ohulumeni bombuso nezindawo benza izinqumo eziningi ezithinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke ngokuqondile, kusukela esimisweni semfundo kuya ekwakheni imithetho yentela.

Izimiso eziningi ezifanayo ziyasebenza: izikweletu zihamba ngezigaba eziningi, amakomiti afeza indima ebalulekile, futhi ukufakwa kwezakhamuzi kungawenza umehluko. Imithombo ekhona yokulandelela umthetho wezwe neyokuhlela indawo iyahlukahluka ngokwendawo, kodwa izishaya - mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni manje zinamawebhusayithi anezikhwama zemali ezifana neSishaya - mthetho.gov.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngenqubo Yokushaya Indiva

Imibono eminingi engalungile ephathelene nendlela izikweletu eziba ngayo umthetho ifanele ukusingathwa ngayo:

Umbono Ongalungile: Ibhilidi Liba Umthetho Lapho Kudlula Ingqungquthela

Iqiniso: Icala liba umthetho ngemva kokuthatha isinyathelo sobumongameli (ukusayina noma ukulivumela ukuba libe umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina) noma ngemva kokuba uMkhandlu unqande imvume yokushaya umthetho.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Wonke Amaqembu Ezincwadi Athandwa

Iqiniso: Izindleko eziningi eziye zavezwa aziyitholi nhlobo ivoti ekomitini, ingasaphathwa eyokuvota phansi. izihlalo zamakomiti nabaholi beqembu banamandla aphawulekayo okunquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezifanele zithuthuke.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Lenqubo Iyafana Kunoma Yiliphi Ibhuloho

Iqiniso: Nakuba kunezindlela ezivamile, indlela yemali esetshenziswayo ingahluka kakhulu kuye ngendaba yayo, izinga lempikiswano, isimo sezombangazwe, nezinye izici.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Amalungu Ngamanye Anamandla Alinganayo

Iqiniso: Izikhundla zobuholi, izihlalo zamakomiti, kanye neqembu elikhulu konke kunikeza amandla engeziwe enqubweni yokushaya umthetho.

Umbono Ongalungile: Le nqubo Iwubufakazi Obuqondile

Iqiniso: Nakuba izinqubo zibalulekile, ezombangazwe, ukuxoxisana, umbono womphakathi, nokucabangela okuwusizo kubaluleke ngokufanayo ekunqumeni imiphumela yemithetho.

Inqubo Yemithetho Esebenzayo: Isibonelo Sempisi

Ukuze ubone indlela zonke lezi zingcezu ezihlangana ngayo, cabangela isibonelo esicatshangelwayo sesikweletu sokumisa uhlelo olusha lukahulumeni lwezakhiwo ezibanzi zasemaphandleni:

Ilungu lendlu elivela esifundeni sasemaphandleni liqala iH.R. 1234, i-Foral Broadband Act, enabaqondisi abangu-25 abavela kuzo zombili izigaba. Lomthetho ubhekiselwe eMthethweni we House Energy ne-Committee, elawula izindaba zokuxhumana.

Isihlalo sekomiti, siqaphela ukusekela kwe-bipartisan kulendaba, sihlela ukuqulwa lapho ofakazi abavela emaphandleni asemaphandleni, izinkampani zezokuxhumana, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni bafakazela isidingo sokuthola imvume ethuthukisiwe ebhandeni. Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, ikomiti iba nesimiso sokuqongelela lapho amalungu enikeza khona izinguquko ukuze alungise amazinga okuxhasa imali, izimfuneko zokuthola inzuzo, nokubika izimfuneko.

Amavoti ekomiti ukuba abike lemali ngokufanele endlini yonke ngokulungisa. I House Rules Committee inikeza umthetho ovumela ukuba kuqhutshwe impikiswano yamahora amane ephansi futhi kuvunyelwe amavoti ekulungisweni kwezingahlanu eziqondile. Ngemva kwengxoxo yaphansi nokuvota ekulungisweni kwendlu, i House idlulisa umbiko wamahora angu - 325 kuya ku-10.

Umthetho ungena eSigele, lapho ubhekiselwe khona eChwebeni, eSayensi, naseKomitini Yezokuthutha. Ikomiti yesigele izenzela ukuzwa nokunconywa kwayo, yenza izinguquko ezengeziwe kulemali. Ikomiti yeSishaya-mthetho ibika izimali, futhi ngemva kokucabangela phansi lapho kuthathwa khona izinguquko eziningana, iSigele sidlulisa inguqulo yaso engu - 78-22.

Ngenxa yokuthi iNdlu neSigele zadlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene, ikomiti yengqungquthela imiswa namalungu asemagumbini womabili. Abanikeli baxoxa ngokuhlehla okuhlanganisa izingxenye zombili imihumusho. Umbiko wengqungquthela ube usuvotelwa yiwo womabili amagumbi. Indlu iyawuvumela 312 - 213 futhi iSigele siyawuvumela ukuba uwenze izikhathi ezingama-75-25.

Umnyango wezolimo, obizwa ngokuthi inxusa elisebenzisayo, uqala ukubhala imithetho yokumisa uhlelo lwemali enikezwayo, futhi iziKhomishane zinikeza imali efanele emjikelezweni olandelayo wemali.

Lesibonelo sibonisa izigaba eziningi, indima yamakomiti, isidingo sokuba zombili izintambo zivumelane, inqubo yokulungisa, nesenzo sokugcina somongameli. Sibonisa futhi indlela izikweleti ezingashintsha ngayo ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekungeniseni kuya ekumisweni kwenqubo yokuzithulela.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo: Indlela Yokuhileleka

Ukuqonda ukuthi izindleko ziba umthetho kanjani kubaluleke kakhulu uma usebenzisa lolo lwazi ukuze uhlanganyele kule nqubo. Nazi izinyathelo eziqinile ongazithatha:

• [ isho izinto ozikhathalelayo: Yiziphi izinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuwe nasemphakathini wakho? Gxila ukunakekela kwakho ezimpikiswaneni ezimbalwa eziyinhloko kunokuzama ukulandela yonke into.
• Thola umthetho obalulekile: Sebenzisa iziKhomishane.gov noma inhlangano yewebhusayithi yokuhlukanisa izikweletu ezihlobene nezindaba zakho ezikhathazayo.
• Hlanganisa abameleli bakho: Ucingo, bhala, noma uthunyelelwa noma uthunyelelwa iposi. Yisho ngokuqondile ukuthi yimuphi umbiko ozoxoxa ngawo nokuthi udinga ukuba uthathe siphi isenzo. amalungu asebenza ngemizila athintana namalungu futhi awabikele ilungu.
• [ Imihlangano yedolobha ehlangene:[ Lezenzakalo zinikeza amathuba okubuza imibuzo futhi ziveze imibono yakho ngokuqondile kubameleli bakho noma izisebenzi zabo.
• Ubufakazi obungasho lutho: Ezinye iziqu zekomiti zivuma ubufakazi obulotshiwe obuvela emphakathini, ngisho noma ungakwazi ukunikeza ubufakazi ngokoqobo.
• [ Uxhumanisa izinhlangano zezezimali: Amaqembu asebenza ezindabeni ozikhathalelayo angakhulisa izwi lakho futhi anikeze ukwaziswa ngokuthi uthathe isinyathelo nini futhi kanjani.
• I-vote: Sebenzisa ulwazi lwakho lwenqubo yokumisa ukuhlola abazothatha kanye nababezonqunyelwa, nokuvota kunoma iluphi ukhetho(i-primiary ne-athom, uhulumeni, umbuso, nezindawo.
• Abanye:[ Yabelana lokho okwaziyo nabangane, umkhaya, namalungu omphakathi ukuze usize ekwakheni isazi somphakathi.
• Landa imithombo yezindaba ethembekile, funda imibiko yamakomiti, kanye nomthetho wendlela okubalulekile kuwe.

Umongo Obanzi: Amagophe Nokulinganisela

Inqubo yomthetho ayikho ngokuhlukaniswa. Ingxenye yesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okubanzi okuchaza uhulumeni waseMelika. Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa imithetho futhi lingathonya umthetho ngamandla e-veto nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi lingase lishabalalise umthetho eliwuthola ungekho ngokwemithetho.

Ngakho - ke ukuqonda ukuthi umthetho uba umthetho kumane nje kumane nje kungumqondo owodwa wokuqonda indlela uhulumeni waseMelika osebenza ngayo. Kodwa kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu, ngoba umthetho uyindlela esihlangene ngayo ukwenza izinqumo ngomthetho womphakathi, ukunikeza imithombo yemali, nokumisa imithetho ebusa umphakathi.

Isiphetho: Ukunika Izakhamuzi Amandla Okufundiswa

Inqubo yokuba umthetho okugcinwa ngayo umthetho iyinkimbinkimbi, ihilela izigaba eziningi, abadlali abaningi, nezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi akuzenzakaleli. Abasunguli baklama isimiso esikhuthaza ukucabangisisa, esidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu ukuze kwenziwe izinguquko ezinkulu, futhi banikeze amathuba amaningi okuba kuzweke imibono ehlukahlukene.

Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda lenqubo kunika amandla. Kukuvumela ukuba ulandele umthetho onendaba kuwe, wazi ukuthi ungenza izwi lakho lizwe nini futhi kanjani, ubeke abameleli bakho icala, futhi uhlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Esikhathini lapho ulwazi lomphakathi luncipha futhi ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe kukhula, lokhu kuqonda kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Inqubo yomthetho ayisona nje isifundo somphakathi esingaqondakali − inqubo esizenza ngayo zonke izinqumo ngokuphathelene nezindaba ezithinta ukuphila kwethu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iwumthetho wokunakekela impilo, umthetho wentela, umthetho wendawo ezungezile, ukuxhasa imfundo, noma noma yiziphi ezinye izinto ezingenakubalwa, ukuqonda indlela izikweleti eziba ngayo imithetho ekusiza ukuba uhlanganyele nenqubo kunokuba umane uzithobe emiphumelweni yayo.

Ngokufunda indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo, ukulandelela umthetho, ukuxhumana nabameleli bakho, nokuvota okusekelwe ezinqumweni ezisekelwe ekwahlulelweni kwabo okunokwaziswa ngemibhalo yemithetho, ungaba umhlanganyeli oshisekayo embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika kunokuba ube ingqapheli engaqeqeshiwe.

Inqubo yomthetho ingaba yinkimbinkimbi, kodwa i-octal ayixakeki kakhulu. Njengoba imithombo ekhona manje kuyi-inthanethi nokwaziswa okunikezwe kulo mqondisi, unamathuluzi okudinga ukulandela umthetho, ukuqonda ukuthi izindleko zikhona kuphi, futhi yenza izwi lakho lizweke ngezikhathi ezinzima.

Intando yeningi isebenza kangcono kakhulu uma izakhamuzi zitshelwa futhi zithembiswe ukuthembisa. Ukuqonda indlela isigwebo esiba ngayo umthetho yingxenye eyinhloko yaleso sithembiso. Sebenzisa lolu lwazi ukuze uhlanganyele emsebenzini oqhubekayo kahulumeni, ubeke abameleli bakho icala, futhi usize ekuhleleni izimiso ezibusa umphakathi wethu. Izindaba zezwi lakho, nokuqonda inqubo yomthetho kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izwi lizwakala ngesikhathi esifanele nangendlela efanele.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho nendlela yokuhileleka, vakashela .Gov, amawebhusayithi asemthethweni abameleli bakho, noma izinhlangano ezifana ne USA.gov[ ulwazi lwezakhamuzi. Uma uqhubeka wenza le nqubo, uyokwazi ukuphumelela futhi ube isakhamuzi esinolwazi, esikhuthele.