Izinsika Zobukhosi ZaseU.S.: Abameleli, Abameleli, Nomongameli

Uhulumeni wase-United States uhleli ekwakheni okuklanywe ngokucophelela okuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu: ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukulawulwa, nokwahlulela. Enkabeni yalesi simiso kunabantu abafeza izindima ezibonakalayo kakhulu(abameleli, abameleli, noMongameli). Ukuqonda lezi zindima kubalulekile hhayi kubafundi bezezezezakhamuzi kuphela kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda indlela imithetho ehlelwa ngayo, ephoqelelwe, futhi ebekelwe inselele. Indawo ngayinye ithwele amandla ahlukene, imithwalo yemfanelo, kanye nemingcele, futhi ndawonye yakha injini enamandla yedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Lesi sihloko sinikeza isiqinisekiso, ngokubheka ngokungathi sikhulu, izisekelo zazo zomthetho-mthetho, nendlela ezisebenza ngayo ngesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukuthatha Isikhala Kusebenza

Igatsha lemithetho, elimiswe yiSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo, liphathiswe amandla okwenza imithetho. UKhongolo-mthetho u-Bajamal, ohlanganisa iSigele nendlu yabameleli, ngayinye eklanyelwe ukumelela iziphakamiso ezihlukene futhi ifeze imisebenzi ehlukene. Lesisakhiwo ezimbili zenzakalela siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ususwa ngokucophelela ngemibono eminingi ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho.

ISigele: Isiteshi Esiphakeme

ISigele sivame ukuchazwa njengomzimba owehlisayo, ohloselwe ukunikeza ukuzinza nokuqhubekeka. Izwe ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu, likhetha izimemezelo ezimbili, manje ezinamalungu ayikhulu. Ama-steator asebenzisa amagama ayisithupha eminyaka eyikota, cishe angu-3,5 yezihlalo ezibekelwe ukukhethwa njalo eminyakeni emibili. Le nqubo eshaqisayo ivimbela ukushintsha ngokushesha ekuklameni kwegumbi futhi ikhuthaza ukumiswa kwemithetho yegumbi elide.

Izimfuneko Nokukhethwa

Ukuze umuntu abe iSenator, kumelwe abe okungenani neminyaka engu - 30 ubudala, abe isakhamuzi saseU.S. okungenani iminyaka engu - 9, futhi isakhamuzi sombuso abasimelela ngesikhathi sokukhetha. Izinduna zikhethwa ngevoti ethandwa uhulumeni wonke (ngaphandle koMthetho - sisekelo wokuqala, lapho izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zakhetha khona, umkhuba owashintshwa iSichibiyelo se - 17 ngo - 1913).

Amandla Ayingqayizivele Esigele

ISigele siphethe amagunya amaningana akhethekile asinikeza ithonya eliphawulekayo phezu kwesimiso esiphethe igatsha nesizwe:

  • Ukuqinisekisa ama-Ofice: ISigele sinikeza “imvume nemvume yokumiswa kwezikhulu zikamongameli kumelelwa abahluleli bahulumeni, amalungu ekhathenu, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu zesigaba esiphakeme. Lombuso uvumela iSigele ukuba sihlole izimfanelo nemibono yabachokoza, ngokuvamile kuholele ekuqulweni kwezindaba eziphikisanayo.
  • [ I-Ratiation: UMongameli angaxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa zidinga amavoti amabili 9350 eSigeqeni ukuze abopheke. Lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zisekelwa kakhulu.
  • Ukuqulwa kweMikhankaso: Lapho indlu ithatha isikhulu sikahulumeni (kuhlanganise noMongameli), iSigele sithatha icala. Ivoti engu-2 9350 iyadingeka ukuze iboshwe futhi ikhiphe isikhulu ehhovisi. Lenqubo iye yasetshenziselwa amaMongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump (umongameli), nakuba kungekho owalahlwa.
  • I-Filibuster kanye ne-Clonum: Abaholi bangasebenzisa impikiswano ebanzi ye-paribuster(an)(ukulibala noma umthetho ovimbelayo. Ukuqeda i-parenbuster, ukuvota okukhulu kwamashumi ama-60 kuyadingeka ukuze kuvuswe amahlule. Lomthetho, nakuba kungekuwo kuMthetho-mthetho, inqubo yeSigeqe ihlelwe kakhulu futhi ukhuthaza ukumiswa kwe-bipartics ezimpini zombano.

Amakomiti Nezobuholi

Umsebenzi omningi weSigele wenziwa emakomitini, njengeKomiti yeSigele, iKomiti yoMnyango WobuPhostoli, ne-Forplations Committee. AbaHluleli (kaningi bevela eqenjini elikhulu) balawula izinqumo namazwi. Umongameli ongumKhosi ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele kodwa kuphela amavoti okuqeda izibopho. ISigele sikhetha futhi uMongameli we-Pronda (kakhulu kakhulu isikhulu) kanye nabaholi beqembu (uMholi oMholi Omncane, uMholi woMphathi) omisa ikhalenda yemithetho.

Indlu Yabameleli: Isigungu Sesizwe

Indlu yabameleli, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi igumbi eliphansi, iklanyelwe ukuba isondelene nabantu. Amalungu asekelwe emphakathini kahulumeni, enamalungu angu-435 okuvota abelwa ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu okuthatha iminyaka eyi-620. Ummeleli ngamunye usebenza igama leminyaka emibili, okwenza ukuba indlu ithathelwe ngokukhethekile umbono womphakathi [1] Zonke isihlalo zilungele ukukhethwa njalo eminyakeni emibili.

Izimfuneko Nezifunda

Amalungu endlu kumelwe abe neminyaka okungenani engu - 25 ubudala, abe isakhamuzi saseU.S. okungenani iminyaka engu - 7, futhi abe isakhamuzi sombuso (nakuba kungesona isifunda) esimelelayo.

Amandla Avelele Endlu

Indlu inamandla avela ekuxhumaneni kwayo ngokuqondile nabavoti:

  • [Izibhili zentela]: Zonke izikweleti zokuphakamisa inzuzo (intela) kumelwe zivele eNdlu. Lokhu kwenza i House ikwazi ukulawula ngokuyinhloko uhlelo lwemali nenkambiso yentela kahulumeni, kubonakalisa isimiso sokuthi intela kufanele ivunyelwe yindikimba emelela ngokuqondile.
  • [ I-voti ye-: Indlu inamandla okuphela kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli. I-athomy ingumthetho ongokomthetho wokulahla /ivoti elula eNdlwini yanele ukuletha amacala. ISigele siphinde sibambe icala.
  • I-Electoral College Deadlock: Esimweni lapho kungekho mlandeli kamongameli owina iningi e-Electoral College, i House ikhetha uMongameli, ngokuvota okukodwa kwenxusa ngalinye likahulumeni.

AmaKomiti Asendlini Nokuhola

Indlu incike kakhulu kumakomiti ukuphatha umthamo omkhulu womthetho. Amakomiti ayinhloko ahlanganisa i-Hos kanye ne-Fractal (amathekshi), iziphakamiso (ukuphakamisa), neMiyalo (okubeka izilinganiso zempikiswano zemali). USheaker wendlu, okhethwe yindlu yonke, usendaweni yokuhola enamandla kakhulu futhi ungowesibili olandela umongameli ngemva koMphathi. uMajonaldal noMholi, uWips, nonogadali bekomiti babumba ikhalenda yezemithetho kanye neqembu eligunyaziwe.

Igatsha Eliphethe: UMongameli njengoMphathi Ophethe

Igatsha eliphethe, elichazwe eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. UMongameli uyinhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni, usebenza igama likahulumeni leminyaka emine negama elilinganiselwe kumasho amabili ngeSichibiyelo sama-22. Imibuso kaMongameli iye yanda kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa iyaqhubeka icindezelwa yiKhomishane nejaji.

Amandla Omthetho - sisekelo Nemisebenzi

Imibuso ehleliwe kaMongameli ihlanganisa:

  • IVEto Power: UMongameli angakhipha noma yimuphi umthetho odluliswa uMkhandlu. UKhongolo-mthetho ungadlula iveto ngenani eliphindwe kabili 935 emagumbini womabili, isenzakalo esiyivelakancane. Usongo lweveto lunikeza uMongameli imali eqinile ezingxoxweni.
  • Commander hin hief: UMongameli uyala amabutho ahlomile, nakuba kunguMkhandlu kuphela ongamemezela impi. Abameli baye basebenzisa lendima ukugunyaza ukuhlasela kwezempi, ukuthumela amabutho, kanye nohlelo oluqondile, oluholela ezimpini eziqhubekayo.
  • Act Power [[FLT: 1]]: Ngokuqinisekiswa kweSigele, uMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, onobhala bamakhathe, amanxusa, nezikhulu zegatsha eziphethe. Lesimiso sokumisa sokwakheka iminyaka eminingi ezayo, ikakhulukazi lapho kugcwaliswa izikhala eNkantolo Ephakeme.
  • I-Treaty and Foreign Policy: UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano (imvume yeSigele esivunyiweyo) futhi angase angene ezivumelwaneni zokuphatha ngaphandle kwemvume yeSigele. UMongameli futhi wamukela amanxusa akwamanye amazwe futhi ukhonza njengomphathi omkhulu wesizwe.
  • [ Amapardon namaReprieves: UMongameli anganikeza imvume ngobugebengu bukahulumeni, ngaphandle kwamacala okungagunyazi. Lomandla aye asetshenziswa ngokuphikisana futhi anikeza isheke egatsheni lokwahlulela.
  • I-Exect Directed Orders: Abameli banikeza iziyalo eziphetheyo zokuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezimiso ngaphandle komthetho omusha, uma nje bengaphuli imithetho ekhona. Lemiyalo ingagumbuqelwa yiSishaya-mthetho noma ishaywe izinkantolo.

IKhabhinethi Nombuso Waseburhulumenteni

UMongameli uncike ekhabetheni lezinhloko zesifunda (isib., iZwe, iNsimu, iMakheni, iMahlulelo) ezimiswe ngesiqinisekiso seSishaya-mthetho. Inhlangano kahulumeni ebanzi, ehlanganisa izinhlangano ezinjenge-EPA, FBI, ne-Social Security Administration, ikhipha imithetho ngaphansi kwesiqondiso sobumongameli. UMongameli ulungiselela futhi anikeze uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke kuKhomishane, ebeka izinto eziza kuqala.

Indlela Indima Ezintathu Ezisebenza Ngayo Ndawonye: Ukushaya Imithetho Nokuqondisa

Ukuxhumana okuyinhloko phakathi kwamaSenator, abameleli, noMongameli kwenzeka ngenqubo yomthetho. Imithetho ihamba kuzo zombili izintambo zeSishaya - mthetho bese iya edeskini likaMongameli. Ukuqonda loluhambo kukhanyisa ukulinganisela okuntekenteke kwamandla.

Inqubo Yemithetho Ngenye Indawo

  1. I-Introduction: Icala lisungulwa eNdlu noma eNdlunyeni (ngaphandle kwentela yemali efakwayo, eqala endluni). Yabelwe ikomiti ukuba ilalele, ikhiphe, i-ovente, kanye nokulungisa.
  2. [ Ukucabangela : Uma kubikwa ngaphandle kwekomiti, imvume ingena egumbini eligcwele lengxoxo nokuvota. Indlu isebenzisa iKomiti Yemithetho ukuze ilinganisele isikhathi sokuphikisana; iSigele sivumela ukuphikisana okunwebekile nokusetshenziswa kwe-Reallbuster.
  3. [ Ikomiti yokuhlanganisa [: Uma indlu neSigele kudlula izinguqulo ezihlukene, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu asemagumbini womabili ivumelanisa ukungafani. Inguqulo okuyekethisa kumelwe ivunyelwe ngawo womabili amagumbi.
  4. IPredéssidential Action: Isivumelwano sokugcina siya kuMongameli, ongase asisayine emthethweni, iveto (ukuyibuyisela ngokuphikisa), noma ukungathathi nyathelo. Uma uMongameli engasayisayini phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi (izinsuku zokuthula zinqanyuliwe) kuyilapho uMkhandlu ukhona, umthetho uba ngokuzenzekelayo. Uma isishaya-mthetho ukhona ngaphambi kwalezozinsuku eziyishumi, iphaketheku senzeka.
  5. Umzamo wokunganambitha [: Umkhandlu ungadlula i-veto ngevoti yama-2 9350 egumbini ngalinye, umphumela odinga ukusekela okukhulu kwe-bipartisan.

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iSishaya - mthetho siqondisa igatsha eliphethe ngokuzwa, ukuphenya, namandla esikhwama semali (ukulawula iziphakamiso). uMongameli, naye, angasebenzisa iSifundazwe se - Union, ukubonakala kwemithombo yezindaba, nokucindezela kwezombangazwe ukuze athonye uhlelo lwemithetho.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela Okuyimininingwane

Abasunguli bakha uhulumeni lapho igatsha ngalinye lingamelana khona nokugqekeza kwabanye. lesi simiso asiyona nje into ecatshangelwayo; sidlala njalo eWashington.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

  • O ukushayeka i-Vitos: IziKhomishane zingagumbuqela i-veto engumongameli ngenani eliphindwe kabili 933-36 emagumbini womabili.
  • Control of Funding: UKhongolo lulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali; uMongameli akanakusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu uyifanele. Leli ithuluzi elinamandla lokulinganisela isenzo sokuphatha.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokususa : Indlu ephonsekile; iSigele siyasusa. Lomandla aye asetshenziswa kuMongameli nakwezinye izikhulu, esebenza njengesithiyo sokusebenzisa kabi amandla.
  • Isivumelwano nesivumelwano : ISigele singalahla ama-mine kanye nezivumelwano. Ngokwesibonelo, iSigele senqaba isivumelwano saseVersailles ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, futhi izimemezelo eziningi zekhabethe ziye zanqotshwa.
  • I-Vto esemthethweni (ilinganiselwe): Nakuba iNkantolo ePhakeme yanquma ukuthi i-vetoes inquisition ayivumelani ne-protunion, iSishaya-Mkhandlu sisengayidlulisa imithetho ecindezela izenzo zokuqondisa noma imibiko.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

  • Veto Power: UMongameli angavimbela umthetho, aphoqelele uKhongolose ukuba aphinde ahlole noma ahlehlele.
  • Ukuqamba iziqephu ezikhethekile[: UMongameli angamisa iziKhongolo phakathi nenkathi yekhefu, nakuba lokhu kuyivelakancane ezikhathini zanamuhla.
  • I-Execute Direct Direct Directors and Metranda: Lokhu kuvumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise uhlelo phakathi komthetho, aphume ngokuphumelelayo eKhongolo uma engaphikiswa.
  • I-Pulpit : UMongameli angabumba umbono womphakathi nokusekela ukuhlelwa kwabo, acindezele uMkhandlu ukuba uthathe isinyathelo.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

Igatsha lokwahlulela, eliholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, lingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ezingavumelani nomthetho ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, okumiswe e Marbury v. Madison (1803). Lomandla aqinisekisa ukuthi iSishaya-mthetho noma uMongameli awuyidluli imithetho engokomthetho. Ijaji lika-Federal, ikakhulukazi abahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme, limiswe ukuze liphile, livikeleke ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Nokho, i-jaji eliphethe lixhomeke ekusebenziseni imithetho yalo nakuKhokhisi-kamente ukuba likhokhele imingcele yayo.

Imibono, Amazwi, Nomfanekiso

Imijikelezo ehlukene yezikhathi ezithile kanye nemijikelezo yokukhetha idala izisusa ezihlukene zehhovisi ngalinye. Ama-Senator, anamagama ayisithupha eminyaka, angathatha umbono omude futhi alungise izindaba zezwe ngaphandle kokucindezela kokuzihlela okungapheli. Abameleli, ababheke ekukhethweni njalo eminyakeni emibili, kumelwe bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ezikhathazayo zendawo nemizwelo yobuzwe. UMongameli, okhethwe njalo eminyakeni emine, afuna ukwakha umbhalo ogciniwe phakathi nesikhathi esilinganiselwe. Lokhu kuhlola okungasheshisizayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni akakhutshazwa ngokuphelele izinhloso zomphakathi ezimfushane noma uvinjelwe ngokuphelele emzweni othandwayo.

Bobabili amaSenator nabameleli bakhethwa yizinkolo zabo, kodwa iSigele simelela izifunda ngokulinganayo, kuyilapho indlu imelela inani labantu. Lokhu kuhlehla, okwaziwa ngokuthi iConnecticut Yohlukana, ilinganisela izithakazelo zezifunda ezinkulu nezincane. Namuhla, futhi kuthonya ukubiwa kwezimali zikahulumeni, isimo sokunxusa, kanye nezisusa zezombangazwe ezinamandla.

Ukusungulwa Kwamandla Omongameli

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ubala amagunya akhethekile, umongameli uye wakhula kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngekhulu lama-20. Ukuvela kwe-United States njengegunya lembulunga yonke, ukusungulwa kwesimiso esikhulu sombuso wezwe, nezinguquko zobuchwepheshe konke kwanikela. Omongameli manje bakhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu ngemiphumela egcwele yonke (umz., ukuhlanganisa ama-Emancippation Proclation, ukuhlangana kwamaJaphani ase-Japan phakathi ne-WWII, iNgqubuko lempi ye-Diaults, kanye nezinguquko zezobuchwepheshe. Imibuso yempi isisele indawo enengxabano: iSigqi soMnyango seMpi sangongongongo ka-1973 ifuna uMongameli ukuba amezise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okuhloloza amabutho ahlomile nemingcelele ukuhlanganisa izinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokugunyazwa kwe-Bhungane. Noma kunjalo, uMongameli uye waqhuba imisebenzi yempi e-Cibian, nangaphandle kwempi, nakwamanye amazwe ezwe, nakwamanye amazwe.

ISishaya - mthetho siye sahlehlisa, sisebenzisa ukuqulwa kwecala, imingcele yezimiso zohlelo, nomthetho ukuze kuqaliswe ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqondisa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Congregational Review Act ivumela ukuba igumbuqele imithetho yezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya eliphethe nezobuphathi kuyisici esihlala njalo sokubusa kwaseMelika.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nesenzo Sokulinganisela Esiqhubekayo

Namuhla, indima yama-Senator, abameleli, noMongameli babhekana nezingcindezi ezintsha. Ukubekwa kwe-parisan ezindaweni ezibandayo kuvame ukubangela ukuvuleka kwemithetho, kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwemithetho nokwenyuka kwezimiso zezikhulu. Inqubo yokugunyaza izikhulu nomthetho isuke igcwele kakhulu, kanye nezikhundla ezithile ezishiywe zingenalutho iminyaka eminingi. I-Dialbuster eSigeqeni ishintshwe ukuba imelane nomthetho kodwa ihlale ikhona, ibangela izimpikiswano mayelana nokubusa okuningi. Okwamanje, ukusetshenziswa kukaMongameli kwezokuxhumana nomphakathi nokuxhumana okuqondile ngezihluzi ezingokwesiko, kushintsha indlela ihhovisi elikhuluma ngayo futhi liqhube ngayo ithonya.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, umthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nokuhlola nokulinganisela kuyaqhubeka kuvimbela noma yimuphi umdlali oyedwa ukuba athole igunya elinganqandwa. Ukuqonda izindima ezihlukile zabaHluleli, abameleli, noMongameli (nendlela abasebenzelana ngayo) nesidingo sokuba babe nezakhamuzi ezifundile nokuvikela izimiso zentando yeningi ezisekela isizwe.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Lezi Zindima Kubaluleke

Uhulumeni wase-U.S. ungumshini oyinkimbinkimbi onezingxenye eziningi ezinyakazayo, kodwa oyinhloko yizi-Sénators, abameleli, noMongameli. Indima ngayinye inemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile: Abameleli banikeza ukuzinzisa nokubukeza, abameleli baqinisekisa ukuthi izimpawu zendawo ziyasebenza, futhi uMongameli uhola ukukhishwa komthetho. Zonke, ngesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, bakha uhulumeni onamandla nowenzayo. Abafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo, bazi ukuthi le mithetho yenziwa kanjani, indlela abaholi abanomthwalo wemfanelo ngayo, nendlela abantu ngabanye abangase basebenzela ngayo kuhulumeni wabo. Njengoba isizwe sibhekenezinselele, lolulwazi luhlala lubalulekile njengakuqala.

ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ngezinqubo zobuhlanga, vakashela .Gov. Incazelo engokomthetho yeNdlu emhlophe yendima kaMongameli, bheka [ Igatsha Elilawulayo. Umongo ojulile ongokomlando kumahlola nezilinganiso, uMthetho weZinqolobane wesizwe [ weSibonelo seZibonelo sezincwadi zokuqala nezingabhekisi phambili.[FLT:]