Umqulu Ophilayo: Indlela Izichibiyelo Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke KwaseMelika

I-United States Constitution ingenye yezisekelo ezihlala njalo zohulumeni abakheka. Ngo-1788, yamisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, sahlukanisa phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu, futhi yabeka isisekelo serepublic elawulwa umthetho kunabantu. Nokho abasunguli baqonda ukuthi akukho mbhalo obhalwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka ongalindela yonke inselele isizwe esizobhekana nayo. Yingakho bakha inqubo yokushintsha inqubo ibe yiyo kanye i-amenment: inqubo yokulungisa.

Kuzakhamuzi ezivamile, izinguquko aziyona imiqondo engokomthetho ephikiswana ngayo emahholo emabula. Ziyimithetho eqinile enquma ukuthi ungakhuluma yini ingqondo yakho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuboshwa, ukuthi izibalo zakho zilingana yini, nokuthi uhulumeni angalihlola yini ikhaya lakho ngaphandle kwesizathu. Ukuqonda ukuthi izinguquko zisho ukuthini nokuthi zisebenza kanjani ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo usuka entweni engokomlando ekude ube ithuluzi eliphilayo lokuvikela amalungelo akho. Lesi sihloko sinciphisa inqubo yokulungisa, sihlola inguquko enkulu ebhalweni lokuqala, futhi sichaza indlela lezinguquko eziqhubeka ngayo ziguqula inkululeko nemithwalo yemfanelo yansuku zonke.

Injongo Yezinqumo

Inqubo yokulungisa ifeza injongo ehlukene: ivumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba uzivumelanise nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho yenza ushintsho olunenjongo, kube nzima ngokwaneleyo ukuvimbela ukushintsha ngokuphamazela noma okungacatshangelwanga kahle. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso V, ukulungisa kudinga inani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu kuzo zombili izindlu zeSishaya-Mkhandlu noma umhlangano obizwa ngama-triarternals kazwe, olandelwa ukuhlaziywa ngama-sthromethive amathathu anezine. Lesigqebhezana esiphezulu siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqedwa ngokugcinwa okubanzi kuphela, ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo kuba ingxenye yoMthetho-Mpathilo-sisekelo.

Iziphendu zezehlakalo ngokuvamile zehlela ezingxenyeni ezintathu. Isigaba sokuqala sinweba inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nesivikelo kuhulumeni ngokuphaphanyiswa. I Bill of Rights ̬ isigaba sokuqala esiyishumi silungisa izakhiwo iR sifaka lolu hlobo, siqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, sicindezela, sifaka, sifaka, sifaka, kanye nezicelo, kanye nesivikelo ekuhlolweni ngenhla nokuquleka, ukuzifaka wena ngokwakho, nesijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile. Isigaba sesibili silungisa amaphutha okwakha noma ukushiyeka encwadini yokuqala. ISiphendumiso seshumi nantathu siqeda ubugqila, isiqinisekiso sokuvikelwa okulingana ngaphansi komthetho, kanye neseshumi nane nesigamu esinikeza abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota noma ukuvikelwa isigaba sokuqala sokungalungisi komthetho wokuqala noma sokungavunyelwa. Isigaba sesithathu sohulumeni ngokwaso somthetho, i-Twelthf Restrunceds (ementation) noma umongameli we-presigestersersersersersersersers.

Kubantu bezakhamuzi, umphumela ongokoqobo wanoma yimuphi ushintsho uwukuguqula umngcele phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Uma ufaka umbono kuwezokuxhumana, usebenzisa ilungelo elivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Uma ufaka ubandlululo, ufaka igalelo elilinganayo leSichibiyelo seGajimi seshumi nane. Uma uphonsa i-balotte, uzuza ku-15, i-197, i-Fourth, kanye ne-20-Stixth Reconsole, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota alinakuphikwa ngesisekelo sohlanga, ubulili, ingcebo, noma iminyaka engu-18 ubudala (ngezakhamuzi ezingu-18).

IBhili Lamalungelo: Izinqumo Zokuqala Eziyishumi Nokubaluleka Kwazo Kwansuku Zonke

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala senqabela izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zenze noma imuphi umthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokukhululekile, noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, imithombo yezindaba, ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, noma ilungelo lokucela uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.

Izimiso zanamuhla zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala zidlulela ngalé kwalokho abasunguli abangakucabanga. Ukuvikela ukukhuluma kuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela ezimpawuni zezombangazwe ezisemgwaqweni wakho kuya ekubhikisheni emigwaqweni yomphakathi, kusukela ekuhlabelweni kwezincwadi ze - Internet kuya ekuchazeni ingcaca yobuciko. Nokho, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asisona esiphelele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi incishisiwe, ibhebhethekiswa ubudlova, ihlazo, futhi isongelwa ngempela. Ukuqonda imingcele yenkulumo evikelweyo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zazi lapho amalungelo azo ephulwa futhi lapho uhulumeni usebenza ngaphansi kwegunya layo.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokuzithela

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka ngokufuna ukuba umthetho ugunyaze isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ngenxa yesizathu ngaphambi kokuhlola ikhaya lakho, imoto, noma imiphumela yomuntu siqu. Lokhu kuvikela kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuxhumana namaphoyisa, ukungaxhumani kwakho nemishini, nokuphepha kwempahla yakho. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, izinkantolo ziye zaphikisana nendlela iSichibiyelo sesine esisebenza ngayo kubuchwepheshe obusha i-̬ kusukela ekusebenziseni izintambo zentambo ukuya endaweni yocingo ukulandelela ukwaziswa okugcinwe efwini.

Kuyisakhamuzi esivamile, iSichibiyelo sesine sisho ukuthi amaphoyisa awanakungena ekhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume noma imvume ehlukile njengezimo ezixegayo. Kusho ukuthi ukuma kwezimoto kudinga ukusolwa okunengqondo, nokuthi ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphenya okungekho emthethweni bungakhishwa ekuqulweni kwecala. Ukulungisa futhi kuveza amathemba emfihlo ezinto eziyimfihlo emongweni njengokuvikelwa kwezindiza, ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa emsebenzini, nezinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlola. Ukungatshelwa ngemithetho yeSimemezelo Sesine kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi isivikelo esiyimfihlo ezingasilindele ngokunengqondo.

Izinqumo Zesihlanu Nezesithupha: Ukulunga Esimisweni Sokwahlulela Kwesigebengu

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza isivikelo ekuzichaseni ngokwaso (ilungelo lokuthula), izingozi eziphindwe kabili (ukuzanywa kabili ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo), kanye nokuncishwa kokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. ISichibiyelo seSixth siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokusobala yijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, kanye nelungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko esingokomthetho.

Kuzakhamuzi, lamalungelo asho ukuthi uma uboshwa, akudingeki ukuba uphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kommeli okhona. Unelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngesikhathi esifanelekile, ungabuphikisa ubufakazi obumelene nawe, futhi uma ungakwazi ukunikeza ummeli, lizonikezwa ngezindleko zomphakathi. I-Miranda ixwayisa i-̬ ;" inelungelo lokuthula. Noma yini othi ingasetshenziswa kuwe enkantolo." i-̬ iyisisebenziso esiqondile se-Oversethi isivikelo sokuhlanganisa isihlanu ne-6 Remendement okumelwe amaphoyisa afunde ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume.

Isichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Ukuvikelwa Esijezisweni Esinonya

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili eqile, ihlawuliswa ngokweqile, nezijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile. Leli lungiselelo lithinta imikhuba yokugweba, izimo zokuvalelwa, nokusetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlobo zesijeziso. Izinkantolo ziye zachaza iSichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili ukuthi sinqabela izijeziso ezilinganayo nobugebengu, eziphula izindinganiso ezihloniphekayo ezihloniphekayo, noma ezihilela ukuphatha ubuhlungu ngokungadingekile.

Izinqumo Zokwakha: Ukunciphisa Izakhamuzi Nokulingana

ISichibiyelo Se - 13: Ukuphela Kobugqila

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu, esagunyazwa ngo - 1865, saqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa okuzenzekelayo kulo lonke elase-United States. Ngokungafani nezinguquko eziningi ezibeka imingcele embusweni kahulumeni, iSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu sisebenza ngokuqondile ekuziphatheni komuntu siqu, sivimbela noma ubani ukuba abophe omunye ugqila. Ithonya laso ezakhamuzini ezivamile lalishesha futhi lijulile, likhulula abantu abagqilazwayo abacishe babe yizigidi ezine futhi limise isisekelo esingokomthetho somphakathi osekelwe ekugqilazweni ngenkululeko kunokuba izigqila.

Nakuba ukumiswa okungokomthetho kobugqila kwaphela ngo-1865, ifa leSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu liyaqhubeka liguqula izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokugqilazwa emajele, ukushushumbiswa kwabantu, nezindlela zanamuhla zobugqila. Ushintsho luhlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwesibopho sokungahloniphi "njengoba isijeziso sobugebengu lapho iqembu liyobe selibekwe icala ngokufanelekile," okuye kwaholela ezingxoxweni eziqhubekayo ezingokomthetho nezimiso eziphathelene nezenzo zezisebenzi zasejele.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, siyisici esiwumphumela omkhulu kakhulu uma kucatshangelwa ithonya laso ezakhamuzini ezivamile. Izinhlelo zaso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa i-Community Claus (inikeza bonke abantu abazalwayo noma abadalwe eUnited States), i-The The STRY Programme Claus (imibuso evimbela ukuncishwa komuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla engenayo inqubo efanelekile yomthetho), kanye neSivikeli sika-Claus (izindawo ezizimele zokunikeza isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho kubo bonke abantu abangaphakathi kwezwe).

Kubantu abahlala ezindaweni, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane leminyaka siyisisekelo esingokomthetho samalungelo amaningi abawathatha kalula. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa iMkhiqizo kaClaus eseMthethweni weSiciko ukuze isebenzise ingxenye enkulu yeSigqi samalungelo ezindaweni ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-propation — isho ukuthi uhulumeni nezindawo zoMnyango Wesimemezelo weSine, isivikelo seSiphendulo sesine, namanye amalungelo omthetho weSiphendulo somthetho-mthetho njengoba nje uhulumeni kumelwe umelwe usebenzise. I-Focle Clauslee ibiyisisekelo sezinqumo zezimiso zemingcele eyaziwa ngokuthi i-& ##82] i-Brown v. [[FLT] VFFFFFFF].[5]

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sivikela futhi ilungelo lokuhamba, ilungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokuzala izingane zakho, kanye nezinye inkululeko eyisisekelo.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu: Ukunikeza Amalungelo Zonke Izinhlanga

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1870, savimbela ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni ukuba baphike noma bavimbele ilungelo lokuvota ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila sangaphambili. Kubantu baseMelika, lokhu kulungisa kwamelela isithembiso esingokomthetho sokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe.

Nokho, iSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu asizange siqede ukucwasana kohlanga ekuvoteni. Cishe ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka ngemva kokukhishwa kwemvume, amazwe aseNingizimu asebenzisa izivivinyo zokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, intela yokuvota, izigaba zomthetho kamkhulu, kanye nokwesatshiswa kobudlova ukuze kususwe izakhamuzi ezimnyama. Yathatha iVoting Rights Act ka-1965; yasebenza ngaphansi komthetho weSishayamthetho we-Prefession owanikezwa yiSinyundezi seshumi nanhlanu i-̬ ukuqeda ngokuphumelelayo lemingcele. Namuhla, iSiphendulo seshumi elinesihlanu sisandulela sisasebenza ezingxabeni eziqhubekayo mayelana nokungena kwevoti, imithetho ye-voti, nezenzo ezithiywe ngokuphindwayo ezingasezincane.

Inkathi Eqhubekayo Nezinqumo Zanamuhla: Ukwandisa Intando Yeningi

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithupha: Intela Yentela Yentela

ISichibiyelo sesithupha, esagunyazwa ngo-1913, sagunyazwa uMkhandlu wentela yeholo ye-levy ngaphandle kokuyabela intela phakathi kwezakhamuzi ngokwenani labantu. Kubantu abavamile, lokhu kulungisa kuthinta izimali zabo ngokuqondile, njengoba intela yeholo kahulumeni iwumthombo oyinhloko wenzuzo kahulumeni nezinhlelo zezimali ze-Social Security neMedicare eyisa ekuvikeleni kwesizwe nesisekelo sezezimali. Ukuqonda iSimemezelo seSichithi seSwe seshumi Nesithupha kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde isisekelo somthetho sezibopho zentela nemingcele yamandla entela kaHulumente.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nesikhombisa: Ukukhethwa Okuqondile Kwabahlaziyi

Ngaphambi kweSichibiyelo seSeventeenth, esagunyazwa ngo-1913, izikhulu ze-Stenator zase-U.S. zakhethwa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni kunokuba zikhethwe yivoti edumile. Lokhu kulungisa kwashintshela ukukhethwa kwabaphathi kuvoti ngokuqondile, kwenza iSigele sisabele ngokwengeziwe kukhetho. Kubantu abavamile, iSichibiyelo seSevententh seSimende sisho ukuthi zombili izindlu zeSishayamthetho i-Ampss ̬ iNdlunds of Directers ne-Implate ̬ inecala lokuvota ngokukhetha ngokuqondile, inikeza abantu abavamile izwi eliqondile ekuqondiseni uhulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili: Impoqo Yabesifazane

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesine, esagunyazwa ngo-1920, savimbela ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni ukuba baphikise ilungelo lokuvota ngesisekelo sobulili. Kubesifazane, lokhu kushintshwa kwaphindeka kabili imvume yokuvota futhi ekugcineni kwaqaphela ubukho bawo obuphelele bezombangazwe ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka lobuProfethi. Kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalo sagcizelela isimiso sokuthi ilungelo lokuvota liyilungelo eliyisisekelo elingenakulinganiselwa ngokobulili obusekelwe ebulilini.

Namuhla, ifa leSichibiyelo seshumi elinesi-19 aligcini ngokukhetha izindaba ezibanzi zokulingana kwabesilisa emsebenzini, emfundweni nasemsebenzini. Nakuba ukulungisa kungaqinisekisi amalungelo alinganayo ngaphandle kokuvota, lanikeza isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sentuthuko eyalandelayo emalungelweni abesifazane, kuhlanganise ne-Acimilt Pay Act, i-Title IX, ne-Drenacratic Discrimination Act.

ISichibiyelo Se - 20: Ukusakaza Intela Yempova

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane se-Fourth, esagunyazwa ngo-1944, savimbela kokubili iSishaya-Mkhandlu nezifundazwe ukuba zifake imvume yokuvota ehunyweni ngokhetho ekukhokheleni intela yenhlawulo noma enye intela. Izakhamuzi ezihholo ephansi futhi ikakhulukazi kuma-Afrika eNingizimu, intela yokuvota yayiyisithiyo esikhulu ekuvotelweni. Ukulungisa kwaqinisekisa ukuthi isimo sezomnotho asisebenziseki njengemfanelo yokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe ekuvoteleni. Kamuva, iNkantolo Ephakeme yandisa lesi simiso ngokhetho ngokhetho lweSikhungo sika-Claus.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukunciphisa Inkathi Yomsindo

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye sagunyazwa ngo-1971, sehlisa iminyaka yokuvota yaba ngu-18 kuyo yonke imibuso, isifundazwe, nezindawo zokuvota. Okukhulukazi kwashukunyiswa yi-Vietnam War — lapho abaneminyaka engu-18 ubudala babuthelwa khona ukuba balwe kodwa bengenakuvota abaholi ababathumela empini i̬ ukubuyiselwa kwabonisa isimiso sokuthi labo abathwala imithwalo yesizwe kufanele bajabulele amalungelo ayo agcwele kakhulu. Kubantu abasha, iSiphendulo samashumi amabini nambili sinikezwa ngokuqondile amandla ezombangazwe nesikhumbuzo sokuthi izivumelwano zomphakathi kumelwe ziqale ukubumba isiqondiso sezwe zisebuqalile.

Indlela Izinqumo Ezithinta Ngayo Izakhamuzi Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Ukwazi Amalungelo Akho Ezimweni Ezivamile

Ukuqonda izinguquko zomthetho kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuqaphela lapho amalungelo azo ehlonishwa nalapho engase ephulwe.

  • [ Ukuvumelana nokugcinwa komthetho. Imingcele yeSichibiyelo sesine iyaseshwa, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikela ekuzixazululeni, futhi isiHlanzi sesithupha siqinisekisa ukufinyelela kummeli. Ukwazi ukuthi unelungelo lokuthula nelungelo lokwenqaba ukuphenywa okungenasizathu kwekhaya lakho noma imoto kungavimbela izinkinga ezingokomthetho ezingadingekile.
  • ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lakho lokukhuluma ezindabeni zomphakathi, kodwa abaqashi ababodwa ababoshelwa yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngendlela enguhulumeni. Ukuqonda lomehluko kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise amalungelo okukhuluma ngenkululeko emongo ohlukile.
  • Ukuvota kukhetho. ISiphendulo seshumi elinesihlanu, seshumi elinesishiyagalolunye, seshumi elinesine nesamashumi amabili nanye siqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota alinakuvalwa ngokusekelwe ohlangeni, ebulilini, emalini, noma ubudala (kulezo ezingamashumi amahlanu nangaphezulu). Ukwazi lezisivikelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone futhi zibeke inselele imingcele yokuvota.
  • Isekeli senkonzo nezindawo zomphakathi. ISichibiyelo seNguqulo se 14th seSiphendulo u-Claus we-Exmetic se-Estamente unqabela ubandlululo ngohulumeni nendawo. Lesivikelo sidlulela nasezikoleni zomphakathi, ezintweni zokuhamba zomphakathi, ezinkantolo, nakwezinye izinkonzo zikahulumeni, siqinisekisa ukwelashwa okulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlanga, ubulili, ubulili, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Enqubweni Yezombangazwe

Iziphakamiso kuMthetho-sisekelo ziye zandisa izinga lomuntu ongahlanganyela embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika nangendlela angenza ngayo kanjalo. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela enqubweni yezombangazwe ngokuvota, ngokugijima ngesikhundla, ngokuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ngokuthintana nabameleli abakhethiwe, nokuhlela nabanye ukuba basekele izimbangela ezikholelwayo. Inqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo iyithuluzi lezakhamuzi ukuba ziqhube ushintsho: Ukuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo kudinga ukubuthwa okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe, njengoba kubonakala ezinhlanganweni zezokulwela abesifazane, amalungelo omphakathi, kanye nenguquko yenkathi yokuvota.

Ukuqonda inqubo yokulungisa nakho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izinguquko ezihlongozwayo kuMthetho-sisekelo. Uma abameleli befuna ukubuyiselwa kwenguquko entsha engokomthetho-mthetho i-̬ uma befuna ukudingida ushintsho lwezezimali, amalungelo ezibhamu, ukukhipha isisu, noma i-Electoral College ̬ izintengis zingahlola ukuthi ushintsho oluhlongozwayo luvumelana yini nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nokuthi luhlangabezana yini nesithiyo esiphezulu esisekelwe yiSiphakathi V esiqalisayo. Lolwazi lukhuthaza impikiswano yezembukiso futhi lusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlukanise phakathi kwezimiso ezingathi sína zomthetho-sisekelo nezenzo zezombangazwe.

Ukuthola Ushintsho Ngeziteshi Ezingokomthetho Nezombangazwe

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza izakhamuzi amathuba amaningi okusekela izinguquko zenqubo yomthetho nesimiso. Ngaphezu kokulungisa okungokomthetho, izakhamuzi zingasebenza ngoMkhandlu ukudlulisa imithetho echaza futhi isebenzise izimiso zomthetho-mthetho, ngezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukumisa imithetho engaphansi kwazo, futhi ngezinkantolo ukubekela imithetho ephula amalungelo omthetho. Izimiso eziningi ezibaluleke kakhulu zamalungelo omthetho azizange zivele ngokulungisa kodwa ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezichaza amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho-mthethweni akhona.

Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokushada kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuthambekela kobulili kwamiswa ngeNkathi yokuKhulula iSichibiyelo ye 144 ne-Emedial Clauss ku- obergefell v. Hodges (2015], hhayi ngenguquko entsha. Ilungelo lokuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo laqalwa Grislold v. Connecticut[ [1965]]) ngemfundiso yezindaba zomthetho-mfashinithi. Ilungelo lokunikeza izigwebo ezingokomthetho limiswe ku- Gredeon. Winfredight [FFLD][5] [196] kuya ku-Esithupha se-Enye. Lezi zibonelo ze-Genethiwerdetic.

Ukuhlonipha Amalungelo Abanye

Isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esizimele asidingi nje kuphela ukuba izakhamuzi zazi amalungelo azo kodwa futhi ziwahloniphe amalungelo abanye. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo abantu abaningi abayithola ihlazo noma ingeyiyo i-̬ kuhlanganise nokuphikisa kwezombangazwe, izinkulumo ezingokwenkolo, nemibono engathandeki. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu ngabanye, ngisho nalabo abasolwa ukwenziwa okubi. ISichibiyelo Sesi - 8h sivimbela isijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile, ngisho nakulabo ababoshelwe ubugebengu obungathi bungathandeki. Ukuqondwa okukhulu komthetho kuhlanganisa ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi sivikelo zidlulela kubo bonke abantu, hhayi kulabo ovumelana nabo kuphela.

Kubantu abahlala khona, lokhu kusho ukuxoxa ngomphakathi phakathi nokungezwani, ukuhlonipha izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zomakhelwane, ukuvumela ukubhikisha okunokuthula ngisho nalapho ungavumelani nesigijimi, nokusekela ukuphathwa ngokufanele kwabo bonke abantu esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu.

Isiphetho

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States kanye nokulungisa kwawo akuzona izinsalela ezivalelwe ezinqolobaneni noma ezimisweni ezicatshangelwayo eziphikiswana ngabameli nabahluleli. Ziyimithetho ephilayo elawula ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nababuswayo, echaza izinga lenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni. Kuzakhamuzi ezivamile, ukuzwana kusho ukuqonda amalungelo owasebenzisayo nsuku zonke, uma ukhuluma ingqondo yakho, uthatha ukholo lwakho, uvote ngokhetho, noma uqinisa imfihlo yakho ngokumelene nokuphazamisa kukahulumeni.

Inqubo yokulungisa, nakuba inzima ngokuklanywa, ibonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi enamandla ekwaziyo ukukhula nokulungisa. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwemibili, amaMelika aye asebenzisa lenqubo ukuqeda ubugqila, ukuqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo, ukwandisa i-france, nokucwenga izakhiwo zikahulumeni. Ukulungisa ngakunye kumelela isinqumo esihlangeneyo ngohlobo lwesizwe esifisa ukuba yiso.

Ngokufunda ngezinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo, izakhamuzi zihlomisela ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni komphakathi, ziqaphele futhi zivikele amalungelo azo, futhi zigcine uhulumeni enecala ezimisweni zenkululeko nobulungisa ezihlanganiswe uMthetho - sisekelo. UMthetho - sisekelo ungowabantu, futhi ukulungisa kwawo kungamathuluzi abantu abaye balungisa ngawo futhi baqhubeke belungisa inkambo yentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Ukuze ufundeke ngokwengeziwe ngomlando nomphumela wezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, vakashela umthetho-sisekelo wezwe ikhasi wezincwadi eziyinhloko zemithombo, uMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe weSiko loMthendeleko weSizwe [ wokuhlola uchwepheshe, kanye ne- Inhlangano yolwazi eCornell Law School yombhalo ogcwele oneziphazamiso.