I-United States Congress iyigatsha lomthetho likahulumeni, elisebenza ngokwenza imithetho, elimelela umphakathi, futhi eliqondisa igatsha eliphethe. Nakuba imisebenzi yalo isemqoka wentando yeningi yaseMelika, izinqubo nezakhiwo zoMkhandlu zingabonakala ziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle. Lesi siqondiso sinikeza ukuhlola okuwusizo nokuningiliziwe ngendlela iSishaya-mthetho esisebenza ngayo, uhambo lomthetho ngeCapitol, nezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu ukuze izakhamuzi zihlanganyele kule nqubo.

Isakhiwo SaseBidamaral: Indlu NeSigele

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo bamisa isishaya-mthetho se-bamaral, behlukanisa iSishaya-mthetho sibe amagumbi amabili ahlukene: iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Lengxenye yadingidwa ngokucophelela phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane, futhi yenza isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwegatsha lomthetho ngokwalo.

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yigumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu. Wonke amalungu angama-435 amela ukhetho njalo eminyakeni emibili, eqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwendlu kuhambisana eduze nombono womphakathi oshintshayo. Ukumelelwa kwendlu kusekelwe kubantu, kunqunywe yisikhulu esiphethe i-decPrinion U.S.C. Censuretion. Indlu iphethe amandla akhethekile okusungula yonke imali (intela) futhi inegunya lokungakhokhi izikhulu zikahulumeni ezizimele, kuhlanganise noMongameli. USiphini weNdlumo, okhethwe yisikhulu sendikimba futhi unegunya elikhulu lokulawula i-procedfal.

ISigele

ISigele sinikeza indawo emelene nokujika kwendlu okusheshayo. Isifunda ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu, simelelwa amanxusa amabili akhonza izisho ezishaqekayo ezineminyaka eyisithupha. Lesi sakhiwo saklanyelwa ukunikeza amazwe alinganayo esigabeni sesizwe nokunikeza indikimba eqinile. ISigele siphethe amandla akhethekile, kuhlanganise nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwamongameli (amalungu e-cabinet, amajaji ombuso) kanye nezivumelwano ezigunyazwa igatsha eliphethe. Umongameli wase-United States ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele, kodwa iqembu elikhulu likhetha uMholi weMajor, ongumshayeli wangempela wemithetho yendlu.

Umehluko Osebenzayo

Ngaphandle kwezakhiwo zabo, imithetho elawula impikiswano nezenzo ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi amabili. Indlu, nobukhulu bayo, ilinganiselwe kakhulu futhi incike kakhulu kwiKomiti yemithetho enamandla ukuze ibeke izinqumo zokucatshangelwa kwephansi. ISigele, esibheka impikiswano ebanzi, sisebenza kakhulu ngemvume evumelanayo. Lokhu kunikeza izimemezelo eziqinile ezibambe umthetho noma izintambo. Ukubusa kweSigele sisho ukuthi ukuphela kwengxoxo ezindabeni eziningi kudinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu kwama - 60 ehholweni.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yomhlangano

Igunya lombuso lichazwa nguMthetho-sisekelo. Imisebenzi yawo eyinhloko ukwenza umthetho, ukumelela, ukwengamela, nokuhlela. Ukuqonda lemithwalo yemfanelo eyisisekelo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi kungani uMkhandlu wenza ngendlela osebenza ngayo.

Amandla Asetshenziswayo

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSishaya-mthetho amandla aqondile, noma "egunyaziwe," amagunya. Lezi zihlanganisa amandla okukhipha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezohwebo zasezweni langaphandle, imali, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho athumela amaposi, nokumisa amahhovisi. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa futhi i-Actived neSective Claus, eyenza ukuba uKhongolo lukwazi ukudlulisa yonke imithetho "edingekile nefanele" yokukhipha amandla awo abekwe ngokwemithetho. Lo msuka uyisisekelo sesisekelo semibuso eminingi ye-Congress Congressworrence "implation", ivumela ukuba ivumela ukuvumelana nokuhlanganisa nezimpikiswano zanamuhla abasunguli bengenakuyicabanga, njengokuhamba komoya, ukusakaza, no-Internet Internet.

Amandla Okuthenga

Mhlawumbe i-compass congress ebaluleke kakhulu ephethe iGatya Lendawo ephethe i-Adminitive System amandla esikhwama semali. Ayikho imali engathathwa kuBeki yemali ngaphandle kweyokunikezwa yi-Congregational appropriation. Lokhu kusho ukuthi igatsha eliphethe ngeke likwazi ukusebenzisa noma yisiphi isimiso, umnyango, noma inyathelo ngaphandle kokuvuma kweKhomishane ukuxhasa imali. Lamandla asetshenziswa ngenqubo enzima yokuhlela imali ngonyaka, ehilela isicelo sikaMongameli semali, isinqumo semali yemali yesivumelwano senhlangano, kanye nezindleko zemali ezingu-12 ezixhasa wonke uhulumeni womphakathi.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

UKhomishane unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho edlulayo isetshenziswa ngokwethembeka nangempumelelo yigatsha eliphethe. Lokhu kufezwa ngokuqulwa kwamacala, ukuhlola, namandla okuphoqelela ubufakazi nezincwadi. Amakomiti e-Congregational angahlola ukungcola, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Izinhlangano ezingezona ezisekelayo njenge Office ye-Romagement Accounting (GAO) ne-Congregational Research Service (CRS) zinikeza amalungu ngemininingwane nokuhlola okudingekayo ukuze aphathe impathiye.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Kuyibhili Kuya EMthethweni

Inqubo yokuba umthetho wemali inde futhi inzima ngokuklanywa. Kuhlanganisa izigaba eziningi, ngasinye sinikeza amathuba okuxoxa, ukuhlola, nokuhluleka. Ukuqonda loluhambo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokwazi ukuthi lungathonya umthetho nini futhi kanjani.

Isingeniso Nesivundo Sekomiti

Imali ingasungulwa kunoma yiliphi igumbi (ngaphandle kwentela yemali, okumelwe iqale eNdlu). Iqala ngelungu futhi inikwe inani (umzk. H.R. 1 noma S. 1). Imali ibhekiswe ekomitini eqinile eqinile elawula indaba yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhwama sokunakekela impilo yamadoda angomakad ’ eGangenwayo eKomitini le House ezindaba zeVeteran neKomiti yeSishaya-gelethi yezindaba ze-Veterans. Le komiti ikhuluma ngokuthi inqwaba yezindleko ifa ngaphandle kwesenzo esiqhubekayo. Njengesibonelo, isici esivame ukubizwa "pigeoninging"""""""

Isenzo Sekomiti Nophawu

Uma ikomiti inquma ukwenza umsebenzi esikweletini, iyogcina ukuqulwa lapho ochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nabagcini bemali bengafaka khona ubufakazi. Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti ihamba ihambe i "iphawule," lapho amalungu ephikisana khona ngentambo yemali futhi anikeze izimemezelo. Ikomiti ivota kulokhu kulungisa futhi ivote ukuthi ingawuthumela yini umthetho (ngesibambisi noma ngaphandle kokuwulungisa) ekamelweni eligcwele ukuze ihlolwe. Ikomiti futhi iveza umbiko ochaza injongo yemali kanye nemiphumela, okuwumthombo obalulekile kunoma ubani olandela umthetho.

Ukusebenza Ngezimbobo Endlini

Ngaphambi kokuba isikhwama semali sifike endlu, ngokuvamile siya e-House Ruless Committee. Le komiti enamandla ikhipha "umthetho" ohlela imingcele yempikiswano, kuhlanganise nokuthi singakanani isikhathi esizokwenziwa nokulunga okunganikezwa. Umthetho "owenziweyo" awuvumeli ukubuyiselwa, kuyilapho umthetho "wokuvula" uvumela abaningi. Indlu egcwele khona - ke impikiswano namavoti emalini avunyelwe ukumiswa. Iningi lalabo abakhona nabavoti abambalwa lidingeka ukuba bahambe.

Isenzo Esifanele Esigelezweni

Isenzo somsizi esigelezweni asihlelwanga kahle. Umholi we-Majority, esebenzisa ukunyakaza, uletha umthetho phansi. Ukuphikisana kulinganiselwe kuphela yimithetho yeSigele, ukuvumela ukuba i-panester, lapho i-senator noma iqembu labasizi be-intshiya libamba iphansi ukuba libambezele noma livimbele ukuvota. Ukuqeda i-gaster, iSigele kumelwe sinxuse amahlule, okudinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu okungu 60. Lomnyango ophakeme uwukuthi kungani umthetho omkhulu eSihlalweni sidinga ukusekela i-bisparsan. Uma i-piebster inqobile noma igwema, iningi elivamile lidingeka ukudlulisa umthetho.

Ukulungisa Ukungezwani

Kuyinto evamile ukuba iNdlu neSigele kudlulise izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, umthetho awukwazi ukuya kuMongameli kuze kube yilapho sifana. Amagumbi amabili kumelwe alungise ukungezwani kwawo, ngokuvamile ngekomiti yengqungquthela eyakhiwe amalungu amakhulu avela kuwo womabili amakomiti endlu neSigele. Le komiti ixoxa ngekomiti eyodwa, ehlehlisa ukuhlelwa komthetho, eyaziwa ngokuthi "umbiko wesivumelwano." Umbiko kumelwe uvunyelwe yiningi kuwo womabili amagumbi ngaphandle kokumiswa.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Uma isikweleti esifanayo sesidlula emagumbini amabili, sithunyelwa kuMongameli wase-United States. UMongameli unezindlela eziningana angakhetha kuzo. Angasayina isikweleti, asenze umthetho. Angasithumela isikweleti, asithumele eSivumelwaneni ngokuphikisa kwabo. Noma, uma bengathathi nyathelo lazo izinsuku eziyishumi ngesikhathi uMkhandlu usesiqenjini, isikhwama siba umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Uma uMongameli esebenzisa i-"pocket deto," ngokuphumelela ukubulala isikhwama somthetho. Umnyango ungadlulisa amavoti amabili-35 emagumbini omabili, isigebeqemane kodwa isisebenzi esinamandla kakhulu kumandla esikhulu.

Inqubo Yohlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Le nqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali ingenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu efezwa uMkhandlu unyaka ngamunye, kodwa futhi ingenye yezinto ezingaqondwa kahle kakhulu.

Isicelo Somongameli Sokusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Le nqubo iqala ngokunikeza uMongameli isicelo semali eningiliziwe kuKhongolo-mkhandlu sonyaka wemali ozayo, ngokuvamile ngoFebruary. Lesi sicelo siyisiphakamiso, hhayi umthetho obophayo. Sibonisa izinto eziza kuqala zikaMongameli, kuhlanganise nezinga elihlongozwayo lemali esetshenziswayo, nokusetshenziswa kwemali emisiwe.

Isinqumo Sesimiso Sohlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Sezishaya - mthetho

Akumelwe ukuba uKhongolose usebenzise uhlelo lohlelo lohlelo lukaMongameli. Kunalokho, igumbi ngalinye lihlela isinqumo salo siqu sokuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela. Lesi isinqumo esivumelanayo, okusho ukuthi asinawo amandla omthetho futhi asisayinwanga nguMongameli. Nokho, iyipulani ebophayo ebeka imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwemali ephelele yamaKomiti e-Appropriation futhi inikeza iziyalezo zokubuyisana kwamanye amakomiti. Isinqumo semali sidinga ukuvunyelwa kweningi kuwo womagumbi kodwa ngokuvamile kuyingxoxo enzima yezombangazwe.

Ukuxoxisana Nokubuyisana

Ngemva kwesinqumo semali yokuhlela, amaKomiti endlu neSigele athatha amakomiti okuHlanza ama-computer aya emsebenzini wokuhlela izikweleti ezingu-12 ezihlukene ezixhasa ukusebenza okuzimele kukahulumeni. Ngokufanelekile, lezi zidluliswa futhi zisayinwe emthethweni ngamunye, isiqalo sonyaka wenani elimisiwe. Uma lolu suku luphuthelwa, uMkhandlu kumelwe udlulise iSigqizo sokuQonda (CR) ukuze ugcine uhulumeni ukhokhe izimali. Inqubo yokubuyisana iyinqubo ekhethekile evumela iSishaya-Hulumeni ukuba sishintshe intela futhi sisebenzise imithetho engokomthetho elula kakhulu eSihlalweni seSigeqe (Ukhipha i-60-Priverbuster), ukwenze kube yithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lomphakathi.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Nomhlangano

UKhongolose luklanyelwe ukuba lusabele kubantu olubamelelayo. Nakuba le nqubo ingabonakala ikude, kunezindlela eziningana eziqinile neziphumelela kakhulu ukuze izakhamuzi zizwe amazwi azo. ukwenziwa nokwenziwa komphakathi okhuthele [[[FLT: 1] kubalulekile ukuze kube nentando yeningi enempilo.

Ukulandelela Imithetho Nomsebenzi WamaKomiti

Ithuluzi elingcono kakhulu lokulandela umthetho kahulumeni osemthethweni yindawo kahulumeni esemthethweni .Gov. Lo mtapo wangaphandle ukuvumela ukuba ufune izikweletu ngenombolo, igama eligqamile, noma ilungu le-Congress. Ungabheka umbhalo ogcwele wephepha, izikhombi zayo, amarekhodi okuvota, amarekhodi, nesimo samanje. Ukubuka ikomiti ukuzwa nezingxoxo zaphansi nakho kungenzeka ngenombolo, nge-webhusayithi engokomthetho ye- ne [FLT] ye-[FLT:] ne [FLT] [FL:4] [FLT]] [FLT]], [FFL:] ekhona, okukhona nevidiyo.

Ukukhulumisana Nabameleli Bakho

Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo nezikhulu zakho ezikhethiwe kunamandla amakhulu kunokuba abaningi beqaphela. Imiyalezo yomuntu siqu, enengqondo ithathwa ngokungathi sína izisebenzi zobuphonsana ezilandela izincwadi ezihlanganyelwe.

  • sho ngokuqondile ne-Concise: State inombolo yomthetho (umz., "Ngibhala nge H.R. 1234") kanye nokuma kwakho. Chaza ukuthi lendaba ikuthinta kanjani wena, umkhaya wakho, noma umphakathi wakho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Sebenzisa iphimbo lakho siqu: Izinhlamvu nemibhalo okungasebenzi kakhulu kunesigijimi esinendaba yomuntu siqu. Amalungu abaqondisi abika ukuthi izindaba ezithinta umuntu zingamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okuthonya.
  • Khetha indlela yakho: Izingcingo zocingo ziphumelela kakhulu ekuphunyukeni kwezindaba noma emishinini esheshayo. Ama-imeyili namafomu eweb ajwayelekile. Ukubhala uhlamvu oluphathekayo kungabonakala, kodwa isikhathi siyabucayi.
  • Hamba endaweni: Abameleli bakho banamahhovisi esigodi endaweni yakini. Lamahhovisi asingatha izinkonzo zohlelo futhi ngokuvamile anganikeza usizo oluqondile kumanxusa kahulumeni kunehhovisi D.C.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokufundiswa

Ngaphandle kokuxhumana ngokuqondile, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela enqubweni yomthetho ngezenzakalo zomphakathi futhi zihlele ukuba kube khona emihlanganweni yasedolobheni lapho ummeleli wakho esesigodi; lezi yizikhundla zomphakathi eziklanyelwe ukunikeza lolu hlobo lwezinguquko. Amakomiti amaningi amukela ubufakazi basobala bokuqulwa kwezindaba, nakuba lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganiswa ngezinhlangano zochwepheshe noma amaqembu amaqembu omthetho. Uma uthola impikiswano ethile eyimfihlo, thola ithonya lemali ethenjwayo eqenjini lezezombangazwe. Izinhlangano eziningi ziyenza ngendlela efana [[FLT: 0]] ne-opensecreet. org [[FLT]] inikeza ulwazi olungezona ezizezezezezezohwebo ezisemthethweni, zikuvumela ukuba ubone ithonya lemali enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Isiphetho: Ingqungquthela Njengenhlangano Yomphakathi

I-Congress iyinhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ayisona isici esingenakungena ezicini. Izinqubo zayo, kusukela kumakomiti abhekisisayo nezimpikiswano zasesitezi kuya emibikoni yengqungquthela nasezinqubeni zokuhlela, zibuswa imithetho ebhalwe phansi futhi ngokwengxenye enkulu, zivulekele umphakathi. Isivinini esiqondile nezithiyo eziphakeme zenqubo yokushaya umthetho ziyizici zesimiso, eziklanyelwe ukwakha ukuvumelana okukhulu ngaphambi kokuba isizwe sibophezele esimisweni esisha. Kusesakhamuzini esibophe isithembiso, ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kungumthombo wegunyazo. Kwembula izikhathi ezingcono kakhulu ukwenza ithonya, amahhovisi okuhlangana, nokuthatha isinyathelo esiqinile, esinolwazi oluqhubekayo. Isimiso sisebenza kangcono kakhulu lapho abantu besebenzisa inqubo.